The Maronite Catholic Church THE CATHOLIC CHURCH Before He suffered His passion and death, Jesus prayed that his followers would be known by their love (John 13:35). “See how they love one another,” the early Church Father, Tertullian, heard it said of the first Christians. Today, the Gospel of Christ has reached the four corners of the world. Christians went forth from Jerusalem and encountered different traditions, cultures, customs and languages and the Church became a communion of Churches united in love with each other, looking to the See of Peter in Rome as the first among them. Jesus also prayed for unity, “that they all may be one” (John 17:21). Today there are Catholic, Orthodox and Protestants who pray and work for this desired unity. However, for Catho- lics united with the Pope in Rome, there is already an amazing unity even within the reality of cultural diversity. The Catholic Church, comprised of 21 Eastern Churches and 1 Western Church, is a communion of Churches, with the Pope as the visi- ble head, “gathered in the one spirit, breathing as though with two lungs - of the east and of the west - and burning with the love of Christ in one heart - having two ventricles.” (Sacri Canones; Pope John Paul II) One of the Eastern Catholic Churches is the Maronite Church. She has her own hierarchy composed of a Patriarch who is her father and head, and over fifty Bishops who shepherd the many Eparchies (Dioceses) in Lebanon, the Middle East and throughout the world. The Patriarch governs the Church in a synodal manner with his body of bishops as is customary in Eastern Churches. 1 THE EASTERN CATHOLIC CHURCHES There are six major traditions of the Catholic Church: • Alexandrian • Antiochene • Armenian • Chaldean • Constantinopolitan (Byzantine) • Latin (Roman) 2 Each Catholic Church practices a common faith according to one of the six major traditions. The Maronite Church follows the Antiochene Tradition. All Churches within the communion of Catholic Churches share the same: • Dogmatic Faith • Seven Mysteries (Sacraments) • Moral Teachings • Unity with the Pope of Rome All Catholics believe the same truths of the faith yet worship differently. One could say they share the same essence of faith, but a different expression. Each Church embraces its own culture and tradition to express Her faith in Jesus the Risen Lord. 3 Each of the Catholic Churches: • Encompasses a unique liturgy, theology, spirituality and disci- pline; • Is characterized by its own cultural and linguistic tradition; • Is guided by a Patriarch, Major Archbishop, Metropolitan or other Hierarch, who along with their Synod of Bishops are in full communion with the Pope, the Successor of Saint Peter in Rome. THE MARONITE CHURCH The Maronite Church dates back to the early Christians of Antioch where “they were called Christians for the first time” (Acts 11:26). Along with the vernacular, she still uses as her litur- gical language, Syriac, a dialect of the Aramaic that Jesus Him- self spoke, and takes her name from the hermit-priest, Saint Maron, who died in 410 AD. Within a few years after Saint Maron’s death, over 800 monks and the faithful they served became known as the “House of Maron” or Maronites. Later, the Muslim invasions (7th-10th Cen- turies), coupled with conflicts from within the Byzantine Empire, caused the Maronites to flee from the plains of Syria, to the nat- ural protection of the mountains of Lebanon where they first lived in caves and grottos, and then later built small churches and mon- asteries. By 687, Maronites, who were both missionaries and monks, led by Saint John Maron, whom they elected Patriarch of the vacant See of Antioch, and thus developed as a distinct Church within the Catholic Church. 4 The Maronite Church has been enriched by three centers of learning and culture: • Antioch A city in West Syria (now Turkey) that served as a center of commerce and education and was known for its Greek and Syriac culture. Antioch gave the Maronite Church much of her unique liturgical life. • Edessa A prominent city in ancient Mesopotamia, which had a Semitic culture and influenced the prayers and hymns of the Maronite Church. It was also the home of Saint Ephrem, Doctor of the Church, who gave the Maronite Church much of her poetry and hymns. • Lebanon The land that provided a safe haven to establish a stable monastic and parish life, as well as schools to educate the chil- dren of the close knit and devout Maronite families. Maronites have been and continue to be a positive force for good in the development of Lebanon as a country of peaceful coexistence for all people. Maronites now live in many nations and among many cultures. The Mother Church is in Lebanon, and daughter communities exist throughout the world. 5 FIVE DISTINGUISHING MARKS OF THE MARONITE CHURCH The Maronite Patriarchal Assembly (2003-2004), made up of over 500 Maronite participants – clergy, religious and laity from throughout the world, described the identity of the Maronite Church by five distinguishing marks: First and foremost Maronites are Antiochene – where Christ’s followers “were called Christians for the first time” (Acts 11:26). Maronites share an historical, liturgical and spiritual heritage with all the other Catholic and Orthodox Antiochene Churches. 6 Maronites are also heirs of Syriac cultural and religious heri- tage, whose language, poetry, and hymnody were the means used to express the mystery that God is beyond all descrip- tions yet has come close to us in Christ. Second, Maronites are Chalcedonian, meaning they were staunch supporters of the Council of Chalcedon, convened in 451 A.D., which taught that Jesus was true God and true man. In this formula Maronites found a balance, and way of life that placed them forever in the communion of the universal Church. Third, the Maronite Church is a Patriarchal and Monastic Church. Saint Maron was a hermit-priest. The first Maronites were monks, priests and laity associated with the monasteries of Saint Maron in the 5th - 8th centuries. Maronites have a cherished history known for an ascetical life of sacrifice and devotion. Fourth, the Maronite Church is known for Her love and devotion to the See of Peter in Rome. This relationship has allowed Ma- ronites to fully express the Catholic faith held from the begin- ning, and at the same time be part of the balance between East and West. Fifth, the Maronite Church is tied to Lebanon, Her spiritual homeland and the land of Her Patriarch and people. Ma- ronites take great pride in the joint accomplishment of the Mus- lim-Christian co-existence, which today we call Lebanon. 7 THE MARONITE CHURCH AT A GLANCE The command of Jesus continues to find partial fulfillment in the missionary work of the Maronite Church: “Go into the whole world and proclaim the gospel to every creature.” (Mk 16:15) Today there are millions of Maronite Catholics throughout the world. The Patriarch, in communion with the Pope of Rome, resides in Bkerke, Lebanon, with a summer residence in Dimane. Patriarchal See: Bkerke, Lebanon Eparchies: Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Cyprus Egypt and Sudan Europe Holy Land and Jordan Lebanon (13) Mexico Syria (3) United States (2) Exarchates: West Africa Colombia 8 Seminaries: Ain Saade, Ghazir and Karm Sadde in Lebanon; Washington, DC in the United States and a new Seminary in Mexico. We also have the Maronite College in Rome for student priests. Maronite religious orders and communities have houses of formation in Rome and in Lebanon. The United States is home to two Maronite Eparchies with over 90 parishes and missions, along with a Seminary, two Monasteries, two Convents, and a Shrine to Our Lady of Lebanon. MONKS, RELIGIOUS AND CONSECRATED LIFE Religious life, in all its forms, was and still is an important part of the Maronite Church. Hermetic and communal monastic life accompanied the birth of the Maronite Church from the begin- ning, thus linking the history of the Church to the monks of the Monastery of Saint Maron. Toward the end of the seventeenth century, religious life became more organized, new orders were founded and their mission expanded. 9 Monks, nuns and religious priests and brothers serve in schools, universities, hospitals, parishes, missions, orphanages, and nurs- ing homes in Lebanon, the Middle East, and many places throughout the world. Today there are five religious orders and congregations for men and nine for women numbering hundreds of religious. Some are of Pontifical right, some Patriarchal and some are Eparchial, which means they are dependent upon the Pope, Patriarch or Eparchial Bishop respectively. Each order and congregation has its own rule of life and focuses on living the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience according to the charism of their founders. 10 THEOLOGY, SPIRITUALITY AND LITURGY A monastic spirit permeates Maronite prayer and liturgical life making asceticism and sacrifice an important part of the rela- tionship with God. The effects of this spirituality are seen in the Maronite family, the first school of love where each finds his or her own vocation to love God and serve others. Prayer is a relationship with God, so to pray is to live and to live is to pray. Prayer enables us to become pure vessels for God’s purpose and temples for His divinity. Since all language about God is limited by finite human nature, poetry, especially in liturgy, is the preferred means of express- ing the proper awe and humble reverence due to God in wor- ship. In the Maronite Church, the celebration of the Eucharist is known by several names: Qurbono (Syriac), Quddas (Arabic), Sacri- fice of the Mass, Divine Liturgy, and the Service of the Holy Mysteries.