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+ = GtllGnutella What is Gnutella? • Invented March 2000 – byypp Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper • Peer-to-peer system • Became the first large-scale, fully decentralized system on the Internet • A message-based protocol • UTCPUses TCP Key ideas • Every node should interpret and respond to qqyueries as they wish • Allows more than one intelligence to be applied on the query Communication system • Message-based • Uses TCP broadcast • Time-to-live (TTL) = 7 (~10 000 nodes) • Decrements for each host the message passes • Excess traffic is simply forgotten How does it work? (1) • Ad hoc backbone – make nodes with fast network connections wander toward the centre of the network to handle the traffic • Create cells connected by high-speed backbone •Not gggpeographicall y How does it work? (2) • Response from green follows the same path back to blue • A direct HTTP connection is established between green and blue • Pseudo anonymity Traffic problems • Reflector – maintains an index of files stored on nodes to which it is connected (breaches key idea) • Host lists resulted in sparseness and small clusters • Host caches as startinggp point for Gnutella user – hand off a list of hosts you should connect to – tell new hosts about hosts theyyy saw recently – overcrowding Network problems (1) • Firewalls of NAT-devices • Solution: – PUSH REQUEST Network problems (2) • “Double firewall” – “arch enemyyp of productivity ” • No solution • PING packets with payload Windup • The first real P2P system • Message broadcasting • Lacking service discovery mechanism • Disastrous host caching programs • Pseudo anonymity and misuse • Problems related to firewalls, NAT-devices.

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Peer-To-Peer Systems and Massively Multiplayer Online Games
Peer-to-Peer Systems and Massively Multiplayer Online Games Speaker: Jehn-Ruey Jiang CSIE Department National Central University P2P Systems Client/Server Architecture GET /index.html HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 200 OK ... Server Clients 3/66 Peer-to-Peer Architecture Gateway Server Peers 4/66 The architectures Server-based architecture Client-Server / Server-Cluster Problems： Limited resources All loads are centered on the server Server-based architecture has low scalability. The setup and maintenance cost is high. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture Advantages： Distributing loads to all users Users consume and provide resources P2P architecture has high scalability. The setup and maintenance cost is low. The Client Side Today‟s clients can perform more roles than just forwarding users requests Today‟s clients have: more computing power more storage space Thin client Fat client 6/66 Evolution at the Client Side DEC‟S VT100 IBM PC PC @ 4-core 4GHz @ 4.77MHz No storage 300GB HD 360k diskettes „70 „80 2008 7/66 What Else Has Changed? The number of home PCs is increasing rapidly Most of the PCs are “fat clients” As the Internet usage grow, more and more PCs are connecting to the global net Most of the time PCs are idle How can we use all this? Peer-to-Peer (P2P) 8/66 What is peer-to-peer (P2P)? “Peer-to-peer is a way of structuring distributed applications such that the individual nodes have symmetric roles. Rather than being divided into clients and servers each with quite distinct roles, in P2P applications a node may act as both
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You Are Not Welcome Among Us: Pirates and the State
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