Dottorato Di Ricerca in Storia Delle Arti E Dello Spettacolo

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Dottorato Di Ricerca in Storia Delle Arti E Dello Spettacolo DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA DELLE ARTI E DELLO SPETTACOLO CICLO XXVIII COORDINATORE Prof.ssa Maria Grazia Messina La «vicenda» di Aurelia ed Eularia. Vite in scena di Brigida Fedeli ed Orsola Cortesi tra le piazze italiane e la Comédie Italienne Settore Scientifico Disciplinare L-ART/05 Dottoranda Tutore Dott.ssa Nencetti Caterina Prof. Ferrone Siro Coordinatore Prof.ssa Messina Maria Grazia Anni 2012/2015 INDICE PREMESSA Dalla Toscana alla Francia p. 3 INTRODUZIONE Tra Aurelia ed Eularia: note di ricerca » 5 I. LA FORMAZIONE 1. Nascita, cognomi, famiglie d’arte » 9 2. Le prime piazze in Italia » 22 3. Le tournées a Parigi negli anni quaranta del Seicento » 35 II. LA MATURITÀ 1. Tra l’Italia e Parigi negli anni cinquanta del Seicento » 57 2. La «compagnia d’Eularia» » 75 3. A Parigi «a vicenda» » 94 4. Il repertorio parigino » 117 III. LE OPERE 1. Le traduzioni dallo spagnolo: L’inganno fortunato di Brigida Fedeli e La bella brutta di Orsola Cortesi » 137 2. Musica e poesia » 165 IV. A FINE CARRIERA 1. Affari d’attrice » 189 2. Ritiro ed eredità » 216 APPENDICE I. Notizie di spettacolo nei carteggi dei residenti medicei a Parigi (1640-1690) » 245 II. L’inganno fortunato : scenario della Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze » 277 III. I rifiuti di Pindo : poesie » 281 IV. Alcuni documenti in Italia: regesto e trascrizioni » 287 V. Alcuni documenti in Francia: regesto e trascrizioni » 291 BIBLIOGRAFIA » 319 INDICE DEI NOMI » 351 INDICE DELLE OPERE TEATRALI » 364 1 Ringraziamenti Il mio primo ringraziamento va al prof. Siro Ferrone e ai suoi preziosi insegnamenti durante questi tre anni ricchi di occasioni didattiche e scientifiche. La mia gratitudine alla cotutor, prof.ssa Françoise Decroisette, per i consigli ed i suggerimenti costanti. Alla prof.ssa Sara Mamone devo il carattere formativo e stimolante di questa esperienza dottorale. Semplicemente naturale è il ringraziamento per il prof. Alessandro Duranti. La mia riconoscenza, inoltre, ai professori Teresa Megale, Renzo Guardenti, Francesca Simoncini, Andrea Fabiano (Université Paris-Sorbonne), Stefano Mazzoni, Marzia Pieri, Mila De Santis e ancora: a Pierre-Charles Pradier (Université Paris- Sorbonne), al dott. Frédéric Pige (Archives départementales du Loiret), al dott. Carlo Tomassini, al dott. Andrea Soglia, all’architetto Maria Luisa Bisognin, nonché a tutto il personale che mi ha accolto nelle biblioteche e negli archivi italiani e francesi. Infine, ringrazio le persone a me care: la mia famiglia, Mattia, Learco, Stefania, Manuela, Valentina, Ilaria e chi ha vissuto con me quest’avventura dottorale, ovvero: Michela Zaccaria, Lorenzo Galletti, Chiara Schepis, Alice Pieroni, Maddalena Bonechi, Pasquale Focarile, Emanuela Agostini, Caterina Pagnini, Leonardo Spinelli, Adela Gjata, Gianluca Stefani e Lorena Vallieri. Abbreviazioni AABo Archivio arcivescovile di Bologna c./cc. carta/e AdL Archives départementales du Loiret f. filza ANP Archives nationales de Paris n. numero ASBo Archivio di Stato di Bologna nn. non numerate ASF Archivio di Stato di Firenze p./pp. pagina/e ASLu Archivio di Stato di Lucca r recto ASMi Archivio di Stato di Milano s. l. senza luogo ASMn Archivio di Stato di Mantova s. d. senza data ASPr Archivio di Stato di Parma s. e. senza editore BCI Biblioteca Comunale di Lucca v verso BFPT Biblioteca Forteguerriana di Pistoia v./vv. verso/i poetico/i BnF Bibliothèque nationale de France BRFi Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze BSLu Biblioteca Statale di Lucca MC Minutier Central MdP Mediceo del Principato PSMS Parrocchia di S. Marco a Servigliano Criteri di trascrizione Nella trascrizione a testo, per una più agevole lettura delle citazioni tratte da manoscritti ed edizioni a stampa antiche, ho generalmente modernizzato. Nelle citazioni dai testi teatrali ho indicato l’atto in numeri romani, la scena in numeri romani maiuscoletti e la battuta in numeri arabi. Nelle citazioni dai testi poetici e nelle appendici ho mantenuto un criterio conservativo e ho segnalato lo scioglimento delle abbreviazioni. 2 PREMESSA Dalla Toscana alla Francia. L’attività di ricerca si è sviluppata principalmente su due fronti: quello toscano e quello francese. Il recupero, la consultazione e lo studio delle fonti bibliografiche e archivistiche si è svolto presso i fondi regionali - soprattutto quelli fiorentini - e in quelli parigini. Lo spoglio del carteggio dei residenti medicei a Parigi nella seconda metà del secolo, conservato nell’Archivio di Stato di Firenze, ha permesso di ricostruire un quadro della spettacolarità italiana in Francia in quel periodo e ha fornito notizie particolari su alcuni artisti protetti dalla corte granducale. Allo stesso modo, i carteggi dei principi medicei hanno contribuito a chiarire i percorsi e le dinamiche di organizzazione e integrazione degli attori in Italia e oltralpe, precisando la cronologia dei loro viaggi. La peculiarità di Firenze, centro propulsore del professionismo artigiano ed artistico fin dall’età laurenziana, ha garantito la conservazione di una memoria minuziosa, dal respiro europeo. I manoscritti ed i testi a stampa presenti nelle biblioteche toscane, come la Riccardiana di Firenze, dimostrano l’impegno di funzionari, intellettuali e uomini di corte nella custodia di un patrimonio drammaturgico proveniente dalla Spagna in Italia e, da qui, in Francia. L’indagine presso alcuni fondi documentari italiani è stata un contributo indispensabile al sostegno dell’eccezionale mobilità di questi artisti così come la possibilità di un sondaggio in quelli parigini della Bibliothèque e delle Archives nationales ha confermato la trasmissione della cultura teatrale e letteraria italiana nella capitale francese, per il tramite degli attori che vi giunsero dalla penisola. 3 4 INTRODUZIONE Aurelia ed Eularia: note di ricerca. La vita e la carriera dei comici dell’Arte italiani riservano allo studioso scoperte, sconfitte e ripensamenti; in ogni caso, sorprese che mantengono viva la voglia di un approfondimento d’indagine. Così la mia ricerca, partendo da alcune conoscenze, qualche consapevolezza e svariate curiosità, si è proposta di confermare, smentire o precisare la storia di alcuni protagonisti della commedia dell’Arte, attivi tra le piazze teatrali italiane e quella parigina nella seconda metà del Seicento. La cronologia degli spostamenti dei singoli attori e delle compagnie, inseriti nello scenario storico, politico, culturale ed artistico del tempo, ha potuto beneficiare dei precedenti studi critici e regesti documentari sull’argomento, arricchendosi grazie all’apporto di nuove notizie tratte dai fondi italiani e francesi. Ho tentato di ricostruire la composizione della fertile compagine spettacolare in cui convivevano le famiglie comiche che alimentarono il mercato attoriale ed incentivarono un virtuoso circuito di rappresentazioni. Due attrici, in particolare, sembravano chiedere che la loro storia biografica ed artistica fosse raccontata. Brigida Fedeli (Servigliano, 1618 - Parigi, 1704) ed Orsola Cortesi (Bologna, 1638 - Montargis, 1718), in arte Aurelia ed Eularia, furono le comiche più celebri ad aver calcato i palchi italiani e francesi nel secondo Seicento. Se le loro vite, fuori e dentro la scena, hanno suscitato la curiosità di alcuni studiosi, questo lavoro propone la ricostruzione e rilettura delle loro esperienze private e spettacolari «a vicenda», termine tecnico che indicò, dal 1661, la condivisione del ruolo di prima amorosa da parte delle due protagoniste chiamate in Francia. L’organizzazione in capitoli che ripercorrono la loro carriera segue un ordine prevalentemente cronologico, ma privilegia il confronto e l’approccio di ciascuna delle due attrici alle diverse fasi del lavoro teatrale, nella consapevolezza di quanto si nasconde dietro i venti anni di differenza che le separarono e dietro i loro stili di vita che furono a tratti affini a tratti opposti. Nonostante entrambe appartenessero a importanti famiglie comiche, sul primo periodo della loro formazione restavano ancora molti dubbi che ho cercato di chiarire sulla base di fonti archivistiche. È stata quindi fondamentale la ricerca negli archivi italiani di 5 Firenze, Mantova e Parma che conservano la corrispondenza tra principi, signori e funzionari coinvolti nell’organizzazione delle stagioni teatrali. Allo stesso modo, l’indagine nei regesti documentari disponibili in edizioni moderne ha contribuito ad una più chiara comprensione del panorama spettacolare in cui le loro prime performances si inserirono: le piazze italiane del centro-nord, controllate soprattutto dai Farnese, dai Medici e dai Gonzaga. Il racconto relativo a queste prime tappe della vita e della carriera, proposto sulla base delle fonti recuperate, mi ha permesso una prima riflessione sullo statuto dell’attrice professionista, sul ruolo, sulle possibilità, sulle difficoltà e sulla considerazione che ne avevano le compagnie comiche, la società civile, il potere dinastico e la chiesa. Particolare attenzione ho dedicato all’analisi delle prime spedizioni parigine, a partire dagli anni quaranta. A queste partecipò soltanto Brigida Fedeli, diventando la star più richiesta dalla corte francese assieme a Tiberio Fiorilli (Scaramouche). Sulle tournées molti erano, e in parte restano, i dubbi e le imprecisioni, ma ho riservato loro lo spazio necessario per sfatare alcuni luoghi comuni, raccogliere le informazioni disseminate nei documenti (soprattutto nel fondo della Cancelleria milanese e in quello delle Archives nationales di Parigi), ma anche negli studi critici. In questo modo ho potuto precisare
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