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1908 an Early Form of Hydraulic Fracturing Is Used to Separate Granite from Bedrock

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1908 an Early Form of Hydraulic Fracturing Is Used to Separate Granite from Bedrock It didn’t begin with the fracking but the crack just grew… 1825 In Chautauqua County, New York, William Hart discovers natural gas reserves. Uses gas to light buildings in Fredonia; town's official seal features five burners representing those lights. 1908 An early form of hydraulic fracturing is used to separate granite from bedrock. APRIL 4, 1930 Gas leaked into the sewer system in MAY 24, 1930 A runaway horse smashed a wagon JULY 30, 1930 Excavation in Fairport, New York New York City, New York, and later exploded. 6 people of lumber against a crude oil pipeline in Ripon, Wis- caused a major gas explosion. 3 people were killed, 10 were injured, 5,000 were evacuated from nearby build- consin. The oil ignited and spread to nearby oil tanks, were injured, and a 4 family house was damaged by ings, and telephone cables were damaged. causing a blaze that destroyed a number of buildings. the blast and following fire. 30 1940'S Worried about Ger- APRIL 4, 1940 A gas com- AUGUST 14, 1943 The re- 1944 The "Big Inch" crude JULY 4, 1946 A crew work- 1947 Hydraulic fracturing man subs targeting tank- pressor plant exploded in cently built "Big Inch" crude oil pipeline ruptured in ing to connect a new gas is used for the first time to ers, government supports Braintree, Massachusetts, oil pipeline developed a leak Connellsville, Pennsylvania, main in Peru, Illinois, when extract natural gas. construction of oil pipelines killing four people and injur- near Lancaster, Pennsylva- with the crude spill killing the old gas main exploded from Texas to East Coast. ing 12 others. nia, delaying the first batch fish along a 12-mile (19 killing 5 of the work crew, After the war, pipelines are of crude oil from that pipe- km) stretch of the Laurel and injuring 7 others. approved for gas transport line from reaching Philadel- Hill creek. as well. phia, Pennsylvania. 1948 The Federal Water Pollution Act of 1948 was the first major U.S. law to address OCTOBER 18, 1948 Vapors from a leaking butane pipe- NOVEMBER 19, 1948 A "Big Inch" pipeline pumping water pollution. Made it unlawful for any person to discarge any pollutant from a point line at a refinery in Texas City, Texas spread out along a station exploded and caught fire near Seymour, Indiana, source into navigable waters (Post WWII). [1] nearby highway, causing a number of cars to stall. The gas causing $3,000,000 in damage, and injuring 17 workers then exploded, killing 4 people, and seriously burning 17 at the station. others. 48 MARCH 4, 1949 A section of 1949 Halliburton becomes the first company to use hydraulic 1950 Natural gas use begins 1954 Federal government the "Little Big Inch" exploded fracturing to extract natural gas at an industrial magnitude. 3 steady climb, nearly double establishes price controls for and burned in North Vernon, The technology used then bears little resemblance to what is over next two decades. interstate gas sales, making it Indiana, burning a mother and used in contemporary fracking procedures. Drilling operations more lucrative to sell in states her infant. It was the fourth could not use the same pressures or magnitudes that they can where it's produced. Shortag- explosion on that pipeline in today, so they could only extract natural gas present in loose es ensue across Midwest and Indiana that year. geological formations. East Coast. 1970 Gas' share of US ener- 1972 The Clean Water Act 1974 Congress passes the Safe Drinking Water Act to protect 1976 Resource Conservation 1977 Facing record cold, 1980 Superfund Act 1980. gy consumption peaks at 30 (CWA) is the primary feder- underground sources of drinking water. The Environmental Pro- and Recovery Act passed to Pennsylvania Gov. Milton The Superfund law is offical- al law in the United States percent (25 percent today). tection Agency requires Underground Injection Control permits regulate hazardous waste; gas Shapp orders schools closed ly know as the comprehen- governing water pollution. Its under the SDWA for any injection of a fluid (42 U.S.C. Sections will be made exempt. sive environmental response, objective is to restore and for three days because of gas compensation, and Liability maintain the chemical, physi- 300h to 300h-8). The EPA also bans the injection of most haz- shortage. On the same day, cal, and biological integrity of ardous materials and mandates regulation of all injected mate- Carter proposes Emergency Act. The federal Superfund the nation’s waters. [1] rials. But this same year the EPA rules that hydraulic fracturing Natural Gas Act, deregulating program, administered by does not fall under the regulatory power of the SDWA because the industry. the Environment Protection its primary purpose is the extraction of natural gas, rather than Agency is designed to in- the injection of hazardous material. Because of this, fracking op- vestigate and clean up sites erations are able to proceed unhindered by the new regulations. contaminated with hazardous 80 substances. [2] NOVEMBER 18, 1984 A Williams Companies 6 inch pipeline ruptured 1986 Congress passes Commu- MARCH 1986 A backhoe 1987 Gas industry granted APRIL 2, 1987 Water Quality DECEMBER 29, 1989 Shock in New Brighton, Minnesota, causing a spill of 40,000 to 50,000 gal- nity Right to Know Act requiring snagged a natural gas distribu- exemption from Clean Water Act Act, 100th congress, enacted, waves from an explosion ruptured lons of jet fuel in an industrial area. There were no injuries. companies to report toxic releas- tion line in Fort Worth, Texas, amendments designed to keep provided Pollution Control Act, a 30 inch gas transmission pipe- On November 25, a 30-inch gas transmission pipeline, constructed es. Pleading trade secrets for causing a break that leaked gas pollution out of storm water. also know as the Clean Water line operating at 350 psi in the in 1955 and operating at 1,000 psig pressure, ruptured at a location fracking fluids; gas drillers get into an unoccupied building. An EPA report indicates water Act. Provisions include: authority Hell Gate section of New York about three miles (5 km) west of Jackson, Louisiana. Within this exemption from this law. Later, that building exploded, contamination in Jackson Coun- to continue the Chesapeake Bay City, New York. The rupture was sparsely populated area, five persons involved with the pipeline con- injuring 22 people, destroying ty, WV. The report shows that Program. [1] 11 feet long, and escaping gas struction were killed and 23 persons were injured. Additionally, several the unoccupied building, and frack fluid had leaked from frac- ignited, killing 2 people, injuring pieces of construction equipment were damaged extensively. Lack of damaging 40 other buildings. tures in a well drilled by Kaiser one other person, and destroying proper ground support under the pipeline when a nearby section of 57 automobiles in the unoccu- Exploration and Mining Company 2 buildings and 50 automobiles. that pipeline was upgraded and replaced was identified as a factor in pied building were damaged or and into the private water well of the failure. destroyed. James Parson. 1990 Gas drillers given de facto ex- JANUARY 2, 1990 An Exxon under- 1990 Oil Pollution Act, was passed MARCH 30, 1990 A Buckeye Partners MAY 6, 1990 A spool on a pipeline AUGUST 29, 1990 A private contrac- emption from Clean Air Act. [3] water pipeline located at the mouth of by the 100th U.S. Congress. It works 10-inch pipeline ruptured from over- ruptured off of the Louisiana coast. tor laying conduit for underground Morse Creek discharged approximately to aviod oil spills from vessles and fa- stress, due to a landslide in Freeport, 13,600 barrels of crude oil were esti- power lines ruptured a pipeline that 13,500 barrels of No. 2 heating oil cilities by enforcing removal of spilled Pennsylvania, resulting in the release mated to have spilled. fouled a Western Branch creek with 1991 International Gas Union into the Arthur Kill waterway between oil and assigning liability for cost of of approximately 1,300 barrels of diesel fuel in Chesapeake, Virginia. releases report declaring that New Jersey and Staten Island, New cleanup and damage. [4] mixed petroleum products. Spilled Over 67,000 US gallons (250,000 L) gas is a "trump card", thwart- of fuel were spilled. York. petroleum products entered Knapp's ing the fight against destruc- Run, a small creek emptying into A natural gas explosion and fire de- tion of the environment. the Allegheny River and, eventually, stroyed two row houses and damaged the Ohio River. The product release two adjacent houses and three parked resulted in extensive ground and water cars in Allentown, Pennsylvania. One person was killed, and nine people, in- pollution and interrupted the use of the cluding two firefighters, were injured. A Allegheny River as a water supply for cracked gas main, that was stressed by several communities. Damage to the soil erosion from a nearby broken water pipeline and environmental cleanup line, was the cause of the gas leak. 90 and restoration costs exceeded $12 million. MARCH 4, 1992 A gas distribu- 1992 President George H.W. DECEMBER 3, 1992 Pipeline JUNE 9, 1993 A cinder block 1993 Ford develops natu- OCTOBER 1994 Record high 1996 Fracking in Alabama 1997 The U.S. Court of Appeals tion pipeline failed in Utica, New Bush's EPA chief, Bill Reilly, company workers ruptured a duplex at in Cliffwood Beach, ral-gas-powered Crown Victo- flooding along the San Jacinto results in a lawsuit against the for the 11th Circuit in Atlanta, York, killing 2 people. meets with industry execs includ- natural gas liquid (NGL) pipeline, New Jersey, exploded as a New ria that ends up in cab fleets River in Texas lead to the failure EPA by the Legal Environmental flatly rejects the EPA’s legal ing Enron CEO Ken Lay, praises causing a vapor cloud to drift Jersey Natural Gas Company in NYC, LA, and other cities.
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