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Home , Pipeline transport

It didn’t begin with the fracking but the crack just grew…

1825 In Chautauqua County, New York, William Hart discovers reserves. Uses gas to light buildings in Fredonia; town's official seal features five burners representing those lights.

1908 An early form of is used to separate granite from bedrock.

APRIL 4, 1930 Gas leaked into the sewer system in MAY 24, 1930 A runaway horse smashed a wagon JULY 30, 1930 Excavation in Fairport, New York New York City, New York, and later exploded. 6 people of lumber against a crude pipeline in Ripon, Wis- caused a major . 3 people were killed, 10 were injured, 5,000 were evacuated from nearby build- consin. The oil ignited and spread to nearby oil tanks, were injured, and a 4 family house was damaged by ings, and telephone cables were damaged. causing a blaze that destroyed a number of buildings. the blast and following fire. 30

1940'S Worried about Ger- APRIL 4, 1940 A gas com- AUGUST 14, 1943 The re- 1944 The "" crude JULY 4, 1946 A crew work- 1947 Hydraulic fracturing man subs targeting tank- pressor plant exploded in cently built "Big Inch" crude oil pipeline ruptured in ing to connect a new gas is used for the first time to ers, government supports Braintree, Massachusetts, oil pipeline developed a leak Connellsville, Pennsylvania, main in Peru, Illinois, when extract natural gas. construction of oil pipelines killing four people and injur- near Lancaster, Pennsylva- with the crude spill killing the old gas main exploded from Texas to East Coast. ing 12 others. nia, delaying the first batch fish along a 12-mile (19 killing 5 of the work crew, After the war, pipelines are of crude oil from that - km) stretch of the Laurel and injuring 7 others. approved for gas line from reaching Philadel- Hill creek. as well. phia, Pennsylvania.

1948 The Federal Act of 1948 was the first major U.S. law to address OCTOBER 18, 1948 Vapors from a leaking butane pipe- NOVEMBER 19, 1948 A "Big Inch" pipeline pumping water pollution. Made it unlawful for any person to discarge any pollutant from a point line at a refinery in Texas City, Texas spread out along a station exploded and caught fire near Seymour, Indiana, source into navigable (Post WWII). [1] nearby highway, causing a number of cars to stall. The gas causing $3,000,000 in damage, and injuring 17 workers then exploded, killing 4 people, and seriously burning 17 at the station. others.

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MARCH 4, 1949 A section of 1949 becomes the first company to use hydraulic 1950 Natural gas use begins 1954 Federal government the "Little Big Inch" exploded fracturing to extract natural gas at an industrial magnitude. 3 steady climb, nearly double establishes price controls for and burned in North Vernon, The technology used then bears little resemblance to what is over next two decades. interstate gas sales, making it Indiana, burning a mother and used in contemporary fracking procedures. Drilling operations more lucrative to sell in states her infant. It was the fourth could not use the same pressures or magnitudes that they can where it's produced. Shortag- explosion on that pipeline in today, so they could only extract natural gas present in loose es ensue across Midwest and Indiana that year. geological formations. East Coast.

1970 Gas' share of US ener- 1972 The Clean Water Act 1974 Congress passes the Safe Act to protect 1976 Resource Conservation 1977 Facing record cold, 1980 Superfund Act 1980. gy consumption peaks at 30 (CWA) is the primary feder- underground sources of drinking water. The Environmental Pro- and Recovery Act passed to Pennsylvania Gov. Milton The Superfund law is offical- al law in the United States percent (25 percent today). tection Agency requires Underground Injection Control permits regulate ; gas Shapp orders schools closed ly know as the comprehen- governing water pollution. Its under the SDWA for any injection of a fluid (42 U.S.C. Sections will be made exempt. sive environmental response, objective is to restore and for three days because of gas compensation, and Liability maintain the chemical, physi- 300h to 300h-8). The EPA also bans the injection of most haz- shortage. On the same day, cal, and biological integrity of ardous materials and mandates regulation of all injected mate- Carter proposes Emergency Act. The federal Superfund the nation’s waters. [1] rials. But this same year the EPA rules that hydraulic fracturing Natural Gas Act, deregulating program, administered by does not fall under the regulatory power of the SDWA because the industry. the Environment Protection its primary purpose is the extraction of natural gas, rather than Agency is designed to in- the injection of hazardous material. Because of this, fracking op- vestigate and clean up sites erations are able to proceed unhindered by the new regulations. contaminated with hazardous 80 substances. [2]

NOVEMBER 18, 1984 A Williams Companies 6 inch pipeline ruptured 1986 Congress passes Commu- MARCH 1986 A backhoe 1987 Gas industry granted APRIL 2, 1987 Water Quality DECEMBER 29, 1989 Shock in New Brighton, Minnesota, causing a spill of 40,000 to 50,000 gal- nity Right to Know Act requiring snagged a natural gas distribu- exemption from Clean Water Act Act, 100th congress, enacted, waves from an explosion ruptured lons of jet in an industrial area. There were no injuries. companies to report toxic releas- tion line in Fort Worth, Texas, amendments designed to keep provided Pollution Control Act, a 30 inch gas transmission pipe- On November 25, a 30-inch gas transmission pipeline, constructed es. Pleading trade secrets for causing a break that leaked gas pollution out of storm water. also know as the Clean Water line operating at 350 psi in the in 1955 and operating at 1,000 psig pressure, ruptured at a location fracking fluids; gas drillers get into an unoccupied building. An EPA report indicates water Act. Provisions include: authority Hell Gate section of New York about three miles (5 km) west of Jackson, Louisiana. Within this exemption from this law. Later, that building exploded, contamination in Jackson Coun- to continue the Chesapeake Bay City, New York. The rupture was sparsely populated area, five persons involved with the pipeline con- injuring 22 people, destroying ty, WV. The report shows that Program. [1] 11 feet long, and escaping gas struction were killed and 23 persons were injured. Additionally, several the unoccupied building, and frack fluid had leaked from frac- ignited, killing 2 people, injuring pieces of construction equipment were damaged extensively. Lack of damaging 40 other buildings. tures in a well drilled by Kaiser one other person, and destroying proper ground support under the pipeline when a nearby section of 57 automobiles in the unoccu- Exploration and Mining Company 2 buildings and 50 automobiles. that pipeline was upgraded and replaced was identified as a factor in pied building were damaged or and into the private water well of the failure. destroyed. James Parson.

1990 Gas drillers given de facto ex- JANUARY 2, 1990 An Exxon under- 1990 Oil Pollution Act, was passed MARCH 30, 1990 A Buckeye Partners MAY 6, 1990 A spool on a pipeline AUGUST 29, 1990 A private contrac- emption from Clean Air Act. [3] water pipeline located at the mouth of by the 100th U.S. Congress. It works 10-inch pipeline ruptured from over- ruptured off of the Louisiana coast. tor laying conduit for underground Morse Creek discharged approximately to aviod oil spills from vessles and fa- stress, due to a landslide in Freeport, 13,600 barrels of crude oil were esti- power lines ruptured a pipeline that 13,500 barrels of No. 2 heating oil cilities by enforcing removal of spilled Pennsylvania, resulting in the release mated to have spilled. fouled a Western Branch creek with 1991 International Gas Union into the Arthur Kill waterway between oil and assigning liability for cost of of approximately 1,300 barrels of diesel fuel in Chesapeake, Virginia. releases report declaring that New Jersey and Staten Island, New cleanup and damage. [4] mixed products. Spilled Over 67,000 US gallons (250,000 L) gas is a "trump card", thwart- of fuel were spilled. York. petroleum products entered Knapp's ing the fight against destruc- Run, a small creek emptying into A natural gas explosion and fire de- tion of the environment. the Allegheny River and, eventually, stroyed two row houses and damaged the Ohio River. The product release two adjacent houses and three parked resulted in extensive ground and water cars in Allentown, Pennsylvania. One person was killed, and nine people, in- pollution and interrupted the use of the cluding two firefighters, were injured. A Allegheny River as a water supply for cracked gas main, that was stressed by several communities. Damage to the soil erosion from a nearby broken water pipeline and environmental cleanup line, was the cause of the gas leak. 90 and restoration costs exceeded $12 million.

MARCH 4, 1992 A gas distribu- 1992 President George H.W. DECEMBER 3, 1992 Pipeline JUNE 9, 1993 A cinder block 1993 Ford develops natu- OCTOBER 1994 Record high 1996 Fracking in Alabama 1997 The U.S. Court of Appeals tion pipeline failed in Utica, New Bush's EPA chief, Bill Reilly, company workers ruptured a duplex at in Cliffwood Beach, ral-gas-powered Crown Victo- flooding along the San Jacinto results in a lawsuit against the for the 11th Circuit in Atlanta, York, killing 2 people. meets with industry execs includ- natural gas liquid (NGL) pipeline, New Jersey, exploded as a New ria that ends up in cab fleets River in Texas lead to the failure EPA by the Legal Environmental flatly rejects the EPA’s legal ing CEO Ken Lay, praises causing a vapor cloud to drift Jersey Natural Gas Company in NYC, LA, and other cities. of 8 pipelines crossing that river. Assistance Foundation, alleging position in LEAF v. EPA. The gas', "relative environmental across I-70 near Aurora, Colo- (NJNG) contractor was trenching Project partially funded by gas Due to the flooding many other that injection of fluids for hydrau- federal district court stated: lic fracturing must be regulated “[We] conclude that hydraulic cleanliness." rado. The Cloud later ignited, in front of the building. The gas industry. pipelines were also undermined. by the EPA under the SDWA. fracturing activities constitute burning 6 motorists. explosion killed 3 residents of More than 35,000 barrels of petroleum and petroleum prod- underground injection under Part the duplex, and seriously injured ucts were released into the river. C of the SDWA. Since EPA’s con- 3 others. Ignition of the released products trary interpretation could not be resulted in 547 people receiving squared with the plain language burn and inhalation injuries. Spill of the statute, we granted LEAF’s petition. … As LEAF correctly 99 response costs exceeded $7 million, and estimated property notes, wells used for the injec- 1999 The present day form of hy- JUNE 10, 1999 A pipeline in a Bell- AUGUST 10, 1999 An auger being NOVEMBER 2, 1999 A Lakehead damage losses were about $16 tion of hydraulic fracturing fluids draulic fracturing, which uses much ingham, Washington park ruptured used to install utility poles hit a 14 Pipeline was damaged by outside million. fit squarely within the definition higher pressures than earlier pro- and leaked , and later vapor inch ethane- pipeline, caus- force near Meridian, Michigan. Of of Class II wells. Accordingly, cesses, is first used in the Barnett from the leak exploded and burned, ing an explosion & fire that killed the about 223,000 gallons of NGL’s they must be regulated as such.” Shale in Texas. Formerly inaccessi- killing two 10 year old boys and an auger operator, and forcing evacua- spilled, about 115,000 gallons were ble gas reservoirs are now open for 18 year old man. Issues causing the tions near Liberty Hill, Texas. recovered. fracking. rupture were found to be previous On November 19, 2 men were pipe damage by excavation, an in- injured in Salt Flat, Texas, when a correctly set up pressure relief valve, leaking 8-inch propane pipeline ex- unexpected repeated remote valve ploded. 2 school buses had passed closures, and new software tests on through the area moments before the live controlling computer. the explosion.

FEBRUARY 5, 2000 A pipeline failed and 2001 The EPA begins a study of the impacts APRIL 1, 2001 A Dome Pipeline in North Da- MARCH 2004 Gas seeps into the home of JUNE 2004 An EPA report on fracking says 2000 President-elect George W. Bush: JUNE 13, 2001 In Pensacola, Florida, at least 2003 President George W. Bush and Vice spilled over 192,000 US gallons of crude oil of fracking on drinking water, stating: “As a kota carrying gasoline ruptured and burst into 64-year-old Charles Harper and his 53-year- fracking fluids are toxic and that some portion "Natural gas is hemispheric. I like to call it ten persons were injured when two natural gas President Cheney back a sweeping national in the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge in result of the … lawsuit on hydraulic fracturing flames a few miles west of Bottineau, North old wife, Dorothy, from one of several frack of these toxic fluids remain in the ground after hemispheric in nature because it is a product lines ruptured and exploded after a parking energy bill that includes a provision to Pennsylvania. The source of the spill was a of coal bed wells, the EPA recognizes Dakota. An estimated 1.1 million US gallons of wells next to their property near Pittsburgh, a frack job. However, the report concludes that we can find in our own neighborhoods." lot gave way beneath a cement truck at a car exempt hydraulic fracturing from EPA break in a miter bend in the pipe, which was this issue raises concerns and is conducting gasoline burned before the pipeline could be PA. The gas collects until it explodes and, that “injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids dealership. The blast sent chunks of drinking water regulation. [3] estimated to be at least 50 years old. an investigation to evaluate the potential risks shut down. The company attributed the break flying across a four-lane . Several employ- according to court records and news reports at into coal bed methane wells poses little or no to … drinking water.” to damage by an “outside force,” which A ees and customers at neighboring businesses the time, reduces the home to a pile of rubble. threat” to drinking water supplies and “does Bottineau County Sheriff said appeared to be were evacuated. 25 cars at the dealership The bodies of the Harpers and their grandson, not justify additional study at this time.” Shortly after taking office, VP Dick Cheney frost that melted at uneven rates, twisting and and 10 boats at a neighboring business were Baelee, are discovered under piles of debris (previously CEO of oil and gas firm Halliburton) breaking the pipeline. damaged or destroyed. across the road forms energy task force. Its report incorpo- rates much of gas industry’s lobbying wish list, including drilling in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Vice President Dick Cheney’s Energy Task 00 Force urges the EPA to conclude that it should not regulate fracking under the SDWA. 01

2007 2 men were driving east in a pickup 2005 Cheney-backed energy bill contains JULY 2005 The U.S. Congress passes the JULY – AUGUST 2005 Citing the EPA’s 2004 SEPTEMBER 2005 EPA Inspector General 2006 Drilling fluids and methane begin NOVEMBER – DECEMBER 2007 At least 22 2008 Researchers release estimate that truck on Interstate 20 Near Delhi, Louisiana, "Halliburton loophole," which exempts frackers Energy Policy Act of 2005, signed in August study, Congress passes and President Bush Nikki Tinsley stops the investigation into the bubbling from the ground near a gas well in water wells in Bainbridge, Ohio, are contam- there's up to 250 times more gas in when a 30-inch gas transmission pipeline from the Safe Drinking Water Act. by President Bush, which includes a provision signs the Energy Policy Act of 2005, exempt- mishandling of a hydraulic fracturing study, Clark, WY. A total of eight million cubic feet of inated with drilling chemicals, one of which Marcellus Shale formation, which runs exploded. One of the men were killed, and codifying that Congress never intended for ing fracking from the Safe Drinking Water Act stating that the question of the EPA conduct- methane is released into the atmosphere, and explodes due to the methane released from from New York to West Virginia, than the other injured. External was later hydraulic fracturing to be regulated under the (1974). Prior to this, the EPA had the authority ing a fraudulent study is no longer relevant a nearby shallow water well is contaminated the well water. previously thought. identified as the cause of the failure. SDWA. to investigate and regulate fracking, but the since Congress had exempted fracking from with fracking chemicals. 2005 law retracts the EPA’s authority over the law. 2007 Sierra Club director Carl Pope secretly fracking operations. This exemption for frack- chooses to accept funding for Beyond Coal ing is known as the “Halliburton loophole.” campaign from natural gas company Ches- 05 apeake Energy, does not tell his board or members. Chesapeake will give Serria Club more than $25 million over three years.

FEBRUARY 5, 2008 A natural gas pipeline compres- 2009 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. writes in Financial Times JUNE 2009 U.S. House Representatives Diana JULY 2009 Records show roughly 58,000 active gas SEPTEMBER 2009 13 wells in Dimock, PA, are con- NOVEMBER 2009 A fracking wastewater impound- sor station exploded and caught fire, near Hartsville, that U.S. is "awash with natural gas," which "has DeGette (D-CO) and Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) and wells in Pennsylvania. taminated with methane, causing one to explode. The ment catches fire and explodes in Avella, PA. Flames Tennessee, and was believed to have been caused by made it possible to eliminate most of our dependence U.S. Senators Robert P. Casey, Jr. (D-PA) and Charles gas company responsible for the faulty drilling project shoot 200 feet into the air, burn for six hours and a hitting the facility. on deadly, destructive coal." Schumer (D-NY) introduce the Fracking Responsibility is forced to compensate residents and build a pipeline produce a thick, black smoke cloud visible 10 miles and Awareness of Chemicals Act (FRAC ACT). The act to supply safe drinking water to those affected away. Soil tests conducted at the site find arsenic Former Sen. Timothy Wirth and John Podesta of the would repeal fracking’s exemption from the SDWA. at 6,430 times the permissible level and tetrachlo- Center for American Progress call gas “a bridge fuel The act does not pass. roethene (a and central-nervous-system to a 21st-century energy economy.” suppressant) at 1,417 times the permissible level. 09

2010 By request of the US Congress, the EPA issues FEBRUARY 2010 The House Committee on Energy DECEMBER 2010 Law of the Right of Mother Earth MAY 2011 Gas drilling platform accident in Symrna, JUNE 2011 A well in Clearwater County, PA, NOVEMBER 2011 By request of the U.S. Congress, DECEMBER 2011 The EPA releases its draft report a Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic and Commerce, chaired by Henry A. Waxman (D-CA), is a Bolivian law was passed by Bolivia’s Plurinatioal NY claims life of Charles “C.J.” Bevins results in a gas explosion and a 16-hour uncontrolled the EPA issues a Plan to Study the Potential Impacts on Pavillion, WY. The report says that “detections of Fracturing on Drinking , to be com- launches an investigation into potential environmental Legislative Assembly. The law defines Mother Earth as spill of about a million gallons of toxic wastewater into of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources, high concentrations of , xylenes, gasoline “A collective subject of public interest, and declares MAY 2011 The Pennsylvania Agriculture Department pleted by 2014. impacts from hydraulic fracturing. Citizen reports a creek in Moshannon State Park. As a result campers to be completed by 2014. range organics, diesel range organics and … hydro- both Mother Earth and life-systems as titleholder of quarantines 28 head of cattle on a farm in central from numerous communities are filed with Waxman are warned about drinking the water. carbons in ground water samples from … wells near 2010 Documentary Gasland premieres, introduces inherent rights specified in the law. Pennsylvania after they came in contact with waste- claiming that hydraulic fracturing has led to ground pits indicates that [frack] pits are a source of shallow America to flaming tap water. Nominated for 2011 water leaking from a natural gas well holding pond. water contamination and public health risks. 2011 In State of the Union, Obama rolls out clean ground water contamination.” At some wells the Academy Award. Farmers contacted the state after noticing that grass energy plan that includes major expansion in natural researchers found “water near-saturated in methane,” FEBRUARY 2010 When speaking about federal reg- had died in the area. Tests find chloride, iron and 2010 Congressional investigation reveals fracking gas. and in deep water wells, they also found chemicals ulation of hydraulic fracturing, Steve Heare, director other chemicals in the wastewater. companies are injecting diesel fuel and other toxic used during the fracking process: gasoline, diesel of the EPA’s Drinking Water Protection Division, says: 2011 Study in journal Climatic Change suggests chemicals underground. fuel, BTEX (, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), “I have no information that states aren’t doing a good cumulative greenhouse impact of natural gas may naphthalenes and isopropanol. The report continues: Senate Democrats seek to compel disclosure of job already.” be at least 20 percent higher than coal’s because of 2010 “Detections of organic chemicals are more numerous chemicals in fracking fluid. Bill fails. methane leakage from wells. 10 APRIL 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon blowout. Conci- and exhibit higher concentrations in the deeper of the dered to be the largest marine in the history 2010 Obama EPA asks frackers for information about 2011 US Geological Survey reduces estimate of undis- two monitoring wells … [which] along with trends in of the oil and gas industry. 4.9 million barrels spilled fluids. Only Halliburton refuses. covered gas in Marcellus Shale by 80 percent. methane, potassium, chloride and pH, suggest a deep over 5 months (including methane gas). source of contamination.” Investigators also found 2010 Natural gas pipeline explodes in San Bruno, 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. retracts support for gas, that the reports oil and gas companies filed detailing California, killing eight. credits New York Times reporting for alerting him to frack jobs listed chemicals used as “proprietary, … risks. rendering identification of constituents impossible.”

2011 EPA moves toward regulating toxic fracking 11 discharges; industry pushes back.

2012 Geologists link fracking to earthquakes in Ohio and JANUARY 2012 NRDC, Catskill MountainKeeper, Delaware JANUARY 2012 After thousands of reported cases of water con- SEPTEMBER 2013 Northern Colorodo floods, National Weather 2014 Hundreds of offshore fracking wells dump billions of JUNE 2015 After a long awaited six year study DEC officially DECEMBER 2016 Trump names Scott Pruitt head of EPA AUGUST 2019 Rare cancer stricken children South- Oklahoma. Riverkeeper, Earth Justice and Riverkeeper submit comments on tamination and millions of accidents associated with fracking, Service called the flooding “Biblical”. Colorado Oil and Gas gallons of oil waste into Gulf. In 2014 alone the frack industry states hydrofracking poisons residential and municipal water we stern P. A . FEBRUARY 2017 Trump’s EPA deregulated coal companies from SGEIS setting up the Southern Tier of New York as a “sacrifice” President Obama voices his support for natural gas extraction Conservation Commission estimates losing 43,000 gallons of was allowed to dump a staggering 76 billion gallons of waste sources. The fracking process involves carcinogenic chemicals, 2012 Cornell University veterinarian publishes study on cats, dumping waste ash into rivers and . zone for a fracking experiment. during his State of the Union address. crude oil to surface water. Also large amounts of hydrofracking fluid into the sea. academic studies have linked low birth rates, birth dogs, horses, and cows having seizures and dying after exposure 2015 Suburb of LA Porter Rance, CA, largest gas leak in US gas wastewater overflow a big concern. 2017 Maryland becomes the third state to ban fracking. defects and asthma to fracking. [14] to fracking chemicals. JANUARY 2012 Youngstown, Ohio, is hit by its 12th earthquake NOVEMBER 2012 Fracking: 632 chemicals. 25% are linked DECEMBER 2014 New York State bans fracking. history. Methane gas leaked for 4 months. SoCalGas Company. APRIL 2014 A Texas family claiming they were sickened because of the year. The most recent earthquake is located, like the with cancer or mutations. 37% affect hormones. 40-50% affect 2018 Recent CA droughts. Gas companies selling waste water to DECEMBER 2019 Immense amounts of methane are of pollution from hydraulic fracturing operations near their home 2015 Wetlands Protection Act: The 2015 rule gave the federal MARCH 2016 Dimock, PA, A family farm wins 4.25 million others, very near a D&L fracking injection well where millions of kidneys and nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. water their fruits and vegetables. escaping from oil and gas sites nationwide, worsening government authority to oversee a wide array of lakes, streams, against Cabot Oil and Gas Company for contaminated water gallons of fracking have been injected below the earth’s 75% affect sensory organs and respiratory and gastrointestinal should be awarded $2.95 million for their troubles, a jury ruled global warming, as the Trump administration weakens wetlands, storm-water controls and ditches feeding into larger source. surface. systems. [6] on Tuesday. DECEMBER 2018 Trump auctions off 150,000 acres of public resrictions on offenders. If methane is not burned The Parr family had sued Aruba Petroleum Inc. in 2011, alleging waterways that are clearly protected under the 1972 Clean Water lands for fracking near Utah National Parks [12] APRIL 2016 Constitution Pipeline banned, 125 miles Southern off when released, it can warm the planet more than JANUARY 2012 Records show that there are over 64,000 MARCH 2013 Andrew Cuomo meeting with Robert F. Kennedy the oil and gas producer exposed them to hazardous gases, Act. [10] Tier NYS 80 times as much as carbon dioxide over a 20-year fracking wells in Ohio. [5] Jr. Governor Cuomo may delay the fracking decision with the en- MAY 2019 Trump’s Energy Department unveils new nickname for chemicals and industrial waste that seeped into the air from 22 period. Methane levels have soared since 2007, with couragement of RFK Jr. For as many as 40 gas wells (Southern natural gas, “Freedom Gas”, “Molecules of U.S. Freedom” [13] wells drilled near the family’s 40-acre plot of land, which sits APRIL 2016 , Standing Rock Indian fracking natural-gas production, which accelerated just Tier), before changing course to await the findings, Cuomo said atop the . [9] Reservation, “Water Protectors”; protecting water as a sacred as atmospheric methane levels jumped, fracking is the he’s unsure what the Geisinger Report will conclude. [7] duty. [11] prime suspect. [15]

MAY 2013 Fracking PA to death. Epidemic of children with JANUARY 2020 The White House announced Tuesday cancer. An act of ecological violence around which alien that it plans to veto the PFAS Action Act of 2019, — stations that compact the gas for which aims to keep harmful forever chemicals out of , ponds of contaminated flowback, flare stacks . [16] that burn off gas impurities, diesel trucks in quantity, thousands of miles of pipelines, and more—have metastasized across 2020 “The Long Fight to Clean Up Our Water” rural America, pumping and toxins into water, air, 1948 Federal Water Pollution Act and soil. [8] 1972 Clean Water Act 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act 1987 Water Quality Act 1990 Oil Pollution Act 2015 Wetlands Protections Act 2020 Trump administration rolls it all back [17] [1] Technically the name of the law is the Federal Water Control [3] The science was suppressed to protect industry interests, [6] The Nation, “Fracking Our Food Supply” (632 Chemicals) [10] Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes a [12] ecowatch.com 12.12.18 [16] Newsweek 1.8.20 Act. The first FWPCA was inacted in 1948, but took on it’s services company once run by Bush’s Vice President Dick November 28, 2012 program to regulate the discharge of dredged or fill material [13] Time Magazine 5.29.19 modern form when completely written in 1972. In an act entitled Cheney, longtime allies of the oil industry, introduced a bill into waters of the U.S. including wetlands (U.S. Army Corps [17] “The Long Fight to Clean Up Our Water” 1948-2019, M. 20 the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Ammendments of 1972. [7] March 2, 2013 Besides enormous pressure from NY Frack- Wuerker, Andrew McMeel, Politico 1.25.20 exempt fracking from the Safe Drinking Water Act of1974. The of Engineers). [14] Pittsburg Post-Gazzette 8.4.19 tivist, Gov. Cuomo meets with RFK Jr. This is a major turning Major changes have subsequently been introduced via amedatory final version of the report omits mention of public health. legislation including the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Water point of the Govenor’s decision to ban fracking in NYS. [11] “Water Protectors” are distinguished from other forms of [15] “It’s a Vast, Invisible Climate Menance. We Made It Quality Act of 1987. [4] Oil Pollution Act of 1990 public law 101-380 August 18, environmental activists by a philosopy and approach that is Visible.” NY Times December 12, 2019 [8] “Fracking PA to Death” Ellen Cantarow, Mother Jones, 1990 rooted in an Indigenous cultural perspective that sees water and 11 May 2013. [2] Superfund Act, Dec. 11, 1980. EPA’s Superfund program the land as sacred. has helped protect human health and the environment by man- [5] “Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas”, World Energy [9] “In Landmark Ruling, Jury Says Fracking Company Must Pay aging the cleanup of the nation’s worst hazardous waste sites. Outlook Special 2012 Report. $3 Million To Sickened Family.” ThinkProgress, 24 Apr. 2014. Web. 02 May 2014. Timeline: Andrew Castrucci, Annie Lenihahn