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Campus Veterinaire De Lyon VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2017 - Thèse n°069 LES ZOONOSES TRANSMISES PAR LES REPTILES ET RISQUES ASSOCIES POUR LES MANIPULATEURS : ETUDE DE LA PREVALENCE DE L’AGENT CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. DANS LES SELLES THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 3 novembre 2017 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par CLAUDE William Né le 2 juillet 1991 à Guilherand (07) VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2017 - Thèse n°069 LES ZOONOSES TRANSMISES PAR LES REPTILES ET RISQUES ASSOCIES POUR LES MANIPULATEURS : ETUDE DE LA PREVALENCE DE L’AGENT CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. DANS LES SELLES THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 3 novembre pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par CLAUDE William Né le 2 juillet 1991 à Guilherand (07) LISTE DES ENSEIGNANTS DU CAMPUS VETE RINAIRE DE LYON (MAJ :13/04/2017) 3 4 REMERCIEMENTS AU JURY A Monsieur le Professeur Thierry PONCHON Faculté de Médecine de Lyon Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury de thèse. Hommages respectueux. A Madame le Docteur Magalie RENE-MARTELLET VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Pour l’encadrement de ce travail, pour son soutien professionnel et personnel. Pour sa gentillesse. Un grand merci. A Monsieur le Docteur Lionel ZENNER VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Qui nous a fait l’honneur de participer à notre jury de thèse. Sincères remerciements pour son implication personnelle dans ce travail. 5 6 REMERCIEMEMENTS PERSONNELS A ma famille, Vous êtes ma plus grande force et ma plus grande fierté dans ce monde. J’espère pouvoir un jour avoir votre force et vous rendre autant que ce que vous m’avez donné. Aucuns mots n’exprimeront à sa juste valeur l’amour que je vous porte. A mes nouveaux amis, Toutes ces années n’ont été que de merveilleux souvenirs grâce à vous. Puissent ces cinq années n’être que les premières d’une longue série d’aventures. A mes amis d’enfance, A toutes ces années innocentes, sans regrets. Je ne pourrais jamais passer autant de temps que ce que je voudrais avec vous mais cela rend chacune de nos retrouvailles uniques. A mon grand-père, Tu demeures dans mon cœur comme un souvenir inaltérable et chaleureux. Tu nous manques. Au service de parasitologie de VetAgro Sup, personnels et stagiaires, Sans votre aide cette thèse n’aurait pu aboutir. A Madame Marie-Thérèse Poirel, Pour votre aide précieuse lors de mes analyses, votre patience et votre gentillesse durant mon apprentissage au service de parasitologie. A Slim, Pour ton aide et ton implication dans mon étude. Pour tes conseils précieux et ton esprit unique. Au parc zoologique, aux éleveurs et aux propriétaires de reptiles qui se sont impliqués dans cette étude, Je vous remercie pour ces rencontres uniques en leurs genres. Merci pour votre passion contagieuse. 7 8 Table des matières TABLE DES ANNEXES ......................................................................................................... 15 TABLE DES FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 17 TABLE DES TABLEAUX ...................................................................................................... 21 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ 23 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 25 1ERE PARTIE : SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ............................................................ 27 1. La détention de reptiles en captivité en France ................................................... 27 1.1. Eléments de classification et de biologie...................................................... 27 1.1.1 Les Chéloniens ....................................................................................... 28 1.1.2. Les Crocodiliens .................................................................................... 31 1.1.3. Les Rhynchocéphales ............................................................................ 32 1.1.4. Les Sauriens........................................................................................... 32 1.1.5. Les Ophidiens ........................................................................................ 36 1.2. Législation .................................................................................................... 40 1.2.1. Détention ............................................................................................... 40 1.2.2. Elevage/reproduction ............................................................................. 41 1.2.3. Commercialisation ................................................................................. 41 1.2.3.1. Législation internationale ........................................................................................ 41 1.2.3.2. Législation européenne ............................................................................................ 42 1.2.3.3. Législation française ................................................................................................ 44 1.3. Origine des reptiles détenus en France ......................................................... 45 1.4. Profils des détenteurs et manipulateurs de reptiles....................................... 45 1.4.1. Soigneurs en parcs zoologiques............................................................. 45 1.4.2. Eleveurs ................................................................................................. 46 1.4.3. Particuliers ............................................................................................. 46 1.4.4. Vétérinaires............................................................................................ 47 1.5. Risques associés à la détention et à la manipulation de reptiles................... 48 2. Les zoonoses transmises par les reptiles ............................................................. 49 2.1. Définition ...................................................................................................... 49 9 2.2. Importance .................................................................................................... 49 2.3. Principales zoonoses transmises par les reptiles .......................................... 50 2.3.1. Liste des principales zoonoses transmissent par les reptiles et aaaaaaamodalités de transmission ................................................................................ 50 2.3.2. Zoonoses à transmission oro-fécale ....................................................... 53 2.3.2.1. Salmonellose ........................................................................................................... 53 2.3.2.2. Campylobactériose .................................................................................................. 55 2.3.2.3. Listériose ................................................................................................................. 57 2.3.2.4. Pentastomidose ........................................................................................................ 59 2.3.2.5. Cryptosporidiose ..................................................................................................... 61 2.3.2.6. Ophidascarose ......................................................................................................... 62 2.3.3. Zoonoses transmises par contact avec la peau saine ou les aaaaaaamuqueuses et par effraction cutanée ................................................................ 63 2.3.3.1. Aeromonose ............................................................................................................. 63 2.3.3.2. Mycobactériose ....................................................................................................... 65 2.3.3.3. Pseudomonose ......................................................................................................... 68 2.3.3.4. Tularémie................................................................................................................. 70 2.3.3.5. Leptospirose ........................................................................................................... 72 2.3.3.6. Ophionyssose .......................................................................................................... 75 2.3.3.7. Yersiniose ............................................................................................................... 77 2.3.3.8. Mélioïdose .............................................................................................................. 80 2.3.3.9. Sparganose .............................................................................................................. 82 2.3.3.10. Mycoses ................................................................................................................ 84 2.3.4 Zoonoses transmisses par les aérosols ..................................................... 87 2.3.4.1. Mycobactériose ....................................................................................................... 87 2.3.4.2. Pseudomonose ......................................................................................................... 87 2.3.4.3. Tularémie................................................................................................................. 88 2.3.4.4. Leptospirose
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