AQA GCSE Geography Complete Case Study and Example Booklet Complete list of case studies and named examples for the course:

Paper 1 Effects of and responses to a tectonic hazard in a HIC L’Aquila Effects of and responses to a tectonic hazard in a LIC Nepal Impacts of a Tropical Storm on people and the Typhoon Haiyan environment Extreme weather event in the UK Somerset Levels Example of a small scale ecosystem Freshwater pond, UK Case Study of a Tropical Rainforest Malaysian Rainforest Development of a Cold Environment Svalbard Coastal landforms and processes Dorset Coastal management strategies Lyme Regis Distinctive fluvial landforms River Tees River Management strategies Banbury

Paper 2 Urban growth in an NEE (opportunities and challenges) Rio de Janeiro Urban growth in the UK (opportunities and challenges) UK Urban regeneration project Albert Dock Growth of tourism in an LIC to reduce development gap Kenya Rapid economic development in an LIC Nigeria Modern industrial development can be more Torr Quarry, Somerset environmentally sustainable Advantages and disadvantages of a fossil fuel Natural gas in the Amazon Local renewable energy scheme in an LIC Rice husk biomass, Bihar India L’Aquila Earthquake

Your example of an earthquake in a HIC What? 6.3 Magnitude Earthquake Where? L’Aquila, Italy When? 6th April 2009

Why? The oceanic African plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. IMPACTS

Economic Social Environmental

Businesses destroyed 15,000 buildings collapsed Destruction of habitats Bridge connecting city to Salvatore Hospital damaged 1000 square km of land nearby towns destroyed. affected by surface ruptures 308 people killed

PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY

$11.4m total damage 67,500 people homeless 300 aftershocks up to 4.5 on House prices and rents University applicants declined richter scale. increased Fires killed people in damaged Landslides triggered by Decreased tourism in L’Aquila buildings aftershocks

RESPONSES Why were the responses Taxes cancelled for residents in effective? Hotels sheltered 10,000 2010 homeless people. Long-term • Italy is a rich country so 40,000 tents issued to the government had homeless. Students university fees available funds after Immediate scrapped. earthquake. • Emergency response Italian Red Cross were Investigation into why was rapid due to good searching for survivors ‘earthquake proof’ buildings training. within an hour. collapsed. • Excellent medical facilities to treat the injured. Nepal Earthquake

Your example of an earthquake in a LIC What? 7.6 Magnitude Earthquake Where? NW of Kathmandu, Nepal When? 28th April 2015

Why? The continental Indian plate is moving into the continental Eurasian plate forming fold mountains. IMPACTS

Economic Social Environmental

International airport was 8,800 people killed Death of wildlife species destroyed. 26 hospitals destroyed Large faults appeared in the 50% of shops were destroyed ground Half of schools destroyed

PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY

$10bn total damage 1 million people homeless 325 aftershocks Tourism has declined Huge food shortages Avalanche triggered on Mount Everest killing 19 people Looting broke out Disease broke out due to buried bodies. RESPONSES Why were the responses Search and rescue teams 7000 schools not very effective? arrived quickly from the need to be UK and India. rebuilt or Long-term repaired. • Nepal is a poor country Half a and does not have million Stricter controls on reserves of money for tents Immediate building codes to be disasters like this. issued to implemented • Emergency response homeless. was limited due to poor In 2015 Nepal hosted equipment. Helicopters rescued many an international • Poor building standards people caught in conference to seek avalanches on Mt Everest. financial support from meant most buildings other countries. collapsed. Typhoon Haiyan

Your named example of a tropical storm What? Category 5 typhoon Where? NW Pacific - Philippines When? 8th November 2014

400 195 7m mph mm

IMPACTS

Economic Social Environmental

30k fishing boats destroyed 6,300 people killed Widespread flooding 1.1m tonnes crops destroyed 40,000 homes damaged Thousands of trees uprooted 90% Tacloban city destroyed Power lines/ hospitals Oil tanker capsized by flood destroyed PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY

$5.8 billion total damage 1.9m people homeless Habitat destruction 6m lost source of income Outbreak of disease/ looting Freshwater contamination Damaged airport reduced Power supplies cut off for a trade/ tourism month in some places 800,000 litre oil leak

Why was Typhoon Haiyan RESPONSES so devastating? 1200 evacuation centres Oxfam replaced fishing set up. boats. • Extremely warm ocean 1m food packs and 250k Long-term temperatures fuelled the litres water distributed super typhoon. within 2 weeks. ‘Cash for work’ programmes • Storm surge was incredibly Immediate – people paid to clear debris high as it was channelled into and rebuild. a very narrow bay. US helicopters helped More typhoon shelters built • Hit one of the poorest regions with search and rescue. of the Philippines – low quality Storm surge warning housing, lack of education UK government sent system developed. and high population density. emergency kits. Somerset Levels Floods Your example of extreme weather in the UK What? Extensive Flood Event Where? Somerset, SW When? December 2013 – February 2014 CAUSES

It was the wettest Storm surges swept up The rivers had not been January since records the Bristol Channel – dredged in 20 years began – 350mm fell in preventing fresh water and were clogged with January and February. leaving the river. sediment.

IMPACTS

Economic Social Environmental

Cost of damage £10 million. 600 houses flooded. Floodwater was contaminated with sewage. 14,000 ha of farmland flooded. Residents evacuated to temporary accommodation. Debris covered the land. 1000 livestock evacuated. Villages cut off. Animals drowned e.g. Local roads cut off – halting hedgehogs and badgers. commuters. Power supplies cut off.

RESPONSES Will UK flooding become more extreme? Boats were used as a Scientists believe that flood form of transport to go Long-term shopping and attend risk in the UK will increase school. due to global warming: £20m Flood Action Plan has • More energy in the Immediate been introduced to reduce the atmosphere leads to more impact of future floods: intense storms and heavy • Rivers have been dredged Sandbags were used to rainfall. protect homes. • New flood defences installed • Future sea level rise will The fire service used rescue • Road levels raised increase the pressure boats to help stranded locals. exerted by storm surges. A Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Your Example of a Small-scale ecosystem

Freshwater ponds provide a variety of habitats for plants and animals. There are big variations in the amount of light, water and oxygen available in different parts of a pond.

Food Chain (Direct links between producers and consumers) Food Web (All connections between producers and consumers in an ecosystem) Heron

Consumer Perch (fish) (Organism that consumers animals and/ or plants). Diving Beetle

Midge Larva Producer (An organism that absorbs energy from Detritus (decaying the sun through leaves) Interdependence - All organisms in an photosynthesis). ecosystem depend upon each other. If the population of one organism rises or falls, then Natural Change Human Change this can affect the rest of the ecosystem. A drought could dry out the Agricultural fertilisers can pond in places so that lead to eutrophication. plants dry out and die. Fish Algae will grow out of may then be starved of control and deplete the oxygen and die too. oxygen – fish may die due to lack of oxygen.

More perch are added to a pond.

The perch will eat more small fish and frogs. Herons will have less food to eat.

With fewer frogs, slugs will increase as they have fewer predators. Deforestation in Malaysia Your Case Study of a Tropical Rainforest  Malaysia is located in South East Asia  67% of the land is covered by rainforest  The rate of deforestation is increasing faster than any other tropical country in the world

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN MALAYSIA

Logging

Malaysia became the worlds Road Building largest exporter of tropical Roads are built to provide wood in the 1980’s. access to mines, new settlements and for logging trucks. Energy Projects

The Bakun Dam generates Mineral Extraction 2400 MW of clean energy and 700km² of rainforest was Gold, copper and tin flooded by the reservoir. mining activities are common in Malaysia. Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter Population Pressure of palm oil in the world. Huge areas of forest have been 15,000 hectares of rainforest cleared to create plantations. were cleared for new settlers from urban areas between the 1950’s and 1980’s.  Malaysia loses approximately 96,000 hectares of rainforest per year.  Only 12% of remaining rainforest is considered ‘pristine’.  Approximately 40% of rainforest has been removed by human activities.

IMPACTS OF DEFORESTATION IN MALAYSIA

Climate Change Loss of Biodiversity

Deforestation reduces the moisture in Rainforests contain half of the worlds the air from trees and leads to a drier plant and animal species. Deforestation climate. leads to habitat loss and therefore a Fewer trees means that more CO2 is in reduction in biodiversity. the atmosphere which leads to a Orang-utan numbers have decreased by warmer climate through the greenhouse 75% in the last 100 years in Malaysia. effect.

Soil Erosion Medicine Shortages

Approximately 25% of medicines contain Tree roots hold the soil together. When rainforest ingredients. One example is they are removed the soil can be easily Quinine the cure for Malaria. It is also eroded by wind and rain. When the soil believed that the cure for cancer will is removed new vegetation can not come from the rainforest. As the colonise the area. rainforest is removed life saving medicines are being lost.

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF DEFORESTATION

 Hydroelectric power provides cheap and plentiful energy  New roads open up areas for tourism and industry  Mining, farming and energy developments provide jobs  International companies pay tax to the government that can be used to improve public services. Opportunities and Challenges in Svalbard Your Case Study of a Cold Environment

 Svalbard is a Norwegian 7°C -30°C territory in the Arctic Ocean.  Its is the most northerly permanently inhabited place in the world. More than  60% of the land is covered by glaciers.  The capital is Longyearbyen. More than Development Development Opportunities Challenges

300 jobs in coal mining Extreme temperatures It is the main economic activity – although Winter temperatures can drop below - environmental groups are against it as it 30˚C. Working outside is very dangerous contributes to climate change. and so people must dress very warmly.

150 species of fish Construction Breeding and nursery grounds Most construction work must take place in summer The Barents Sea has one of the richest fish stocks in due to low temperatures and limited light in winter. the world – however there are tight fishing quotas Permafrost can also damage buildings if it melts so and fishing is not allowed during the breeding buildings are often constructed on stilts. season. Geothermal Energy is a possibility in Svalbard Accessibility

Heat from the nearby Mid Atlantic Ridge could be Svalbard can only be accessed by plane or ship. used to generate renewable energy – however the There is only 50km of road and most people use power plants must be constructed first. snowmobiles to get around.

300 jobs in the tourism industry Services In 2011, 70,000 people visited Svalbard – most by cruise ship! Visitors look at Getting water, electricity and sanitation to the glaciers, wildlife and northern lights buildings is difficult in Svalbard. Pipes must be but can damage the environment if they built over ground to prevent them from freezing or are not careful. damaging the permafrost. Coastal Landforms in Dorset Your Example of a section of coastline in the UK

• Located on the south coast of England • Stretches from Lyme Regis in the west to Bournemouth in the east. • Discordant geology leads to differential erosion – bands of chalk and limestone erode much more slowly than bands of clay and sand.

Erosional Landforms

Durdle Door Lulworth Cove Old Harry Rocks

An excellent example of On a concordant coast a A chalk headland has a sea arch. Waves have band of weak clay has been eroded by waves to eroded right through the been rapidly eroded form a sea stack (Old limestone headland. behind a resistant band Harry) and a stump (Old of limestone to form a Harry’s Wife). cove.

Depositional Landforms

Chesil Beach

An 18km stretch of beach with Britain's longest tombolo connecting Portland island to the mainland. Coastal Management at Lyme Regis Your Example of a coastal management scheme in the UK

• Located on the south coast of England in the of Dorset. • The town is a popular tourist destination. • In the summer the population swells from 4,000 to 15,000!

• Much of the coastline is built on • The Lyme Regis unstable cliffs. Environmental • The coastline is eroding quickly Improvement due to the powerful waves from Scheme was set up the south west. in he 1990s to protect the coast. • Many properties have been • £22 million spent on building sea damaged or walls along the promenade. destroyed. • £1.4 million spent on cliff • The sea walls have been breached stabilisation. many times. • A wide sand and shingle beach was constructed to absorb wave energy.

SUCCESSES NEGATIVE OUTCOMES • The new beaches have increased • Increased visitors have led to visitor numbers and seafront increased congestion and litter. businesses are thriving. • Some people feel that the sea walls • The new defences have stood up to have ruined the natural landscape. recent stormy winters. • Fossil hunters are struggling to • The harbour is now better find new fossils as there are fewer protected, benefitting boat owners landslides due to cliff stabilisation. and fishermen. Landforms on the River Tees Your Example of a river valley in the UK

A variety of landforms can be found in UPPER MIDDLE LOWER the upper, middle and lower course of the River Tees. The landforms are determined by the dominant processes in each course (e.g. vertical/ lateral erosion or deposition).

• Located in the north east of England • Flows for 128km from it’s source in the Pennine Hills to it’s mouth at Middlesbrough on the North Sea.

Upper Course Middle Course Lower Course

High Force Waterfall Barnard Castle Meanders Levees at Newsham

The river drops 20m into As lateral erosion Repeated flooding has the plunge pool below. becomes the dominant caused the The underlying process in the middle development of raised limestone has eroded course, meanders are banks (levees) along faster than the more resistant upper band of forms near Barnard the lower course near dolerite. Castle. Newsham. Managing Floods at Banbury Your Example of a flood management scheme in the UK

• Located in the Cotswold Hills in the county of Oxfordshire. • The town has a population of 45,000. • The town is located on the floodplain of the River Cherwell

• Banbury has a history of • A new flood devastating floods. storage area was • In 1998 flooding affected 150 constructed that homes and businesses and shut can hold 3 million local roads. cubic metres of water. • The flooding in 1998 cost £12.5 • New floodwalls have been built to million of protect homes and businesses. damage. • A new pumping station transfers • In 2007 the river burst its banks after rainwater beyond the town. very heavy rain and flooded much of • New ponds, trees and hedgerows central and western England. have been added to absorb water and boost biodiversity.

Social, economic and environmental costs and benefits of the scheme Social Economic Environmental The raised A361 will The cost of the scheme New habitats have been remain open in future was about £18.5 million. created with ponds, floods – reducing trees and hedgerows. disruption to locals. By protecting 441 houses and 73 The floodplain will be Reduced levels of businesses, the benefits deliberately allowed to anxiety and depression are estimated to be over flood when river levels through fear of flooding. £100 million. are high. Tourism in Kenya Your Example of how tourism in an LIC can close the Development Gap.

• Kenya is a low-income country in East Africa. • Kenya’s government is trying to boost tourism as a way of increasing its development. • Two million tourists visited Kenya in 2019.

Attractions Tribal Warm Safari Beautiful Culture Climate Animals Beaches

POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES OF TOURISM

Tourism now contributes 12% of Kenya’s GDP – money that can be spent on development and Only a small proportion of the improving quality of life. money earned goes to locals – the rest goes to big companies, often 600,000 people are directly or based in HICs overseas, so indirectly employed by the tourism doesn’t help to close the industry – that’s 10% of all development gap employment in Kenya. Some Massai tribespeople were The 24 national parks charge entry forced off their land to create fees to tourists. This money is national parks for tourists. used to maintain the national parks, which helps to protect the Tourists have damaged the coral environment and wildlife. reefs by standing on them and taking pieces home a souvenirs. Since 2000, Kenya’s score on the Human Development Index has increased from 0.45 to 0.55. Urban Growth in Rio de Janeiro Your Case Study of Urban Growth in an NEE

Rio de Janeiro is situated Causes of Growth: on the east coast of Brazil just north of the Tropic of Natural Increase Capricorn. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and the largest city in Brazil – São Rural – Urban Paulo is just to the west. Migration

Regional International • Commuters travel • Rio has 5 ports and into the city for 3 international employment. National airports. • Locals travel in to • Rio produces 5% of Brazil’s • The city hosted the the city to visit the GDP. 2014 world cup and museums, galleries • Rio is the main hub for the 2016 Olympic and festivals. banking and finance in Brazil. games.

OPPORTUNITIES IN RIO DE JANEIRO

Economic – Formal Jobs Economic – Informal Jobs Rio provides 6% of all employment in Approximately 60% of workers work in Brazil. It is the most visited city in the the informal sector. Many of these people southern hemisphere and tourism live in the favelas and hold jobs such as provides a huge number of jobs. The street vendors, shoe-shiners, street construction industry has boomed due to recyclers and windscreen washers. the world cup and Olympic games. Social - Education Social - Healthcare Rio contains 19 of the top 50 schools in Life expectancy in Rio is 77 – 4 years the country and has 6 major universities. higher than Brazil’s average. There are The illiteracy rate is 4% - one of the 105 hospitals and infant mortality rates lowest rates in Brazil. are 3 times lower than the national average. Social – Energy Supply Social – Water Supply In Rio 99% of people have access to the 95% of the population has mains water power grid compared to 25% in some supply in Rio de Janeiro compared with parts of the country. The Simplicio only 65% of the rural population. hydroelectric plant was built in 2013. CHALLENGES IN RIO DE JANEIRO

Economic – Unemployment Economic – Crime Economic inequality is high in Rio. The Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and richest 1% of people earn 12% of the armed assault occur regularly. Powerful city’s GDP. In favelas the unemployment gangs control drug trafficking in many of rate is over 20% and those that do have a the favelas. job are usually employed in the unreliable informal economy. Social – Healthcare In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local Social - Education family health clinic. Services for pregnant In Rio only half of all children continue women and the elderly were very poor, their education beyond 14 as many of especially in the West Zone. them get a job to support their families. Teenage pregnancy is also high. Environmental – Water Pollution Guanabara Bay is highly polluted as 200 Environmental – Air Pollution tonnes of raw sewage and 50 tonnes of The number of cars in Rio has grown by industrial waste pour into the bay each 40% in the last decade and air pollution day. Ships also rinse their oil tanks into kills 5,000 people a year. the bay regularly.

Favela Bairro Project Complexo do Alemão is a group of favelas in Rio’s north zone with over 60,000 residents. It underwent a big improvement project in 2010.

Successes: Limitations:

• Roads were paved and formally • The newly built roads are not named. being maintained. • Hillsides were secured to • Rents have risen as the favela prevent landslides. became more popular. • A cable car system was installed • More training is needed to and residents were given on improve literacy and free return each day. employability. • A Pacifying Police Unit patrols • The $1 billion does not cover the favella to prevent drug improvements in every favela in gangs from taking control. Rio. Urban Change in Liverpool Your Case Study of Urban Change in a UK city

Liverpool is a city National located in north • In 2017 Liverpool west England. It can experienced the highest economic International be found on the growth in the UK. • Birthplace of the banks of the River • It is rated the 7th best world famous Beatles. Mersey where it city for shopping in • 38 million tourists flows in to the Irish the UK. visited the city in • Liverpool contains 5 2018. Sea. Manchester is of the top 10 • The city centre boasts located 30 miles to museums in northern an international cruise the east. England. terminal.

Impacts of Migration

Language barrier Hardworking and Pressure on Enriched culture in Contribution to the amongst workers and motivated housing. the city. economy workforce. school students. OPPORTUNITIES IN LIVERPOOL

Economic – Employment There are many new employment Economic – Tourism opportunities Liverpool. This includes Liverpool is the fifth most visited place in jobs on Liverpool Science Park, the the UK amongst oversees visitors. In upcoming Baltic Triangle area and the 2018 64, million tourists visited the city new Liverpool 2 container port. and the tourist industry provides 53,000 jobs for locals. Socioeconomic – Transport The Liverpool Walrus card allows people Social - Retail to load up tickets for bus, train and ferry Liverpool One boasts 170 shops, an journeys onto one simple card. This IMAX cinema and bars and restaurants. makes using public transport much more It received 29 million visitors in 2018 and efficient. makes Liverpool the 7th most popular city for shopping in the UK Social - Sport Liverpool is home to 2 football clubs in Environmental – Urban Greening the premier league – LFC and EFC. The Chavasse Park in Liverpool One is made Grand National also welcomes 70,000 up of 5 acres of green space, fountains visitors each year. and quiet places to sit. CHALLENGES IN LIVERPOOL

Economic – Industrial Decline In the 20th century, industrial decline Economic – Housing Inequalities occurred in Liverpool. It left much of the Areas that have been regenerated often inner city very deprived. Areas such as boast better quality housing. The and are among the most average semi detached house price in deprived areas in England. Anfield is£101,000 and in it is £230,000. Social - Education In more deprived areas school students Social – Unhealthy Lifestyles achieve lower exam results. The In deprived areas, drinking, smoking and proportion of students achieving 5 A*-C poor diets are more common. In Woolton GCSEs in Woolton is 75% and in Anfield there are 2,100 annual alcohol related is only 54%. deaths and in Anfield there are 3,400.

Environmental - Dereliction Environmental – Greenfield Sites As people left inner city areas, buildings As people left inner city areas, buildings were left empty. Derelict buildings are were left empty. Derelict buildings are targets for graffiti and vandalism. Many targets for graffiti and vandalism. Many areas such as Anfield became run down. areas such as Anfield became run down.

Albert Dock Regeneration Project

Reasons for regeneration: Features of the Project:

 1.25 million square feet  A range of uses – bars, cafés, of wasted space hotels and apartments.  An eye-sore in the city  Source of employment – 30 centre offices present in dock.  A symbolic site that  Environment was upgraded, highlighted deprivation with green spaces and planting areas.

It is the most visited free attraction in with 6.3 million people visiting it in 2016. Economic Growth in Nigeria Your Case Study of rapid economic growth in an NEE

International Importance • Worlds 21st largest Nigeria is located in economy. West Africa. It • 12th largest producer of oil in borders Chad, Importance in Africa the world. Niger, Benin and • Highest GDP in Africa. • Fifth largest Cameroon. It has a • Largest farm output in Africa. contributor to UN coastline on the • Largest population in Africa – peacekeeping 182 million. forces. Gulf of Guinea

Wider Context of the Country C Political Social •Proportion of workers in the primary sector has decreased from 70% to 40%. •Previous civil wars •Numerous ethnic h •Proportion of workers in the secondary slowed development. and religious groups. •Now has elections •Social tension due to a sector has increased from 10% to 30%. and a stable economic inequality •The proportion of workers in the tertiary government. between north and n sector has increased from 20% to 30%. south. g Environmental Cultural i •Northern Nigeria is •Nigerian teams have semi-desert won the African cup n •Southern Nigeria of nations 3 times. has high rainfall and •Has its own film g cocoa and palm oil industry called are grown. ‘Nollywood’. I n d u s t r I a l S t r u c t u r e

Role of Shell in Nigeria Advantages: Shell is a Trans National • Direct employment for 65,000 Nigerians. Corporation (TNC) - a large • Major contributions to Nigerian taxes. company that operates in • Gives 91% of shell contracts to Nigerian several countries. companies.

It is one of the worlds largest oil Disadvantages: companies with headquarters in • Oil spills have causes severe water the Netherlands. pollution. • Oil flares send toxic fumes into the air. Shell has been exporting oil • Oil theft costs Shell and the government from Nigeria since 1958. billions of dollars per year. Global political and trading relationships

Nigeria is part of large political groups including the African Union and the United Nations. Crude oil is Nigeria’s biggest export and India is their biggest customer. It is known as ‘sweet oil’ for it’s high quality. Nigeria has a large agricultural sector that employs 40% of the population. Cotton is their biggest export and Australia is their biggest customer.

Despite having the highest GDP in Africa, many Nigerians are still extremely poor. As a result, the country receives long term Development Aid from many countries and organisations.

The NGO Nets for Life provides In 2014, the World Bank approved a free mosquito nets to protect $500 million fund to provide long people from malaria. AID in term loans to Nigerian businesses. Nigeria The US Community Care The UK has funded a HIV project provides support programme, providing health packages for orphans. education to rural communities.

Environmental Impacts of Economic Development Industrial Growth Urban Growth Oil Extraction • 10,000 illegal • Waste in slums is • Oil spills damage freshwater industries illegally dumped on the streets and marine ecosystems. dump toxic waste • Traffic congestion • Oil spills release CO2 which • Breathing and lung causes air pollution. leads to acid rain. problems caused by • 70% of forests have been • 600,000 barrels of oil were toxic fumes. removed through urban leaked in the 2008 Bodo oil sprawl and logging. spill.

Economic Development and Quality of Life

In the last decade, Nigeria has had one of the highest HDI improvements in the world. It is clear that development in Nigeria has improved quality of life. Some of the main improvements include: HDI in Nigeria • Improvements to infrastructure such as roads and internet. • Better access to safe water and sanitation. • More doctors and better equipped hospitals. • More reliable electricity providing lighting and heating. • Higher disposable income to buy food. Torr Quarry Restoration Your Example of how modern industrial development can become environmentally sustainable.

• Limestone quarry on the Mendip Hills occupying 2.5km2 • 100 people are employed in the Quarry • The quarry contributes £15 million to the local economy and produces 5 million tonnes per year.

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Wildlife lakes created for recreation and water supply.

Habitat Destruction 200 acres has been landscaped to blend in with landscape. Trees planted.

Limestone features created to make the landscape look natural. Scarred Landscape Regular monitoring of noise, air and water pollution levels.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL Limestone is transported by rail – Air and Water Pollution reducing emissions from lorries. Extracting Natural Gas in the Amazon Your Example of the advantages and disadvantages of a fossil fuel.

• Natural gas reserves can be found across the globe. • The Camisea project began in 2004 to exploit a huge gas field in the Amazonian region of Peru.

Peru could The traditional make $34 life of indigenous billion from people is gas exports. affected.

Deforestation It could save has led to Peru $4 billon habitat in energy destruction. costs.

Improved Developers roads can introduce benefit the diseases to locals. local people. Deforestation has The project led to landslides provides and streams are employment polluted opportunities. Rice Husk Sustainable Energy in Bihar Your Example of a local renewable energy scheme in an NEE

• Bihar is a rural state in north east India • 85% of residents have no access to electricity • A scheme began in 2007 to provide electricity for villagers. • The scheme burns rice husks (a left over product from rice farming) in a biomass plant.

Rice husks are burned in biomass plants that provide electricity for The homes up to government 1.5km away. By 2015, 84 rice now provides husk powered financial plants were support to set supplying up ne biomass energy to plants. 200,000 people.

The power plants provide job Producing opportunities energy locally for locals who is efficient as are trained to Biomass energy energy sources run and repair has reduced the are not the power need for diesel transported plants. generators – long distances. reducing carbon emissions.