June 1935 Volume Xviii Published Quarterly Bythe State Historical Society of Wisconsin

JUNE 1935

VOLUME XVIII NUMBER 4

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BYTHE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN •"""""""" " •""" """"" -...... ••-" »••• • "I

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN is a state- aided corporation whose function is the cultivation and en- couragement of the historical interests of the State. To this end it invites your cooperation; membership is open to all, whether residents of Wisconsin or elsewhere. The dues of annual members are three dollars, payable in advance; of life members, thirty dollars, payable once only. Subject to certain exceptions, members receive the publications of the Society, the cost of producing which far exceeds the membership fee. This is rendered possible I by reason of the aid accorded the Society by the State. Of the | I work and ideals of the Society this magazine affords, it is be- » lieved, a fair example. With limited means, much has already been accomplished; with ampler funds more might be achieved. So far as is known, not a penny entrusted to the Society has ever | been lost or misapplied. Property may be willed to the Society in entire confidence that any trust it assumes will be scrupulously § executed. riiiifiiiimt

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published quarterly by the Society, at 116 E. Main St., Evansville, Wisconsin, in September, Decem- ber, March, and June, and is distributed to its members and exchanges; others who so desire may receive it for the annual subscription of three dollars, payable in advance; single numbers may be had for seventy-five cents. All correspondence concerning the magazine should be addressed to 116 E. Main St., Evansville, Wisconsin, or the office of the State His- torical Society, Madison, Wisconsin.

Entered as second-class matter, January 1, 1927, at the post office at Evans- ville, Wisconsin, under the act of August 24, 1912. VOL. XVIII, No. 4 June, 1935

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCON- SIN. JOSEPH SCHAFER, Superintendent and Editor CONTENTS

THE BEGINNINGS OF A GREAT INDUSTRY AT LA CROSSE Albert H. Sanford 375

HOP CULTURE IN EARLY SAUK COUNTY Mrs. Belle Cnshman Bohn 389

SOME PIONEER SETTLERS OF KENOSHA

COUNTY Mrs. Helen McVicar 395

REMINISCENCES OF MY SAILOR DAYS. . . L. W. Burch 403

DOCUMENTS : Excerpts from a Whaler's Diary 422 EDITORIAL COMMENT: Sectional and Personal Politics in Early Wisconsin . 442

BOOK NOTES 466

THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE Louise Phelps Kellogg 469

The Society as a body is not responsible for statements or opinions advanced in the following pages by contributors. COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN Paid for out of the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund Income Previous numbers of the Wisconsin Magazine of History are indexed in the International Index to Periodical Literature to be found in many public libraries.

CHARLES LANE COLMAN THE BEGINNINGS OF A GREAT INDUSTRY AT LA CROSSE1

ALBERT H. SANFORD

N the year 1854 Charles Lane Colman, son of Henry R. I Colman,2 then twenty-eight years of age, lived at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. He had married, in 1850, Miss Laura Place, and their two children were Julia Livia, then in her fourth year, and Lucius Charles, born in 1853. Mr. Colman was evidently ambitious to find a new location where he might improve his business prospects, for we find him, on May 29, 1854, setting out on the overland journey to La Crosse. He was accompanied by his partner, M. L. Noble, and their means of travel was a team of horses and wagon. The wagon was loaded with a machine for cutting shingles and a horse-power machine with which to operate it. It is our purpose to follow in detail the fortunes of this new venture as pictured in the diary which Mr. Colman kept for the greater part of four years. His financial accounts and the correspondence that passed between him and his near relatives will also furnish some details.3 There is no evidence in Mr. Colman's diary or letters that he had determined upon La Crosse as a permanent site for his business. Neither is there any indication as to the origin of his intention to seek a location in this vicinity. Within the 1 Drawn from the diary and accounts of Charles Lane Colman, 1854-58. 3 See Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1911, 152-159. 'These documents form a part of a much larger mass of materials that were recently placed in charge of the La Crosse County Historical Society by Mr. Charles Colman of La Crosse. In these materials are found records and correspondence of the Colman family that had accumulated for nearly one hundred years. A considerable portion of the collection has been passed on to the Wisconsin State Historical Society. 376 Albert H. Sanford [June two months following his arrival here, he and his partner made trips to several other places on the Mississippi and finally concluded that there was "no location better than this." Mr. Colman's first enterprise in La Crosse was that of manufacturing shingles. This was not a new occupation for him. Among his papers is found a partnership agreement between him and John Balch, dated at Fond du Lac, March 22, 1853. Their business was "making shingles and digging foundations." Again, in November, 1854, during a visit back to Fond du Lac, he entered into another partnership with M. L. Noble and W. H. Granger, the business this time being the making of shingles in Fond du Lac and teaming between that city and Sheboygan. Let us follow now the incidents of Mr. Colman's first journey to La Crosse. It lasted for eight days, and the route was via Waupun, Portage, Billings' Ferry on the Wisconsin River, and Sparta. Among its incidents are noted in one place "some good scenery," at another "plenty of bed bugs." In the course of the trip Mr. Colman had a hat stolen and his partner a great coat. On the last day of the trip they "passed through a delightful valley"—the valley of the La Crosse River. The date of the partners' arrival in La Crosse was June 5, at night. They stopped first at the Tallmadge House, but Mr. Colman was soon boarding at Colonel Childs's. It is the twenty-eighth of June, 1854, before there is indication in his diary of the setting up of the shingle machine brought from Fond du Lac. On that day he hires Israel Beaudreau at $12 a month. The Fourth of July is for him "a dull day— no excitement—wished I was at home a great many times." He has before noted in his diary that this is the first time that he has been parted from his family and it is not until 1935] The Beginnings of a Great Industry 377

July 7, after the passing of more than five weeks, that he first hears from home. On that date Noble returned from a trip to Fond du Lac and "brought me a letter from dear wife." Again, on August 12 he had been looking for a letter but "none came until to-day from dear wife." Evidently during July and August the installation of the shingle cutting machine was progressing. Other laborers were hired and logs were bought. On four days Mr. Colman records his working in the water "all day" or "half a day." I am assured by those who know that rubber boots were not available in the 1850's for such work. On August 26 the first log was drawn up and on the twenty-eighth the record says: "Put the horses on the machine. Everything works well except the saw, which goes too fast and is not filed right." On the thirtieth the first log was sawed, and the next day the first shingles were cut and the saw pulley broke. It is desirable at this point to give some description of the shingle machine that Mr. Colman was using. Among the Colman papers is found, in typewritten form, an account covering five pages headed "Charles L. Colman," but lacking both date and name of author. It was probably based upon an interview with Mr. Colman and seems to have been intended for insertion in a volume of biographies or in a history of the lumber industry. It is not found in any volume that is available in La Crosse, nor does it seem to be repro- duced in any work in the library of the State Historical Society. I shall follow the description of Mr. Colman's shingle machine as given in this account, adapting the language somewhat so as to make it more intelligible to persons who, 378 Albert H. Sanford [June like myself, are not mechanical-minded.4 First, however, let us refer to the saw mentioned above. It was used to cut the logs into blocks or "bolts" the length desired for shingles. This was probably a "drag saw," that is, one with a large blade that moved back and forth, the teeth being filed so that it cut on both movements. It was, of course, driven by the horse power that has already been mentioned. The shingle machine was known by the trade name "The Fountain." According to this account it consisted of a large knife set in an upright frame, moving up and down and falling at an angle upon the bolt. Such a machine must have looked very much like a guillotine,5 the slanting edge of the knife making possible a clean cut of the bolt below. The bolt rested on a table, or perhaps on a carriage that was controlled by hand, and was fed sidewise to the knife. In some way not stated in the account that I am following, each shingle was so cut, by an alternate feeding process, that it had a thick and a thin end.6 Mr. Colman's horse-power machine was doubtless such a one as was formerly in common use as a motive power for threshing machines. The rotary movement of the shaft was probably changed into the vertical movement of the knife by means of a crank or cam. Previous to being cut the bolts were steamed, but just how this was done there is nothing to indicate. The purpose

4 For assistance in doing this I am indebted to Mr. Frank Pierce, of Onalaska. 5 Appleton's Cyclopwdia of Applied Mechanics, ii (1889), 758, shows a cut (Figure 3904) of a shingle cutting machine made by Trevor and Company, Lockport, New York. No date is given for its invention or manufacture. *C. S. Judd, writing in Forestry Quarterly, x (1912)3 238, describes a shingle cutting machine then in use near Boyds, Washington. The cutting of thick and thin ends was accomplished by having three iron rods set vertically back of the plane of the knife, the middle one at %6 of an inch distance and the others at %6 inch distance. The bolt was pressed against the middle rod and alternately against each of the others as the knife descended. This description also states that the bolts were cut into quarters. 1935] The Beginnings of a Great Industry 379 of steaming was to make the wood soft and, the account says, "to prevent the natural disintegration of the timber which would result from crowding the thicker portion of the knife into the thin piece which was to constitute the shingle." At this point we may digress to review briefly different processes of shingle manufacture both by hand and by machinery. The earliest settlers, building their log houses on the frontier, used for roofing "shakes"—strips or slabs of wood split out and unfinished, about three feet long, six inches wide, and half an inch thick. These were held on to the roof by poles that extended across them. The method by which the poles were built into the roof as it was constructed was too complicated to be described here.7 From early colonial times the roof covering most used consisted of "breasted shingles." These were split or "rived" from straight grained wood, the implement used being the broadaxe or the frow. The latter consisted of a heavy blade six to ten inches long with a wooden handle set at right angles to it. The upper edge of the blade was thick and wedge- shaped. It was set on the end of the block to be split and was pounded by a wooden mallet.8 The next process was the shaving of the shingle, to get a smooth surface and to make one end thin. The "horse" and drawknife used in shaving shingles were those always found in the old-fashioned cooper shop. One authority on

7 Another kind of roofing has been described to me by Mr. Frank Pierce, who has seen it on lumber camp shanties. Small tree trunks were split and the centers were hollowed out. These were laid at right angles to the ridge and were overlapped, alternately the outside and inside being uppermost, in the same way as tile are laid. The roof might then be covered with dirt to the depth of a few inches. 8 Nelson C. Brown, Forest Products, Their Manufacture and Use (New York, 1927), 351, 370-371. 380 Albert H. Sanford [June colonial history says that a man could shave 1,000 shingles daily.9 The account of Mr. Colman's shingle machine to which reference has been made, states that the continued use of breasted shingles, even after cut shingles were made available, was based upon the theory that shingles must have a straight grain running the length of them and that they must be shaved smooth, as requisites for the proper shedding of water. This machine gave a cut, rather than a split shingle, and, so far as the evidence shows, there was no shaving done. In their efforts to accomplish the manufacture of shingles by power machinery, inventors in the first half of the nineteenth century were following two lines, namely, cutting and sawing. The Report of the commissioner of patents for 184310 states that there were machines invented for sawing shingles before the invention of the circular saw, but the sawed shingles were considered inferior, hence the invention of cutting machines. Patents for the invention of circular saws appear in the records as early as 1818 and several are recorded in the next two decades.11 Shingle sawing machines were patented in 1805, 1813, 1814, 1816, and several more in the three decades following. The Report of the commissioner of patents for 184412 notes an improvement on a shingle machine using a circular saw and two patents on shingle cutting machinery. The Report for the following year13 notes another patent for an improvement on cutting machinery and says: "Patents have been heretofore granted

9 R. M. Tryon, Household Manufactures in the United States (Chicago, 1917), 239. 10 28 Congress, 1 Session, Executive Documents, no. 177 (serial no. 442), p. 302. 11 Subject-Matter Index . . . Issued by the United States Patent Office 1790-1873 (Washington, 1874), iii. 12 28 Congress, 2 Session, Executive Documents, no. 78 (serial no. 465), p. 504. 1329 Congress, 1 Session, Senate Documents, no. 307 (serial no. 475), p. 79. 1935] The Beginnings of a Great Industry 381 for machines to cut the ordinary shingle, until the subject appears to be exhausted." It is apparent that these two rival processes developed side by side during the first half of the last century. The sawing process was soon destined to win in this contest. First, the sawing was done in separate mills and later the process took place in the lumber mills, this being just one feature of the entire business.14 Popular opinion evidently abandoned the idea that sawed shingles were not efficient in the shedding of water. Moreover, shingles were turned out much more rapidly by the sawing process. At first the circular saw was run in a horizontal position, later it was set vertical. The bolts were clamped on a carriage which ran back and forth automatically and was so adjusted that the shingles were cut with thick and thin ends. They dropped from the machine into a bin below and were packed by women and girls.15 Shingles were sawed from inferior timber, including the tops of trees and butts which were rotten at the heart and so not available for lumber. Returning now to the La Crosse enterprise, we find that it was September 6, 1854, before a sale was made and Mr. Colman then records, "took the whole of a dime for shingles to-day." The work evidently progressed and he says, October 7, "worked in the water to-day—had a narrow escape from drowning." There were many other such days during this chilly weather. On October 18 the cut was 8,000 shingles. But he had troubles with both his partner and his machine. Sales of shingles continued and on November 2 he records,

14 Fifteen shingle machines were in operation in Fond du Lac in 1867. There were five different kinds of machines, three of them being inventions of residents of Fond du Lac: Valentine's (1859), Beaudreau's (1859), and Walker's (1865). These were shingle sawing machines. Fond du Lac Commonwealth, April 24, 1867. 15 For an account of this work and of shingle sawdust, see articles by Charles P. Crosby in La Crosse Tribune and Leader Press, July 11, and August 29, 1926. 382 Albert H. Sanford [June

"Settled up to-day—owe no man in La Crosse." The next day he began a six-days' journey back to Fond du Lae.16 On one of these days it was worthy of note in his diary that he traveled forty miles. He remained in Fond du Lac until February 19, 1855. Here, at the end of the 1854 diary, we find a statement of the finances involved in this enterprise. In the original investment the shingle machine cost $152, the horses $124, the wagon $40. Another span of horses was purchased in La Crosse for $205 and this, with the expenses involved in setting up the mill (lumber, brickwork, blacksmithing, mill- wright, labor, etc.), and the amounts paid for logs, travel, board, and laundry made the total of the partners' investment and personal expenses $1,580.35. The sales of shingles amounted to $644.54; the collections were $570.50. The total cut of shingles was 154,750, the time of operation being almost exactly two months—an average of about 3,000 shingles per working day. The shingles were sold at $4.00 per thousand except that the "common" shingles sold for $2.00. Mr. Lucius Colman prepared a typewritten copy of his father's diary and at the end of the 1854 record he inserted a list of the names of persons with whom the latter had had business dealings. These are eighty in number and include such well-known names as those of John Gund, A. W. Petti- bone, George Farnam, A. W. Barron, S. D. Hastings, and J. P. Whelpley, who were all purchasers of shingles. Of these eighty names, Mr. L. C. Colman finds that forty-six do not appear in the list of La Crosse residents found in the Rev. Spencer Carr's pamphlet, A Brief Sketch of La Crosse, WiscJn, which bears the date 1854. Nor does Mr. Charles Colman's name appear therein. These omissions are "The route was via Welch's, Lemonweir House, Portage, and Waupun. 1935] The Beginnings of a Great Industry 383 accounted for in several ways. Some of the purchasers of shingles were doubtless non-residents, especially farmers; some of the laborers employed at the mill were probably transients, if we may judge by the rapidity with which they changed. Finally, the Rev. Mr. Carr states that the pamphlet was partially in type in January, 1854, and that it went to press in June, the month Mr. Colman arrived. Items in the diary written during his stay at Fond du Lac reveal glimpses of everyday life in the 1850's. On Jan- uary 17, when Mrs. Colman had fifteen teeth extracted it was worthy of remark that she "took ether"—that wonder- ful new discovery which had then been in use less than ten years. The next entry, made the same day, states that the family "had our daguerreotypes taken." Let us hope that this ordeal preceded the other one. On February 4, Mr. Colman "went to meeting today—heard a tirade against young folks." Evidently the rising generation was then going to the dogs as fast as the present one is. However, it was that generation, then under the preacher's condemnation, that fought the Civil War and accomplished other things, both good and bad, among which is the achievement of creating the present generation of old folks! While at Fond du Lac that winter, Mr. Colman succeeded in "raising" some money and bought out his partners in the shingle mill, at the same time selling the teaming end of the business. It was on February 19, 1855, that he was ready to start back to La Crosse, and this time he took his family in a sleigh. It was very cold, but, the diary says, "the children stand it first rate." Arriving here after seven days,17 two rooms were rented in the Tallmadge House at $7.00 a month, which Mr. Colman says was "awful rent."

17 The route taken was via Fox Lake, Portage, Dickens', Hingens', "crossed the dividing ridge at Cole's," Viete's. 384 Albert H. Sanford [June

By March 8 the sawing of shingles was resumed, with the aid of a man who was hired at $18 a month. On March 23 the sale was 14,000. Another entry notes the purchase of logs from Weston at $14 per thousand. On another date 34,500 shingles were sold to parties in Lansing, Minnesota. The first boat up the river that spring was the War Eagle, April 5. Entries in the diary between June and December, 1855, are few. Mr. Colman's diary for these years reveals little besides details of his business and some items of family happenings. In only three instances is there any light thrown upon his political inclinations. On March 31 he says, "saw some of the beauties of democracy at a caucus—more of a Knownothing than ever." Again, on April 3, "Town Meeting to-day— the so-called Democracy defeated completely." A year later, on March 15, 1856, he says, "Saw considerable wire-pulling and log-rolling on the part of Democratic leaders and scoundrels—heard a certain democrat lie again and again." From these items, we are probably justified in thinking that Mr. Colman was not a Democrat. If then he had previously been a Whig, perhaps, since the breaking down of that party in 1854, he was inclined to be a Know Nothing—that half- way stopping place by which so many northern Whigs reached their final destination in the Republican party. Mr. Colman became a consistent Republican. Of the slavery controversy and the formation of the Republican party in these stirring years we have no hint from this record. The months of January and February, 1856, saw Mr. Colman making two trips to Fond du Lac.18 It was during

18 The record is clear only between La Crosse and Portage. By stage, January 9-12, La Crosse, Cole's, Mauston, Portage. Returning, January 20-223 Portage, Mauston, La Crosse. Second trip: February 20-22, La Crosse, Clark's, Portage. Returning, March 1-5, Portage, "Maughston," La Crosse. In 1857, a trip to Fond du Lac began January 12 and proceeded via Sparta, New Lisbon, 1935] The Beginnings of a Great Industry 385 this time that he made arrangements to extend and refinance his business. An entry in the diary of March 8 notes the purchase of a steam engine to replace the horse power that had driven his mill during two seasons. Another entry shows the payment of $600 for the engine. More details of this transaction are revealed in Mr. Lucius Colman's inventory of "List of Old Papers in Vault." One of these, dated March 8, 1856, was a deed given by B. F. Stocking, the consideration being $1,200 in payment for "one steam engine and boiler, one shingle machine, shaft, flanges.and belting."19 This transaction may be associated with another in which Mr. Colman's father, Rev. Henry R. Colman, appears. We have the original of a partnership agreement dated June 19, 1856, between the father and son in which the former invests $1,000 and receives a two-fifths interest in the engine, shingle machine, tools, and fixtures. He acquires also the same frac- tional interest in a mill purchased by the firm "for the purpose of grinding provender"—i.e., a gristmill. Charles Colman agrees to operate the machinery and to pay his father one-fourth of the net receipts. We may infer that the gristmill was to be run by the same engine as the shingle mill, though no details as to its construction are given. We are not informed by these records concerning the dissolution of this partnership. On May 8, 1856, the shingle mill operated with the new engine for the first time.20 An itemized cash account for the

Dickens', Sandwich House, Riley House, Grand Prairie House, Crandon, arriving at Fond du Lac, January 17. Returning, February 12 to 17, via Blue Tavern, Dickens', New Lisbon, Forrest House, Yankee House, Burns's Exchange, and Ridgley's. 19 It is difficult to reconcile this amount ($1,200) with the diary statement of the cost of the engine ($600) unless we assume that the difference was paid for another shingle machine and the other equipment mentioned. 20 Mr. John Burns, whose recollections reach back to 1870? or somewhat earlier, remembers having seen Mr. Colman's horse power in operation. Evi- dently its use was not entirely abandoned in 1856. 386 Albert H. Sanford [June first three months of 1856 shows total expenditures, including the cost of the engine, of $1,201. Receipts were $1,301. During April the receipts and expenditures were each about $300 and in May they were double that amount. At this point the diary for 1856 ends. Mr. Colman's younger brother, Joseph Spier Colman, then eighteen years of age, came to La Crosse in October, 1855, to work in the shingle mill on a salary of $16 a month. In a letter written to his father, April 2, 1856, he remarks upon the work of installing the new engine. He also says: "The river is very high and we have four or five boats a day. The town is crowded full of strangers. They are building here very fast." These were booming times in the West, to be followed the next year by the commercial crisis. During the years 1854 to 1856, Mr. Colman's business connections had been rather closely confined to La Crosse, though several visits were noted to Onalaska, Winona, and Lansing, with consequent sales in those towns. In 1857 he seeks to enlarge his market for shingles, since the diary tells of more extensive trips. These include visits to McGregor, Dubuque, Galena, Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington, and St. Louis. In these towns he looks for shingle mills and inquires about the sources of the supply of shingles sold there. At St. Louis he remarks: "Found more shingles than lumber—they came from Pittsburgh—could not find out the wholesale price." These trips seem to have opened new markets for the enterprising shingle manufacturer, for the diary mentions a trip down river in June in which collections were made. There is then a gap in the entries until December. In the mean- while, additional business connections had been made in Minnesota towns. Clear Lake and Sauk Rapids are mentioned. 1935] The Beginnings of a Great Industry 387

Coming to this Society with the diaries is a small account book with the date 1858 on the first sheet. Here are debit and credit entries for 139 accounts. There are debit entries for 123 individuals and in the great majority of these cases the credit entry, if there is any at all, is smaller than the debit entry. In comparatively few cases was the payment of bills made with cash. More payments were made by orders on other parties. Many times the credit item consists of pro- visions, services, and supplies of various kinds.21 Perhaps these facts reflect the scarcity of cash in this frontier town during the depression following the crisis of 1857. The exact location of Mr. Colman's shingle mill is not indicated by any entry in the diary or financial accounts. However, among his papers as listed by Mr. Lucius Colman, was a lease dated May 1, 1858, from J. M. Levy under which he was to occupy the "Shingle Mill lots." The consideration was $100, and Mr. Colman had the privilege of pur- chasing the lots for $800. The Bliss and Spear map of La Crosse dated 1859 shows the shingle mill as extending diag- onally over lots 8 and 9 in the block bounded on the east by Front Street, on the north by Ferry Street, and on the west by the river. This was at the southwest corner of Front and Ferry streets. This paper will not attempt to cover the activities of Mr. Colman after the year 1858. Brief accounts may be found elsewhere.22 These describe the advance of his business into the sawing of lumber, its constant growth, the adoption of

21 Some of these are meat, tallow, handkerchief, handsaw, crackers, am- brotypes, flour, brick, Bible. 22 History of La Crosse County, Wisconsin (Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1881). A. J. Aikens and L. A. Proctor, editors, Men of Progress, Wisconsin (Milwaukee, 1897), 394-395. Ellis B. Usher, Wisconsin, Its Story and Biography, 1848-1913 (Chicago, 1914), vii, 1935-1937. George W. Hotchkiss, History of the Lumber and Forest Industry of the Northwest (Chicago, 1898). American Lumbermen (Chicago, 1905). 388 Albert H. Sanford new machinery, the burning of his mills, first in 1868, then in 1875, and again in 1886, followed each time by the erection of new structures with more extensive equipment. The Colman Lumber Company, incorporated in 1899 with a capital of $1,000,000, became one of the largest enterprises in La Crosse. The business came to include the operation of lumberyards within the area tributary to La Crosse, located in many towns. A letterhead of the date 1886 shows a list of thirty-two yards. It can be said that this business, whose small beginnings we have traced, was so conducted, both by its founder and by the sons who succeeded him, that the name Colman stands in the annals of the lumber industry of western Wisconsin as synonymous with probity, square dealing, and public spirit. HOP CULTURE IN EARLY SAUK COUNTY

MKS. BELLE CUSHMAN BOHN

N the period of the 1860's and 1870's hop-raising was one I of the foremost industries in Sauk County, Hopyards were found not only on nearly every farm but on many village lots. I vividly recollect the work and the fun connected with this industry of my girlhood. In the spring the roots of the hop vine were planted in hills eight feet apart in rows eight feet apart. At the earliest appearance of the vines, three tall poles were set solidly at each hill. These poles—twelve or fifteen feet in height— were cut in the woods just as they grew, and piles of them were seen in every hopyard through the winter. When the vines were long enough to twine around the poles, a girl or woman cut off the top of an old yarn sock, drew it over her left arm, and raveled it as needed to tie the vines to the poles. The workers were busy nearly every day twining and tying the new growth, and many of them, I remember, complained of sore fingers as the vines were rough and scratchy. When the hops began to form near the top of the pole, branches reached out from one pole to another, forming a canopy of vines overhead, which, with the graceful clusters of yellowish-green hops made a very pretty sight. At this stage the pickers were hired. Men, women, and children flocked to the yards; many an early day school- teacher spent the summer vacation in this fashion. The local force was not sufficient so that groups from distant places, often acquaintances and friends of the farmer's family, would come for an outing. There was something of adventure and 390 Mrs. Belle Cushman Bohn [June change in being with a crowd out-of-doors, having the best meals served three times a day, and lodging provided for those who lived many miles away. Fifty cents a box was paid for the picking, and although some said they were out for their health, I noticed they always took the pay too. Set at intervals in the yard were large boxes, eight by four feet, with a support at either end for a ridgepole running lengthwise. The big box was divided into four small compartments, each holding seven bushels of hops. Men called "box-tenders" cut apart the vines at the top of the pole with a tool resembling a long-handled corn-knife, slashed the thick vines at the bottom, pulled the pole out of the ground, and carried it to the four pickers waiting at every large box. If the pickers were young girls, flirtations were apt to be carried on between them and the box-tender. Sometimes when things became dull, some of the girls who craved excitement would form a conspiracy. When the box-tender came to empty the hops into a big canvas sack, they would seize the unsuspecting fellow and dump him on the hops. With much disgust he would pick himself out of the box with hops clinging to his clothes and hair and look wildly around for the guilty parties, who by that time were at the other side of the yard. However, he watched his chance to even the score by dumping one of the girls into the box. But he could not run, as he had to stay and empty the box; naturally, he heard just what they thought of him. The joke to them was not nearly as funny as when he was the victim. The pickers stripped the pungent, not ill-smelling hops from the vines and leaves and though this work gummed up the fingers, the average laborer filled two or three boxes daily; expert pickers filled four or five. If a box were left partially filled at night, by morning the hops were covered with lice, worms, and insects of all kinds, and these were 1935] Hop Culture in Early Sauk County 391 emptied with the hops into the big, gunny sacks to be carried to the drying kiln. It was a standing joke that the more insects there were, the better the flavor of the beer. The hop houses where the curing was done were a common sight on the farms for many years after the hop craze died out. They were always surmounted by a cupola, a ventilator for the drying kiln which was on the upper floor of the building. In lieu of flooring were laths set far apart over which was stretched coarse canvas, called "hop sacking." A huge stove in the room on the ground floor heated the drying room above. When the big sacks of hops were brought in from the yard, they were emptied on the sacking to the right depth and drying began. Occasionally the clusters were raked over, and at one point in the process sulphur was sprinkled on the stove to bleach the hops. Following the drying, the hops were pressed into oblong bales weighing 200 pounds apiece. Farmers having many acres of vines kept their crew of helpers several weeks while the owners of smaller yards needed us only a few days. We usually went to five or six places a season. The hours of work were long, the sun was hot, but the singing in the yards helped to lighten the labor. "Listen to the Mocking Bird" was a great favorite, and sad and sentimental songs such as "Lorena," "Belle Mahone," "Lura," "Billy Boy," and "Nellie Darling" were sung as choruses, quartets, duets, and solos. "Barbara Allen," "My Poor Nellie Gray," "The Old Elm Tree," and other emo- tional songs relating the untimely death of some beloved maiden were sung several times in the course of the day in different parts of the yard. One different in theme concerned a swain with "a jet black eye, a grand mustache, and a buck- skin bag of gold." 392 Mrs. Belle Cushman Bohn [June

Many practical jokes were played on gullible pickers, which were taken good-naturedly, on the whole, but once in a while a grouchy individual would resent the foolery and start a feud which in the process of being smoothed over, required all the diplomacy of the yard boss. Unlike the pickers in the West, who are described as roaming transients obliged to provide their own shelter and food, the Sauk County pickers were given the best the farm afforded. Men and boys slept wrapped in blankets on the hay in the barn but that was like camping. Women and girls were given all the beds in the house, and big, plump ticks filled with straw that made nice, soft beds when spread on the floor of the sleeping quarters. Great preparations had to be made to house and feed from twenty to forty or more people, the number depending on the size of the yard. Bedding and dishes were loaned by the neighbors to the housewife needing them at the time, then passed on as the crews moved from place to place. For many days before the arrival of the pickers, the women folk were busy preparing edibles of all kinds, for the best was none too good for hop pickers; for if meals were poor, there might be a shortage of help on that particular farm the next year. At mealtime a bell was rung; the yards were emptied quickly. Before entering the farmhouse the workers washed in tin basins in the yard or on the porch; this scrubbing up was sometimes done thoroughly, sometimes not so well, but sufficient as a preliminary to the meal. The hungry crowd did more than ample justice to the loaded tables three times a day, winning over the threshers who are supposed to head the list in disposing of eatables and drinkables. The farmer had a steady job getting supplies from town; the cost of it all was enormous. A FAR WESTERN HOP HOUSE OF THE EARLY EIGHTEEX-EIGHTIES

1935]. Hop Culture in Early Sauk County 393

Evenings were spent telling stories around blazing bon- fires built to smudge mosquitoes. Sometimes a fiddler, ac- cordion player, a harmonica or a jew's-harp performer would entertain the group and if sufficient space could be found— usually a granary or shed—a jolly crowd, augmented by visitors from other yards, would dance after supper till bed- time. Some old couples today remember that their acquaintance began at a hop-picking dance. After the hops at each yard had been baled, the hop buyers were as plentiful as politicians before election. Finally, the bales were sold and carried away, many going to England. The huge profits made in hop-raising then are comparable to the fortunes made in gold and oil booms today. The owner of a hopyard was rich, he was given un- limited credit, and in many cases he took full advantage of this. New homes were built and furnished; silk dresses, furs, paisley shawls, and pianos were bought for the wife and daughters; fine horses and carriages were kept in the stable and coach house; farm machinery was purchased. We find that Jesse Cottingham of the town of Winfield near Reedsburg was claimed to be the first to introduce hop culture into Sauk County and also into Wisconsin.1 He was born and reared in the hop country near London, England. On coming to America he settled near Waterville, New York, and worked in the hopyards there. He removed to Wisconsin and in 1852 he had enough hop roots shipped from New York to plant a small piece of ground. He found the soil here even better adapted to producing hops than that of England. His first crop yielded 150 pounds of dried and baled hops, which he marketed at Columbus, Columbia County, Wisconsin; he received $45 in gold for them.

1 Merton Krug, History of Beedsburg and the Upper Bamboo Valley (JMadison, 1929). 894 Mrs. Belle Cushman Bohn

From this beginning the hop craze spread throughout the surrounding country and to other sections of the state. It is estimated that $1,000,000 came into Sauk County in 1866, and so great was the faith of the growers in the con- tinuation of hitherto undreamed-of prosperity that the acreage was doubled. In that year hops sold from fifty to sixty cents per pound, but sad was the day of reckoning when the following year the price dropped to four or five cents. The crop proved not worth the cost of production. Hop growers lost everything they had in the world, hop dealers went bankrupt, and merchants who had extended credit found their business ruined. This was the famous hop crash of 1867. A few yards were planted in the early 1870's, and hops again sold at fifty cents per pound, but the slump repeated itself and since that time no one had ventured to resume the industry until the spring of 1934 when the section was can- vassed by agents selling hop roots; now a few hopyards have been planted, but the result will not be known for a few years, as it takes some time for the vines to come into bearing. Those who are making the experiment are not those who went through the experience of 1867-68, for not many of them are living. Nearly seventy years have gone by since then, and the exciting times of the glamorous returns from hops are only distant pictures in the memory of the oldest inhabitants. SOME PIONEER SETTLERS OF KENOSHA COUNTY

MRS. HELEN MCVICAR

AMES Madison Kellogg, a resident of Kenosha County from 1854, was born in Amsterdam, Livingston County, NeJ w York, on September 25, 1812. He was the youngest son of Seth and Naomi Parsons Kellogg, in a family of six sons and three daughters. Their father was a cabinetmaker by trade, emigrating in 1800 from Connecticut. James's earliest recollection was of his oldest brother, Russell, returning from the war of 1812, and resting his old musket in the chimney corner. He recalled assisting his mother in grating potatoes from which she made starch, and of burning corncobs, from the ashes of which pearlash or soda was extracted. He learned his letters in a little dame-school, and later attended the rural school in the winter. This must have been a rather turbulent academic course, for the first pro- cedure of the schoolmaster in the morning was to season over the live coals some very long and wiry birch switches, and after this school opened with prayer and reading of the Scriptures! One brother operated a sawmill and lumberyard on the Mohawk River. The fathers family moved to Steuben County, and at the age of twenty James went to Orleans County, where he taught school, had classes in penmanship, and read law. He returned to Steuben County, was ad- mitted to the bar, and engaged in legal practice. 396 Mrs. Helen McVicar [June

Another brother, Franklin Kellogg, had heard of the fertile prairies of the West, and in the summer of 1841 with his wife and two daughters started for Chicago. Their goods were in two covered wagons. James had decided to caste his lot with his brother, and to the other goods he added his Blackstone's Commentaries and oddments packed in a cowhide covered trunk with his initials J. M. K. ornate in brass nails across the top. (The trunk is still in exist- ence, 1932.) James had a saddle horse and gun, and one of the party usually scouted ahead for a camp site, and shot small game for the evening meal. They were a month on the road, and it was the first of October when they reached Chicago, which was little more than a trading post at the stage when teams mired down on State Street. The women were left in Chicago, and the men went land looking and selected a fertile section near McHenry, Illinois. Here they built a cabin and broke the prairie sod. Neighbors were not plentiful, and at first it was feared the newcomers might be "stuck up," as the women arrived from Chicago with wagon and team of horses instead of oxen! The first social gathering they attended was a quilting bee. The young men came in the evening, and they danced on the rough cabin floor. The refreshment was a well scrubbed, juicy turnip, and a knife to scrape it with, passed around. In New York, Mr. Kellogg had made a study of phren- ology; and for fifteen years, during the winter months, traveled through Illinois and gave lectures in churches, schoolhouses, and cabins, wherever a gathering might be held. For demonstration purposes in his lectures, he pro- cured three skulls: one of a reputed pirate, one of an Indian, and one of a murdered white man. These skulls were carried 1935] Pioneer Settlers of Kenosha County 397 in a pair of saddlebags, thrown over the horse's back. These same skulls were for many years a matter of much concern to his household. When not "on tour/' they were consigned to the farthest corner of the darkest closet, and at house- cleaning time caused considerable consternation among the women folk. They were finally given a respectable resting place. One of Mr. Kellogg's favorite stories was of examin- ing the head of old S , the friendly Indian of the Black Hawk War. One summer he spent with a naturalist in central Wiscon- sin gathering specimens of wild life and flora for some institution in New York. His lecture trips led him farther afield in southern Wisconsin, and in 1854 he met and married Mrs. Lemira Tarbell Fowler, the widow of Sereno S. Fowler. She was the sister of Emerson and Henry Tarbell, well known in Kenosha and its history. Mr. Fowler was a native of Massachusetts and a graduate of Harvard. Mrs. Fowler was born in Hampden County, Massachusetts, and was a graduate of a young ladies' academy at Southampton. Mr. Fowler came to land sales in the territory of Wisconsin, and in 1837 brought his bride to the land just north of the Woodworth Road on highway 50 in the town of Bristol. Rollin Tuttle brought them out through the prairie grass that was higher than the backs of the ox-team. The prairie was broken by groups of magnificent oaks called "oak openings," and Mrs. Fowler expressed her pleasure at such "nice orchards." When a prairie fire threat- ened their cabin, while the men were hastily plowing a strip around the clearing to protect it from the flames, Mrs. Fowler beat out the flying sparks with her woolen petticoat. When trees were cut and burned, berry bushes grew around the stumps. Berries were dried for winter. Wild 398 Mrs. Helen McVicar [June crabs were preserved in maple sugar. Quail and prairie chicken were abundant; one winter all the flour they had was buckwheat, till the boat came in the spring with supplies. Mr. Fowler planted the first apple, peach, and pear orchard in the county, having brought the seedlings from his home in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1841. Some of the trees are still living. The Indians looked in the windows, but they were friendly, and brought gifts of venison and game, and expected a little sugar, tobacco, or tea in exchange. They camped in the woods between Woodworth and highway 50, but during the winter of the deep snow, many of them died of disease and starvation, and the little remnant never returned. For several seasons the winters were mild and all the equipment for winter travel was a rude sled called a "jumper," and a fiery little Canadian pony, which never stepped over a puddle or running stream, but jumped over. Mr. and Mrs. Fowler were people of fine ideals and an upward vision. His high ambition was the establishment of a select boarding school; to this end in 1839, he built the house and dormitory of Fowler's Academy. The lumber was sawed in a mill erected on land owned by Mr. Fowler, now in the possession of Fred Stevens, on the old Plank Road. With ox-teams and neighborhood help, they raised a dam and mill race on the little stream that is the outlet of Neisans and League Lake. The remains of these are still plainly visible. Henry A. Newberry was the carpenter who constructed the academy, and he built well for posterity. Mr. Fowler was possessed of extraordinary executive ability, and the academy was becoming most successful when his health failed, and in 1847 the school closed. He succumbed 1935] Pioneer Settlers of Kenosha County 399

soon after to tuberculosis, which it is believed he contracted in his eastern home. The young widow was unable to carry on, and the place was rented as a tavern. Here, after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Kellogg made their home, continuing it as a tavern, where they housed many a man and beast when long lines of ox-teams hauled wheat to Kenosha from the fertile prairies of Walworth and Big Foot.1 The charge for man and team was fifty cents and a stirrup cup thrown in to speed the part- ing guest. The old house was well equipped for those days to care for a crowd, and it was Mrs. Kellogg's pride that she always had her meals on time. There was a big brick oven with a fireplace and kitchen in the basement. The dining room was above this on the first floor, and on the second floor a large hall extended to the north. In his capacity of justice of the peace, Mr. Kellogg presided over the occasional lawsuits here, and here Lovell and Webster clashed forensic opinions. In common with many other public spirited citizens, Mr. and Mrs. Kellogg gave their measure of financial assistance to the building of what is now the Kenosha and Harvard Division of the North- western Railway. The post office was in the Kellogg home when the mail was carried by stagecoach to Lake Geneva, but after the railroad was put through, the stagecoach was discontinued and the post office moved to Woodworth. The Kellogg house was at one time a station of the "un- derground railroad" that assisted fleeing slaves into Canada. One evening while a dance was going on above, a wagon load of frightened negroes was brought over from Antioch. They were hastily hidden in the "cellar kitchen," where the

1 H. E. Cole, Stagecoach and Tavern Tales of the Old Northwest (Cleve- land, 1930), 140. 400 Mrs. Helen McVicar [June windows were blanketed and the doors locked; they were warmed and fed, and the next night taken to another "station" in Kenosha. And no one was ever the wiser! Mr. Kellogg was an ardent Democrat, but did not up- hold slavery or secession. He gave generously of time and money, in conducting meetings and making speeches in various parts of the county to aid in raising troops and fur- thering the Union cause. Nevertheless, he was subjected to much criticism for his political belief, but the men of that generation were positive in their convictions and did not back water for expediency. At the close of the war, Mr. Kellogg entered extensively into dairying, and in 1869 engaged in cooperative cheese making. The barroom was turned into a cheese room, and William Bush, one of the sons of a pioneer family, became cheese and butter maker. He stayed with them for eight years, and the venture was so successful that a factory was built on the north road. Other cheese makers were Milton Hubbard of South Bristol, Fred Jones of Pleasant Prairie, and Maggie Seivert. Early in the '70's the Patrons of Husbandry were organized, and Mr. Kellogg as state deputy organized some thirteen societies in the county. The hall over the dairy room became the home of the Bristol grange. A stage was erected in the north end, and the young people gave many entertainments there. Zalmon G. Simmons of Kenosha had offered $500 for a circulating library for the Bristol community if it would raise $300 more. They responded with a will, and by means of suppers, socials, dinners, entertainments, lectures, and amateur theatricals achieved their goal. Rev. Lucius Lee, who had just returned from a trip around the world, con- sented to lecture. By the aid of pictures he had taken, KELLOGG TAVERN, BKISTOL TOWNSHIP, KENOSHA COUNTY

1935] Pioneer Settlers of Kenosha County 401 several young ladies presented tableaux to show the costumes of different countries. I believe he brought some costumes with him, but there was much sewing of paper- cambric and draping of shawls. By these various activities a public library for Bristol and vicinity was installed in the Kellogg house. It was called the "Bristol Grange Library," and was distinctly different in operation from the district school libraries which an early Wisconsin law had provided for. It is believed that the Bristol Grange Library was the first library of the sort opened to the general public in this section of Wisconsin. It contained approximately 1,000 volumes of standard works by such authors as Dickens, Scott, Bulwer, Hume, Macaulay, together with encyclopedias and other books, too numerous to recall. The grange and the library were discontinued, and the last of the books given to the Simmons Library of Kenosha. Mr. and Mrs. Kellogg had no children, but the child of their adoption was Emma, the daughter of Henry and Mary Cherry Hogle. Henry Hogle was an emigrant from England to Wisconsin in 1847. He joined the gold rush to California and with many others who crossed the divide, never returned. The young wife died, the little girl was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Kellogg, and later became the wife of Daniel Howe. She died in 1874, leaving an infant son and a daughter; the latter is now Mrs. Herbert E. Me Vicar, the author of this paper. Mrs. Kellogg was a Congregationalist; Mr. Kellogg was a member of the Methodist church. They retained their interest in young people, in church and school and public affairs, and as long as health permitted visited school at least twice a year, as a civic duty. Mrs. Kellogg passed away in February, 1887, and Mr. Kellogg in 1899. He was a Royal Arch Mason and a member of Washburn Lodge of Bristol. 402 Mrs. Helen McVicar

He had no political aspirations; his favorite quotation was one that ended: "Act well your part—there all the honor lies." The old house passed to the hands of strangers. It stood a neglected landmark for many years. Those who had lived in it were gone. It burned to the ground in September, 1929, and the hand hewn timbers from century old oaks gave back to earth their ashes and their memories. REMINISCENCES OF MY SAILOR DAYS

L. W. BUHCH THE W. A. HASKELL, 1884 HE Detroit Dry Dock Company was building a large T freight propeller for the Central Vermont Railway Company to run between Chicago, Milwaukee, and Ogdens- burg, New York. Captain P. L. Millen, formerly of the Iron Duke, was to be her master. The captain informed me that he would like to have me as clerk on this new boat, but that I would have to apply to Alexander McVittie, secretary of the Dry Dock Company. I lost no time in calling on him and made an appointment to see him again as the boat was not launched yet. "There is plenty of time," he said. I kept my appointment as scheduled and was put off again. The same thing happened again and again. I thought it was going to be a repetition of the old story of the bill collector who was told by the debtor to come next Tuesday and he would tell him when to call again. As Mr. McVittie had said nothing to discourage me, I kept up my callings. On my twenty-second visit I got the job and was just in time to be on board when she was launched and christened the W. A. Hashell. She proved to be a fine steamer in every way. I had a nice room and office combined, with two outside windows, one of which was fitted as a cashier's window through which I paid the stevedores when necessary. My readers may ask, "Why was it necessary to carry a clerk on a freight boat?" I will explain. In the case of the three steamers built by the 404 L. W. Burch [June

Detroit Dry Dock Company for the Central Vermont Rail- way Company, it was necessary to have a clerk because payments on the contracts were made on the installment plan. In marine law the vessel itself is held liable for all debts of whatever name or nature. For this reason the Detroit Dry Dock Company placed a representative aboard each steamer whose sole duty it was to know about and pay all debts incurred on every trip and to make a monthly cash report. It required about $3,000 cash each trip to pay the immediate running expenses, exclusive of fuel which was taken care of in the office ashore. Taking out a new vessel just launched is something like fitting out a new home. Further, nearly the whole crew are strangers. There is no attempt to adhere to the formality of an introduction. You soon learn who is captain, first mate, second mate, chief engineer, assistant engineer, steward, etc. It is not absolutely essential to know an officer's or man's name—simply the position he fills. Every man must be in his place and perform the duties required in that place. It does not take long to get acquainted: sometimes such acquaintance ripens into a long friendship. The vessel itself requires much attention. The first thing the captain, mates, and wheelsmen do is to test her and see how she handles. Does she mind her wheel? How does she trim? Is she stable or cranky? Does she hold her way, or does she lose it quickly? How fast is she? If these questions are favorably answered, she is a good boat and the crew will sing her praises. The engine-room crew is busy for a long time because the engines must be worked down and all the smaller engine pumps and what not must be made to function properly. The Haskell was a fine propeller and had a fine crew. Our round 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 405

trip from Ogdensburg to Chicago was 1,125 miles and was made about every 30 days. In order to allow the Hashell to go through the locks of the Welland Canal when we were east bound, we had to lighter about 700 tons. A portion of our grain cargo was elevated and loaded into Grand Trunk cars at Port Colborne and taken to Port Dalhousie where, after we had passed through the canal, we received it back from the elevator and finished our run to Ogdensburg. Words cannot do justice to the beautiful scenery on the St. Lawrence—going through the Thousand Islands, passing the gorgeous summer palaces situated on some of these beautiful islands, Nobby Island, Sport Island, and a thousand others. We passed so close to some of them that we could pass the time of day in an ordinary voice to those ashore. It was "Good morning" here and "Good morning" there. I experienced nothing like it on any part of the lakes. Beauti- ful yachts, sail and steam, were everywhere. We never tired of the trip on the St. Lawrence. On nearing Ogdensburg, we turned out of the bright, clear, blue-green water of the St. Lawrence, and with the wheel "hard over" headed in to the Black River to our dock. I used to go aft on the fantail and look at the wake the steamer was leaving. The water of Black River was black and the foam on the upper side would be blue-green and on the lower side black. The colors would not mix. There was a marked distinction between the two colors as far as the eye could reach, but if you took a glass of the Black River water it would be as clean and colorless as the St. Lawrence River water and just as good to drink. There is a difference between steamboat men and sail- boat men, and you cannot erase it. It crops out in any con- versation or argument between the two. I prefer the sailor 406 L. W. Burch [June man and always did see more romance and glory in a ship than in a steamer. But sails were leaving the lakes and steam was coming on, so the sailor men who wished to earn a liveli- hood on the water were forced to work on the steamers. Such was the case of our second mate, a fine young fellow named "Bert Simpson," whose family were from Cape Vincent. Bert treated us young fellows and the new men in a manner which made us feel as though we fell far short of the real thing. But we knew our business and could hold down our jobs satisfactorily. We arrived at Port Colborne one evening just at supper time. We were soon alongside the elevator and began lighter- ing grain to allow us to pass through the locks. The elevator had only one leg so it took some time to complete the job. About 2:00 A.M. the marks on the Haskell showed that we were lightered sufficient to go on our way. I had come down out of the elevator and saw our second mate, the sailor man, leaning up against the corner of the building, asleep. A signal was passed to three or four standing about and in a quiet manner a lantern was made fast as close to him as possible. Then the men went aboard, slammed down hatch covers, etc., making considerable noise talking and calling to each other while all the time keeping an eye on the second mate. At last the first mate called to stand by the lines and the second mate gave a start, saw the lantern at his side, and heard the laugh the men gave him. He was thoroughly humiliated and whenever he had any remarks to make on the superiority of a vessel sailor to a steamboat man, he was always told that they did not have to tie a lantern on to a steamboat man to keep people from running into him. Under the canal regulations, the progress your vessel can make is limited to a certain number of miles per hour, so it took a lot of time. The going was very slow in the 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 407

fourteen miles of level from Port Colborne to Thorold. From this point a finevie w of Lake Ontario is to be had. And here begins a very interesting voyage through the twenty-eight locks down to lake level at Port Dalhousie. The W. A. Haskell was as long as the locks would allow, and it required very careful maneuvering to keep from doing damage to the gates. In fact, the previous year the W. L. Frost, the first propeller built for this line, had the misfortune to go through the gates of one of the locks, doing considerable damage, part of which was the flooding of a farm that bordered on the canal. The Haskell was very fortunate in her season's trips through the canal not to have any accidents so far as the canal proper was concerned. The berth of a clerk on one of the steamers of this line was more one of trust than of labor, as there was little to do between ports. While the steamer was making the passage through the canal, the second engineer, Will Kendall, and I used to walk ahead of the steamer to Thorold where they had a fine roller-skating rink, and you may believe that those two "young fellows off the Haskell" had some time. There was always a crowd of the canal's finest there when the Haskell was due. On July 15, I became of age. I sent my mother a check for $25, the half-month's pay due me, and wrote her that I had sent her practically all my earnings from the time I was thirteen years old when I went to work, but now I would keep my money myself but it was at her disposal any and all times hereafter. We were making our last trip for the season and had arrived at Port Colborne where we as usual lightered our cargo. I had been up all day and stayed up until about midnight to tally out the grain. About one o'clock Sunday morning the captain came to my office and told me that since 408 L. W.Bwch [June lock tenders were not compelled to work on that day in Canada, he would like it if I would take some money, walk the rest of the way to Port Dalhousie stopping at each lock to fee the lock tender from one to three dollars to stay at their locks until the Haskell had passed through. I immediately set out, visited each lock, and arrived at the elevator about daybreak. After I had located the grain weigher and got his promise to be on hand to weigh back our grain, I went back to the elevator and waited for the Haskell. What a beautiful sight she made coming down the locks in the early morning! After weighing back our lighterage, which amounted to the capacity of fifty-seven Grand Trunk box-cars, we started up the lake for Ogdensburg and I turned in. This made a sixty-hour watch with nine hours sleep. We had a fine crew aboard the Haskell. Little or no pro- fanity was heard, and there were no drinkers. Our steward was a New York State Yank, a fine character, and funny as the day was long. He could cook the best food that was ever set before any crew. It was far ahead of some of our best hotels. His name was Jean Marquis de Lafayette Farr. That was funny to begin with. But I can just taste his gingerbread. Talking about Farr's gingerbread, on one trip we stopped at Detroit and all went home to pay the folks a visit. I was to go to a certain house where I had a room in the winter. The landlady was a fine cook also. I told Mr. Farr (we'll leave off the first part of his name for brevity's sake) that I would like to take a loaf of his gingerbread with me to show my landlady how good it was. He said that was fine and did up a loaf of freshly baked gingerbread in a piece of brown paper. I presented it to my landlady soon after my arrival and asked her to try it and they did. I say "they" because her daughter was there also. I did not get the praise 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 409

I thought ought to be forthcoming, for all that was said was, "It is very nice, but it tastes rather hot." I did not understand that. On going aboard the ship again and after we had left the dock, I asked the steward, "By the way, Mr. Farr, what was the matter with that gingerbread?" "Why, what was the matter?" and he looked at me with surprise. "The lady at the house said it tasted hot. Did you put anything in your gingerbread to make it taste unduly hot? I never tasted it that way myself." "Why no, not a thing," and he stood looking at me. All of a sudden he threw up both hands and said, "I know what it is. You see, Lew, I had just received some groceries and among them was a half pound of cayenne pepper. The paper I wrapped the bread in had contained the pepper, and the warm bread absorbed what pepper was left in the paper." We were both sorry, of course, but we had a good laugh over it. I never mentioned Farr's gingerbread at that boarding house again. On our last trip we were bound to Ogdensburg and were having fine weather down Lake Ontario, and everybody was happy. Our turkeys (a sailor's bag) were packed and there was a general getting ready to go home soon after we made the dock. About three o'clock in the afternoon when opposite Millen's Bay, there was heard a crash forward. The Haskell had struck a sunken rock or pinnacle rock which had not been charted. Our speed had lowered the water immediately around the steamer. It was supposed that ordinarily we would not have drawn enough water to have hit this rock. The Haskell listed away over on her starboard side and then righted herself. I ran out on deck. The captain was on the bridge and ordered me to report to the engineer to sound the 410 L. W. Burch [June pumps. I made a dash for the engine room and informed the engineer, Mr. Kendall. Then he, the second assistant engineer, and I rushed below. We went down underneath the engine and listened to hear if the water was coming aft. After waiting what seemed to be a sufficient length of time, the engineer and his assistant went up again with the remark that there was no water coming. For some reason or other I stayed and it was not long before I heard a whistling noise like a gale of wind and I knew that the water was coming aft. I ran up into the engine room and so reported to the chief engineer. He ordered the pumps to be started. I rushed forward. On my way I ran into the second engineer and three or four deck hands trying to launch a lifeboat. I knew that no order had been given to take to the boats. What possessed me to do it I do not know, but I grabbed an axe and ordered every man away and to his post. I advanced on the assistant engineer and told him to get to the engine room where he belonged. They went. I then ran forward and reported to the captain. I heard him say, "She's leaking, eh? Well, I'll put her where she can't leak. Hard- a-starboard," he roared and signaled the engine room to "full steam ahead." On looking forward I saw a small bay covered with a thin coat of ice. Into this the captain headed the Haskell. She struck the soft muddy bottom. Her engines were kept working until she could make no further progress, then the captain gave the signal to stop and there we were. It was about dark and time for supper. When it was over, and we had time to talk about it, we all thought that it was lucky for all of us and for the boat that it was no worse than it was. We could do nothing but keep the pumps going to keep the water down. This was easily done. We all turned in for a 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 411 long night's sleep with only the watchman to stand his watch. The next morning the captain called the first mate and myself to the forward deck. He showed us the bay of ice, and the shore about a mile and a half distant. He then asked me if I could take telegrams to a railroad station about five miles inland from a point he showed us. I told him that I would be glad to try. "Well," he said, "over there on the starboard side about a quarter mile away are two men in a hunting skiff. We will call them and have them take you and Mr. Owen [the first mate] to the solid ice. Take some money with you, as you will have to hire a farmer to drive you to the station and you will have to stay over night to wait for answers to your telegrams." Turning to Mr. Owen, he said, "I think you had better take two eighteen foot pike poles and when you get on the ice, separate, holding your pike poles about in the center and hooked together so that if one of you should break through, the other can pull him out." We called the duck hunters over and were soon on our way. We got to the ice all right, but it was pretty thin— regular "Benjamin" ice. We followed instructions and after about a mile of scuffing and sliding we struck good solid ice and our danger was over. Mr. Owen went back and I went to the farm house. It had snowed enough to make fine sleighing. It was not long before I had chartered a farmer's sleigh and we were having a fine sleigh-ride. Arriving at the station I sent my dispatches and engaged a room at the station for the night. Everything was comfortable, and I had nothing to do. Next afternoon the telegrams came and I made the return trip. I went all the way to the boat on the ice and there was no danger because it had frozen hard. Arriving on board the 412 L. JV. Burch [June

Haskell, I found that a tug, lighter, and diver had come up from Ogdensburg and were just beginning to lighter our deck load which consisted of bran in bags. When a sufficient amount had been lightered, the Haskell was backed off the bottom a short distance. The diver took our foresail, passed it under the vessel about fifty feet from the bow, and nailed laths all around the damaged planking. Now the pumps had no difficulty in keeping the hold free from water. When the insurance agent made up what is called the "general average," he asked the captain what the foresail was worth. "Oh," said the captain, "that didn't hurt the foresail any. We'll dry it out and it will be all right." "I can see," remarked the agent, "that you have not been mixed up in many general averages, captain." To this the captain replied, "No, sir. This is my first experience. I have always been able to keep in deep water." If the pinnacle rock had been chartered, we would have kept far enough away from it to keep out of trouble. Arriving at Ogdensburg, and our season being at an end, I made up my accounts and turned them in. The next day I was called into the office of the railroad company. Mr. Hasbrook, the cashier of the railroad company, handed me a letter which he said was from Mr. Gaddis, president of the road. "He presents it to you for having the best report of any clerk in the line." I thanked him for it the best I could. Upon opening it, I found a pass from Ogdensburg to Boston and over the Fall River Line steamers to New York, and return. I enjoyed the trip through the Green Mountains, the visit at Boston, the journey through the Sound, around New York, back to Ogdensburg, and home to Detroit. 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 413

THE STEAMER IDLE WILD The year 1885 took me out of navigation and put me in the office of the smart little steamer Idlewild, of the Star Line, running between Detroit and Port Huron. Its officers were: captain, Dugald McLaughlin; chief engineer, George Hough; clerk, Peter Minnie; assistant clerk, L. W. Burch. The Idlewild was built by the Detroit Dry Dock Com- pany, under the supervision of Frank E. Kirby. She was fast and popular. When she first came out she was named the Grace McMillan, but was afterwards renamed Idlewild. The Idlewild was not very large and did not carry enough passengers to warrant having two clerks to look after them. But Mr. A. N. Moffatt, the general manager of the line, conceived the idea that there ought to be someone to extend courtesy to the passengers, see that all had chairs and were comfortable, answer their questions, etc., in order to popular- ize the boat and the line. It was an innovation which proved very successful. Captain Dugald McLaughlin was a fine young man, about thirty-five years old, and could handle his boat admir- ably. A story about the captain was told me one day: it appears that one of the boats which the captain was on, laid up at Clark's Dry Dock one fall for some repairs on the fresh water tanks on the upper deck. Falls were rigged to the boat davits, and the tanks were lowered away into the water. A man got in with an oar and guided the tank as it floated down stream to the place where it was hauled out and re- paired. The one Captain McLaughlin (who was a lookout then) got into, was rather cranky and rolled around in the current, threatening to capsize at any moment. Rounding the end of the dock it took a bad list, shipped some water, and 414 L. TV. Burch [June was acting badly. McLaughlin's hat went off in the water. On the dock a man with a boat hook was supposed to hold the tub near the dock, but when McLaughlin lost his hat the dock man let go of the tub and yelled to him, "Hold on to the dock, mon, and I'll grab yer bonnet." By this time the current had upset the tank, and our captain had a good ducking in the ice cold water. On our up trip we would touch at Sarnia about 9:30 P.M., before going over to Port Huron. A number of persons would wait for the Idlewild and ride over to Port Huron. No notice was taken of them until the manager of the ferry line called the clerk's attention to it. The Idlewild was not in the ferry business, so the clerk told me to collect twenty- five cents a head from everyone that came aboard, as fare to Port Huron. The next night up I did this. Some kicks were made, of course. One young man reluctantly gave me his fare with the remark, "You're twenty-five cents ahead now, eh?" To this I replied, "Yes, sir, we charge twenty-five cents a head." He looked at me rather sheepishly and walked away. I knew what his insinuation meant but did not let on. A night or two after that he came aboard the Idlewild at Port Huron and apologized for his remark. This charge cured the people of riding over on the Idlewild, as the fare on the ferryboat was only ten cents. Captain McLaughlin's father lived at Lambton, a small town on the Canadian side of the St. Clair River. He was a very devout man and a leader in the community. Every fall the town held a harvest-moon festival to commemorate the bountiful blessings which had been bestowed upon them. There were Scotch, English, French, and Indians in the community. When it came time to open the festivities, Mr. McLaughlin was always called upon to offer a prayer. It 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 415 is said that he would make an especially good prayer of thanks and praise. Then would come the supplication for benefits. He would call on the Diety to have mercy on his English neighbors, to have pity on his French friends, to have patients with the poor Indian folks, and "Dear Lord, pour out all the blessings ye have left upon your own particular and peculiar people, the Scotch." My berth on the Idlewild was a very good one. There was some jealousy, of course, as I was practically my own boss so far as my duties were concerned. However, when it was known that I had been on the Iron Duke, had navigated all the lakes, and had had more experience than even the captain had had, it made a difference and it was not long before I made myself and my job recognized. About the middle of the summer of 1885 a syndicate of ten men from around the passenger boat dock in Detroit bought the steamer Saginaw and fitted her out as an excursion boat to run between Toledo and Put-in-Bay. I was appointed clerk and moved on board her. In due time we went to Toledo, under the management of a Mr. Tillotson. We carried excursionists from upper Ohio and southern Michigan territory. When those countrymen visited Put-in- Bay and filled up on the wine they sold there, the return trip was awful, especially when there was a little sea on. Two days in the week we advertised matinee excursions for mothers and babies. We would take them out on Lake Erie for a breath of fresh air, which they enjoyed. We held baby shows on the Saginaw's spacious fantail deck. Fifty babies at a time would often be in a row, and the people would vote for their choice. The prettiest baby received $10 in gold, the second prize, $5.00, and the third prize, $2.50. This created a lot of fun and enjoyment, and the excursions 416 L. TV. Burch [June were well patronized. Our moonlight excursions on the lake with music and dancing were also very popular. When cold weather set in, we were about a thousand dollars ahead, which was considered a good return for so short a time. I informed the heads at Detroit that I thought we had better lay up the boat on account of the expense of keeping her in condition and the risk we were taking with the weather. Being a youngster, my judgment was not considered as good as Mr. Tillotson's, and he prevailed upon the company to let her run for two weeks longer as he had two more excursions booked. We stayed. The weather was bad, the excursions were canceled, and when we finally arrived at Detroit and laid up, our thousand dollars was all gone and more. In the winter of 1885-86, I boarded at 581 Wabash Avenue, Detroit, and took German lessons from Professor Pritscheau and painting lessons from W. B. Conley, artist. In March, 1886, I was called by Commodore Millen to take charge of the up town office of the Star Line of steamers, which later was moved to the foot of Griswold Street into the Star Dockage and Storage Company, from which dock the Star Line steamers arrived and departed. I was agent to Sunday, July 11, when I went aboard the steamer Grey- hound, as chief clerk.

THE STEAMER GREYHOUND The development of the excursion business on the Detroit River to the St. Clair Flats, and up the St. Clair River to Port Huron, created the need for larger and faster boats. The Cleveland line of steamers was adding new, up-to-date steamers to meet their fast growing trade. Their new steamer, City of Detroit, coming into the D. & C. line, made GREYHOUND

1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 417 it necessary to retire the Northwest. This gave the Star Line management an opportunity to secure a good staunch steamer of ample proportions for their line. The Northwest, being a lake steamer, had more "side out" than was necessary for a river steamer, as the river docks were lower and the steamer "guards" had to be lowered in consequence. The Northwest was therefore taken to the Detroit Dry Dock and razed sufficiently to enable her to land at river docks without difficulty. This change, which necessitated the lowering of her engines also, made her a faster steamer than ever, her name was changed to Greyhound, and she soon became the most popular excursion steamer on the rivers. As previously stated, I went aboard the Greyhound as chief clerk on her trial trip, July 11. The company had made arrangements with a grey-foearded man to act as her chief clerk for the season; I was to remain on board for two weeks to post him on his duties. When the time came for him to assume the responsibility, he absolutely refused to stay on the Greyhound unless I did also. We argued, pleaded, and encouraged him to take the job, but to no purpose. "Uncle Benny," as we had dubbed him, would not stick unless I did. I took the matter to Commodore Millen; then there was another consultation with Uncle Benny, but to no purpose. Finally, a new bookkeeper was hired to keep the books in the office of the Star Dockage and Storage Company ashore, which was my job as agent until the end of the season, and I stayed aboard the Greyhound for that length of time, then returned to the office. There was an old experienced mariner by the name of McKay who had sailed the steamers of the D. & C. line for years. We called him "Old Copperhead." It was an undis- puted fact that Captain McKay had no superior on the lakes or rivers in the handling of a side-wheel steamer. 418 L. W. Burch [June

There were a number of McKays and McLaughlins on the docks in various capacities. I remember one day, on taking down the telephone receiver to answer a call, a voice asked who was captain of the Idlewild. "McLaughlin," I replied. "Well, who is captain of the City of Detroit!" "McKay," I answered. "Weel, neu," came back over the phone, "who is captain of the City of AlpenaV "Captain McLaughlin," I answered. "Weel, weel. I dinnu understand. But tell me, who is captain of the Greyhoundl" "Captain McKay," I said. "Gude bie," came the response, which ended the dialogue. One morning, just as the early passengers were beginning to arrive, a half dozen of us were standing on the dock when Captain McKay, in a fine jocular mood, remarked, "Weel, now, taking it as a whole, Scotch boys make very good men if you catch 'em young enough." He then ventured, with his eyes full of light and a comical look in his eye, "You know, a long time ago in Scotland they had a plague—a very distressing itch. About this time the Duke of Argyle, desiring to do something for the benefit of the country at his own expense, caused a good sized stone to be placed in the ground—a stone about four feet high on which was carved the number of miles from one town to another. It was the beginning of the milestone in that country." The captain went on to say that the country people thought these stones were put there for their special benefit, so that they could scratch their backs against them. "Then they would rub their hands one over the other and exclaim, 'God bless the Duke of Argyle and all the royal family.' " 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 419

While we were laughing and joking, the old captain turned to me and said, "Son, I'll gea ye $200 in gold if you'll go to Ann Arbor and study law, and I'll see you through." I thanked him and told him I would accept his offer if he made it to study art. At this he uttered a grunt, turned on his heel, and left us. The Greyhound became very popular, and we were soon carrying large numbers of excursionists. Our dining room crew consisted of a steward, sixty cooks and waiters, and boasted fresh Chicago beefsteaks every day. Sunday schools, lodges, societies of all kinds took advantage of the pleasure of a daylight ride to Port Huron and way ports on this fast steamer. Great numbers left Detroit on the afternoon steamer, the Idlevrild, went to the flats for a fish supper, and returned on the Greyhound. I have spoken of a family with whom I boarded in the winter time (to whom I took the sample loaf of Jean Marquis de Lafayette Farr's gingerbread). Since my time now was all taken up on the Greyhound, and I had hardly time enough for sufficient sleep, it was necessary for a certain young lady of this family to come to the Greyhound if she wanted to see me. So ofttimes the family, sometimes accompanied by friends, would take a day off to ride on the Greyhound. On leaving the old clubhouse, the last stop down, we collected our tickets. Then a number of us would get together on the forward deck and sing. The mother of the young lady above mentioned was a fine singer and an accomplished musician. Her soprano lead added zest to the occasion. This is my first remembrance of "community singing." The popular songs of the day were "My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean," "Little Annie Roonie," "Silver Threads among the Gold," and many others. 420 L. W. Burch [June

The speed of the Greyhound was the talk of the docks in many lake ports. The officers of the new City of Detroit were of the opinion that they had the faster boat. It so happened that the City of Detroit extended its trip from Cleveland to the Oakland House, St. Clair, on certain Sun- days during the summer season. It was their determination to try out with the Greyhound. The Greyhound left Detroit on regular time that Sunday and made its regular stop at the clubhouses and the Star Island House. It was agreed by the officers of the Greyhound that they would not do any racing. They had their regular passenger business to look after and stops to make and they decided to do nothing that might make the officers of the City of Detroit think the Greyhound was in for a race. As the Greyhound left Joe Bedore's dock, we could see the City of Detroit coming up the river. We kept in our course and as we neared the buoy marking the bank of Squirrel Island on the right or Canadian side, the City of Detroit came up and crowded the Grey- hound into shoal water. As soon as the City of Detroit was abreast of the Greyhound her suction drew the Greyhound to her and the high guards of the Detroit smashed in the side of the Greyhound, doing considerable damage. It proved nothing as far as speed was concerned. One day we were to take an excursion from Lambton on the Canadian side to Port Huron. As we drew up to the old dilapidated dock, I was on the forward gangway to take the tickets as the passengers came aboard. The deck hands got out the plank and the captain shouted, "All aboard." I then stepped out on the gangplank and held up my hand to warn the people not to come aboard. I turned to Captain McKay who was on deck and said, "Sir, I am not satisfied that it is safe for the people to come aboard and must insist on a better landing." 1935] Reminiscences of My Sailor Days 421

This was something new for the old captain, but he gave orders to have the steamer brought closer to the dock. Then the passengers were allowed to come aboard. I mention this incident merely to show that the clerk of a steamer is responsible for the safe handling of his passengers coming aboard and getting off a steamer. When the Greyhound was laid up in the fall, we had made 97 trips, had carried 97,000 passengers, averaging 1,000 passengers to a trip, with no accidents. My sailor days came to an end with the season. DOCUMENTS

EXCERPTS FROM A WHALER'S DIARY1 Journey A Journal Kept on board the Ship Columbia (of Newark, N.J.) bound to the Eastward and Southard around Cape Horn into the south Pacific Ocean on a Whaling Voyage during the Years 1836-7-8 and 39.

By George Burchard. Monday Sept. 26th 1836 Set our Sails at 6 o'clk A.M. carried them until 4 o'clock, Breese freshening took in Fore Main & Mizen Royals, Fore & Mizen Top Gallant Sails saw nothing (after leaving so crowded a place for Shipping as N. York and the vicinity of Staten Island) worth speaking of this day The Larboard Watch has the first watch, the evening is delightful the air pure and wholesome, the Moon has a Broad circle enveloping it which denotes a storm the crew are heaving &c from all quarters of the Ship, out of sight of Land at 4 'oclk [sic] P.M. Number of Crew 31. including 4 Officers. Tuesday Sept 27th 1836. Day Breaks with fresh Breezes from S.W. which increase by 8 o'clock to Double Reef Fore & Mizen Top Sails, some rain which is quite Cold, the crew are suffering more and more by sea sickness our Captain at the helm and all hands aloft 4 o'clk the storm 1(The diarist, George Burchard, was associated with Thomas Weekes on a whaling voyage. Both men, in 1848, came to Wisconsin armed with land warrants derived from their service in the Mexican War. They settled in Sheboygan County, in the town of Greenbush. The diary was preserved in the family of Thomas Weekes and came to the Society from his son, W. E. Weekes, of Plymouth, Wisconsin. George Burchard died in 1880 at the age of seventy. In the journal he kept there are entries for almost every day of the voyage described. Many of them, however, are repetitions of sailing directions, and technical terms relating to the handling of the ship. Mpst of these have been omitted.—EDITOR. Documents 423 has cleared up, there has been a very heavy wind and sea this day, wind hawls to the west, took in Mizen Top Sail and Jibb, pretty much all of the Green hands not able to go aloft at 2 'oclk P.M. took Reefs out of Main Top Sail and set main Top G. Sail, at 8 o'clk A.M. Set Fore Top Sail Jibb and Fore Top Mast sail at 11 o'clk set Mizen Top Sail. Wednesday Sept 28th 12 o'clk M. The weather extremely fine, although after standing at the wheel 2 hours somewhat chilly, the sea sickness so much in vogue I have experienced nothing of as Yet. Sun sets fine and clear, breezes up during the night.... Lattitude 39° 59" Tuesday Oct. 4th 1836 12 o'clk Wind Southerly at 9 o'clk set Mizen Top Sail, heavy sea and warm weather see but few Tropical Birds, expect every day to stand aloft, all hands in pretty good health and spirits, 6 o'clk A.M. set Fore and Mizen T.S. 8 o'clk set Jibb. Longitude 56° 34" Lattitude 38° 54" Wednesday 12 o'clk. Oct. 5. 1836 Wind same, set Main Sail, saw the first school of Grampus or Black fish this afternoon. 12 o'clk P.M. took in Jibb. no Observation Saturday Oct 8th 1836. 12. o'clk. prevailing wind Southerly,... the weather being fine I expect a whale alongside before night.... Sunday Oct. 9,1836. 12 o'clk 9 oclk set Main royal and Fore Top Mast Studding Sail a fine Breeze all this day, going before the wind made 242 miles the last 24 hours, 11 o'clk wind hawls to Northward employed in Reading Books and Pamphlets, of which there are plenty distributed all over the ship .... Monday 12 o'clk. Oct. 10tt 1836. ... had Butter for Tea which is of rather rare occurrence,. . . Sunday Oct. 16. 1836 Our new Steerage, which is much larger than the Old one is altogether much more agreeable, it is every way more convenient, there was a Whale seen to Spout this morning which is the first since we have been out 2 o'clk set F and Main Top G Sails and Fore T.M. and F and M.T.G.S. Sails 10 o'clk took 424 Documents [June in the Studding Sails Longitude 24° 48" Lattitude 28° 56" Friday Oct. 21, 1836. Had a general cleansing of the Decks before Breakfast which had become quite dirty, Captain had all the Cards thrown overboard this morning which included 6 or 8 Packs, seems very much against all sorts of gaming says he expects everything of our good conduct as men the Lattitude today is 20° North Longitude 25° 45" Saturday Oct 22, 1836. This morning took in our Royals, squally and rainy the Land we expected to see day before Yesterday was discovered by the Capt. at mast head this morning bearing S.W. kept off South and are now 2 o'clk about Ten miles distant they are the Cape De Verds at sun down running close alongside of Land so as to see the natives at a distance of 2 miles on the Rocks set Main Royal, struck our Harpoon into a Cow Fish but did not succeed in taking him, the Land in sight to day seemed to fill all hands with a great deal of pleasure, 10 o'clk set Fore Royal and Spencer Lattitude 17° 21" Longitude 25° Sunday Oct 23d 1836 To day we lowered away all four Boats and had a trial of speed returned to the Ship by Sun down, to night at 12 wind freshens with rain took in Fore and Main Royals Lattitude 15° North, Long 25° 10" Monday Oct 24, 1837 [>'c] We passed the Last of the Cape De Verds this afternoon the climate in this Lattitude is delicious very mild and balmy Latt. 13° Wednesday Oct. 26, 1836 Calm continues, see a school of Black fish this morning, as well as two or three Fin Back Whales Disappeared so quick did not get down the Boats, last evening set our Studding Sails to try to get along some but as they were found of no help took them in again this morning. Latt 11° 01. Long 25° 47". Saturday Oct. 29, 1836. Very warm today and pretty much a Calm, employed in serving and fitting the F.T.M. Rigging, about Sun an hour high saw Black Fish low- 1935] Documents 425 ered away 3 Boats crews did not make fast to any of them, chased them a few miles and came aboard at Sun down Sunday Oct 30 1836 Weather and Sails the same as Yesterday discovered Black Fish did not lower Boats, struck a Porpoise had him for Breakfast Dinner & Supper some rain and squally towards latter part. Lattitude 8° North. Friday Nov 4 1836. Lattitude 4° 45" North Light Breezes with rain shall pass the Line in a few days if the weather prove good, saw a School of Black Fish and besides Porpoises a variety of Albicores [albacores] and Skip Jacks around the Ship during the day and plenty of rain in the night Longitude 20° Tuesday Nov 8, 1836 passedi Land on our Lee Bow and to day we are some %° below the Line and all without the expected visit from Neptune we are within a few degrees from Cape S* Rogue [Roque] at sun down set Fore and Main Spensers. Lattitude 00° 18" Long 30° 07" Wednesday Nov 16, 1836. This morning in 35 fathom water, coming on squally took in Studding sails and Top Gallant Sails but soon set them again, we have lost the Trades and are expecting the wind from another quarter, towards night fresh Breezes from the Westward set the Spanker & Jibb discovered a sail to Leward, tacked ship with a shift of the wind and are now within a few miles of the stranger Thursday Nov. 17, 1836. Five Sail in sight this morning, sent a Boat with a Basket of Bread and purchased several fine fish such as are caught about these parts. Sunday Nov. 20, 1836. Tacked Ship again to day coming at times very near Land, but as long as our head wind continues we cannot expect to make much headway on our course round the Horn, saw several Fishing smacks this morning, had a general cleansing out of our habitation which had become quite necessary wind South with light Breezes 426 Documents [June

Monday Nov 21, 1836. In sight of main Land with the wind at the North East Fine Breese for us, set Top Mast and Top Gallant Studding Sails saw a large school of Black Fish this morning some Porpoises and Diamond Fish and a Shark Dolphins occasionally Friday Nov 25. 1836. . . . fine weather but no whales to be seen Wednesday Nov 29 [written over 30] 1836. Squally during the night and this morning a calm, we are on the fishing ground and on Soundings, expect to see whales before night, Sounding at 60 fathoms Lattitude 33° 10" Thursday 1836 Nov. 30 [December 1] Begins with a Fine Breese from E.S.E. course by Compass S.W. I was awoke for the first time this morning by the cry of "There she Blows" from mast head, it proved a Fin Back Whale, others were also seen blowing in another quarter, they are of the kind that few Whalemen attempt to catch on account of their swiftness often times carrying down a Boat. Immediately after a school of porpoises hove in sight followed by a vessel on our Lee Bow which was on a course crossing our stern, also saw a Sun Fish, but did not succeed in capturing any of the above. Soundings to day 45 Fathoms water took in Top Gallant Sails. Latt 34.39. Latter part calm & set Top G. Sails, at 5—past 3. lowered the Boats down and pulled 5 or 6 miles ahead after a school of sperm Whales, returned at 6 o'clk without any success they going too fast to overtake them Saturday Dec. 3, 1836. Continues Blowing Fresh and during the night a Beautiful reflection from the white foam on to the sails and although no moon there was sufficient light to see to read from any part of the ship at 12 o'clk today perfect calm. Latt 38.24 at which time we lowered away the Boats for Sperm Whales which were seen to Blow in 3 different directions, they lay quite still in the water, and soon we made fast to one of them and succeeded in capturing and killing and returned having the same alongside of the ship at 4 o'clk having been absent four hours and only two Boats 1935] Documents 427 fast, the other two escaped of which we had evidence on the return of the other Boats after we had ours secured, after taking in Sail rigging cutting falls &c all hands piped below except one Boats crew, each crew to take his turn of 2^ hours on Deck for^ the night, expect greater things on another day. Sunday Dec 4, 1836. Ship lying too, wearing only Double Reefed Main T Sail commenced cutting him in and completed putting it away in the Blubber Room, saw another Spout to day but did not lower the Boats Monday Dec 5, 1836 Commenced Boiling out, she proved a fat whale weather remarkably fine hardly a cloud to be seen, the air rather chilly than otherwise Tuesday Dec 6, 1836. Still boiling, besides other things we saw a sword fish, and also two large Sun fish, lowered the Starboard boat and made fast to the former and took him in upon deck, he makes an excellent meal, being of a fine flavor and very white. Wednesday Dec 7, 1836. All the Blubber out of the Blubber Room and shall finish trying out to day if we have good luck, have doubled reef* fore and Main T.S. set and a fine Breese, weather quite good although it looked like a heavy blow last night 6 o'clk Decks cleared up and washed, and 80 Barrels Oil turned up. Starboard Boats crew first watch for the night, course by Compass South. Thursday Dec 8, 1836. . . . saw a whale to day (Fin Back) Friday Dec. 9, 1836 Finished stowing down, cleand and Scrubbed Decks to get the Oil off. saw a whale this morning (fin back) course by compass South and latter part S.S.W. Lattitude 42° South favorable Breese from South East and the air extremely cold towards 4 o'clk saw large numbers of whales spouting in all directions, pronounced them all Fin Backs some of them came very close to the ship and made a very imposing sight, set Studding Sails for the night Wednesday Dec 14, 1836 At day break a shift of the wind into the North East, course by Compass S.S.W. 428 Documents [June light Breezes and cool, saw a Fin Back this morning and several Schools Porpoises, at 4 o'clk lowered away Larboard and Waste Boats in chase of two Fin Backs returned to the ship at 6 o'clk after an unsuccessful chase of two hours Lattitude, 46° 44" Saturday Dec 17, 1836 Wind comes out from the N.W. quite Fresh, course by Compass Due S. as the morning advances the wind dies away, soundings in same as yesterday [107 fathoms] Length of days 18 and nights 6 hours in this Lattitude .... we have seen no Whales for some days past. Sunday Dec. 18, 1836. Saw Five Fin Backs this morning, and two more about 12 o'clk .... Fore part of this day a calm with Land about 40 miles on our Larboard Quarter.... Monday Dec 19, 1936 The Land we Yesterday saw proves the Falkland Islands we passed them to the southward and Westward last night, . . . this morning is the coldest and most tedious we have had, I never was more chilled after having stood 2 hours aloft, on coming down to drink a pot of Hot Coffee seemed to take the chill off a little. I am in hopes another week will bring round the Cape. Head winds during the day .... Tuesday Dec 20, 1836 Begins with light Breezes from the E. and S.E. set studding sails to day has been remarkable for the number of Fin Backs, they were seen from 10 to 11 o'clk spouting in all directions, it coming on rainy and a probability of squally weather prevents our lowering upon them; at one time at mast head I counted as many as 27 all throughing up their spouts, some to a tremendous height. Latter part took in Studding Sails, and grows colder Lattitude not taken Wednesday Dec 21, 1836 Fine Breese and favourable with Studding Sails set, the Sun rizes clear with hardly a cloud to be seen, but continues extremely Cold whales were again to be seen in great numbers from 5 to 8 o'clock this morning. Lattitude at 12 o'clk 53° 58" with Staten Land [Island] about 50 miles ahead, it blowing very Fresh 1935] Documents 429 took in M.T.G. Sail 4 o'clk Land in sight bearing W.S.W. and W. very high land and distant about 20 miles. Double Reefed F. and Mizen Top Sails, and luffed the Ship in an easterly direction, saw 3 or 4 Fin Back at a distance towards Land blowing most lustily Thursday Dec 22. 1836. This morning blowing very strong from off Land, upon which the snow was distinctly visible, took a Double Reef in M.T.S. and set F. and M. Spensers, the wind to day is favourable, and nothing that I can foresee can prevent our Doubling Cape Horn in a few days. 12 o'clk Blowing quite a Gale carrying all the sail we can but it is extremely cold handling them Reefing and furling, see 2 or three whales this morning 1 o'clk saw a Sail to Windward, suppose her to be a Bark Ship and on a passage the reverse of our own Lattitude about 55° Saturday Dec 24, 1836. . . . this morning all hands Piped aft to Quarter Deck to witness the putting two Fore Mast hands into the Main rigging he dispensed with whipping them by giving them a good long talk and prom- ising them what to expect in future should any disobedience of himself or Officers bring them into the same situation, . . . it being a perfect calm abundance of Black Fish hovered about the Ship, lowered the Waste Boat, and set one on a Journey ahead for a pilot with Red Banners flying, our third Mate fell overboard from the Anchor stock and we came off without any Black Fish. . .. Sunday Dec 25, 1836 After a fresh Breese during the night from N. and N.N.E. we are still in about the same situation as yesterday with staten Land to the West and North and Diego to the eastward, rainy with very little wind see porpoises, and various kinds of Birds subject to this Cold region find by the Cap at the head of this days Journal it must be Christmas but the Comparison with former ones past and gone bring back pleasing reflections. 4J/2 o'clk wind freshens but not favourable. Monday Dec 26, 1836. The course we have been running these few days since we made Staten Land has been S.S.W. when we could have the wind fair, having a 430 Documents [June

good chance to take a correct Lattitude to day, we find we have drifted to the eastward, and by the lulling of the wind and force of currents which must be between 1 and 2 miles an hour, our progress has been none of consequence to the Southard. In Lattitude 56° 24" which with the present wind from N.E. we can (if it holds) clear the Island of Diego we are then in the Pacific Ocean 9 o'clk Double Reefed Top Sails 11 o'clk shook out the Reefs, there has been a heavy swell running to the Eastward for the last 12 hours, 4 o'clk double Reefed F.M & MT. Sails and furled M.T.G.S. hawled down Spanker and Jibb. Tuesday Dec 27, 1836. After a severe night of Rain and Wind, and the cold quite piercing there runs a tre- menduous sea this morning, ... 12 o'clk it coming on to Blow a Gale of wind took in Main Sail Fore Top Sail and Fore Sail, during the afternoon shipped several heavy seas, some of which caused slight disasters such as the destruction of 39 pieces crockery in the Cabin, the Demolition of the Harness Cask in the steerage and the upsetting of the scuttle Butt on the quarter Deck. . . . Wednesday Dec 28, 1836. During the night set Fore Sail and F.T.S. and at 2 o'clk M. Sail, at 5 o'clk commenced blowing a Fresh Gale of wind, reduced our Sails to close Reefed Main and Mizon T.S. and Spensers, which continues uninterrupted to 12 o'clk with frequent squalls of snow and the Cold piercing the water making a Complete Breach from the Bow Sprit to the steerage, wind and course the same with little variation, 4 o'clk we have had two more very severe snow squalls with very little if any variation in her course, although we must be drifting to the eastward Lat- titude 57° 30" 7 o'clk things appear pretty well secured for the night {\i 4 hours of twilight may be so called) the length of days have been increased to 20 hours. Lattitude 57° 20" Tuesday January 3. 1837. Commences with fresh Breezes from W and N.W. Course by Compass S.W. by S. took at 12 o'clk a correct Lattitude which is 61° 14" South Lattitude and Longitude 72° 30" 2 o'clk took in 1935] Documents 431

M.T.G.S. and Reef. M.T.S. 4 o'clk all Sail set. Course varies from N. to N.N.W. this has been the best day for some weeks giving us a chance to dry some of our wet clothes by the Sun, as many have not among a chest full a dry rag to put on. during the intermission from Sun set at 10^ o'clk to its rise at 2% o'clk there is a perfect twilight enough to distinguish to read any time with ease. Saw the Spouts of 2 Fin Back Whales. 11 o'clk took in T.G.S. and close Reefed Fore M and M.T.S. Friday January 6th 1837. . . . We are by this time fairly round Cape Horn and running rapidly along the coast of Patagonia & Chili in a Northwesterly direction, night closes with a shift of the wind into the north. Saturday January 7, 1837. . . . saw two sail to the Eastward of us this morning, and also a few stragling Whales on the coast.... Latitude 54° .... Sunday January 8, 1837. Begins with a fine Breese from S.W. and S. course by Compass N.W. Saw whales this morning both to Leeward and Weather, Sup- posed them Sperm Whales for some time, but out of six or eight they all proved Fin Backs, 12 o'clk wind more from the South, S. Lattitude 52° 17" 4 o'clk see porpoises and two Fin Backs, but none taken. 7 o'clk Sun an hour high lowered away the Boats for 2 Right Whales the Quarter Waste and Bow Boats, we chased them until sun down and calculate to renew the Chase if they are in sight in the morning Monday January 9, 1837 At 7 o'clk had sight of two right Whales, lowered the Quarter Waste and Bow Boats, the Waste Boat made fast and by not getting a turn at the Loggerhead we lost our line in a few minutes, and have not up to this time 4 o'clk had sight of the Whale, in the mean time the Quarter Boat had fastened to another and a similar fate would have hapened to them had they not cut, they were fine large Whales and would make from 80 to 100 bis each, however we had a sleigh ride which would have been quite agreeable had there not been a good deal of water thrown into the Boat, four or five more were seen in the 432 Documents [June immediate vicinity and we shall if the weather permits try them another day and probably with better success. 6 o'clk took in Fore Sail Reefed Top Sails and took in M.T.G.S. Tuesday January 10, 1837. About % past 6 o'clk this morning a right Whale was seen to Blow at the distance of five miles, about % point on our Lee Bow, and by 7 o'clk we had gained so much he was scarcely 1 mile Off when our Captain gave the orders to lower away both the Larboard Starboard and Bow Boats, and by 9 o'clk they the Larboard Boat had him turned up and captured they being assisted occasionally by the other Boats, the Waste Boat excepted the crew of which remained on Board to keep the ship, but of that there was not much necessity as it was a perfect calm and hardly a breath of air stirring. The 3 Boats commenced towing and by 12 o'clk had him alongside and commenced cutting him immediately in board, and although we made a good days Job of it, we encroached near upon the hour of midnight before we had him under hatches, when all hands were ordered below until morning. No Lattitude taken. Wednesday January 11, 1837. All hands piped at about 6 o'clk set our Top Sails and Fore Sail and after Breakfast commenced Boiling, she is a small whale for one of the kind, but tries out much faster than the Sperm kind at 2 o'clk lowered away the Starboard and Waste Boats, and continued the chase about 2 hours in pursuit of what we supposed to be Right Whales, but we did not give up the chase until they proved Fin Backs, and came on board 7 o'clk Reefed Top Sails there being a light Breese from the East, lying too course by Compass S. Star- board watch has the first Watch upon Deck .... Thursday January 12 1837 Still Boiling with good weather, She will make us sixty Barrells 6 o'clk standing Northerly 7 o'clk have all our Oil in Casks, including the tongue, which alone makes although very small 10 Bis tonight we commence standing in Boats Crew watches the Starboard Boat and Ship Keepers divided 1935] Documents 433 into 3 parts, stand with one of the Larboard Waste or Bow Boats .... Saturday January 14, 1837 . . . put about Ship at 7 o'clk and standing to the westward, by 12 o'clk wind in- creases, but our Oil is stowed down which we have Just completed .... saw two Fin Back Whales and a school Porpoises Sunday January 15 1837 . . . today is Sunday and, the weather is not so cool but begins to be more open, compared with the almost Dismal winter we have been in around Cape Horn, we are now cruising rapidly along the western Coast of Patagonia, we will soon be in warm weather, and where we shall stand a chance of seeing more Whales, . . . "There she Blows" is repeated a half dozen times by our Captain who spies a Fin Back Whale on our Weather Quarter, 4 o'clk squally with rain in considerable quantities. . . . Wednesday January 18, 1837. About 7 last evening the wind was light and baffling from the Southard with rain, as night set in it became extremely dark with flashes of Lightning in quick succession followed by explosives which resembled the roar of Cannon, and immediately after the rain came in large drops .... up to the present 1 o'clk one of the most tremendous Gales of wind has set in, the Sea making a Complete breach Fore and Aft of the Decks, came very near loosing our Starboard Boat as it went completely under at one time, and a narrow escape of her going on her Beams End .... Saturday January 21,1837 ... we are now running in a Northeasterly direction with the Reefs out of the Top Sails, and M.T.G.S. set in the direct line for the Island of Mocha not far distant intending to cruise about there for Sperm Whales 12 o'clk Lattitude 42° Sunday January 22, 1837 . . . New arrangements this morning, six of the hands to stand at the wheel alternately during the day and 14 men set aside to stand the Lofts in their respecting watches, the Top Men are John Holmes, Ovid Holmes John Chasey, Geo. F. Brooks, Thomas Haines 434 Documents [June

Edward Burge, Orin White, Asa P. Thayer and myself from the Steerage and Patrick Ryan, Wm Hawkins William Pratt, John Boss, and James Stephenson, those that stand at the Wheel there names, are Frederick Thomas, Wm Coeyman, Wra Shields, James Hubbard, Jeremiah P. Russel and a Dutchman by the name of Harman. ... Tuesday January 24 1837 ... 12 o'clk saw a Sail two points on our Lee Bow, and a school Black Fish with 3 schools porpoises 3 o'clk lowered away the Waste and Bow Boats after 2 Hunch Back Whales, but after a fruitless pursuit of \y% hours came aboard ship .... within 1^° of the Island of Mocha. . . . Wednesday January 25, 1837 At day light Main Land in fair view about 20 miles distant, with the small Island of Mocha bearing W.N.W. about 30 miles. . . . saw a large number of Hump Back Whales on approaching Land. Three ships hove in sight about 1 o'clk, and at 3 the wind shifted more to the Northward and freshned 4 o'clk Just spoke one of the above Ships, a Whaleman the Matilda of London and at 5 o'clk another a "French Whaleman" The France of Havre .... from 15 to 20 Whales all of the Fin & Hump Back kind have been seen during the day, but our Boats were not lowered in pursuit. . . . Thursday January 26, 1837. Commences with a fine Breese and in sight of Main Land for a Long distance, distance from the ship from 10 to 15 miles, made all Sail at day break, and from an early hour to 8 o'clk many more Hump Back were seen. . . . We are within Ten Miles of Talacuhana [Talcahuno] in Lattitude 36° 49". at 2 o'clk passed the Bay and town of Talacuhana and had a near view of the surrounding country. 6 Ships were Seen at Anchor inside the Harbor, we are 48 hours sail from Valapariso [Valparaiso], . . . Saturday January 28, 1837. Spoke to the Ship Eliza Adams of Fairhaven Mass, and have been under a gamming match all day, she is out 13 months with 15 hundred Blls Sperm Oil, . . . 1935] Documents 435

Monday January 30. 1837. This Morning at Day Break saw Land distant about 10 miles, the Island of Juan Fernandez appearing very broken and rugged. . . . Tuesday January 31. 1837. . . . saw the Spout of a Whale 3 times and no more. . . . Saw another Whale spout 4 times. ... Friday February 3d 1837. All hands piped at 5% o'clk, running to the westward, made all sail at 6 o'clk when we saw 3 Sperm Whales Spout not more than two miles to windward and immediately braced up our Yards, but they were going rapidly to windward and were out of sight of the ship in half an hour very much to our disappointment as we calculated on a glorious day. . . . Sunday February 5.1837 Made Sail at 6 o'clk with a Gentle Breese from the North West and it being Sunday find no work of importance except it be in lowering if we should see Whales. . . . about 1% o'clk lowered away all the Boats for Black Fish the Bow Boat made fast to two and sunk them, as also did the Waste Boat fasten to one but the Iron drew the Starboard Boat one also in the same way as the last and out of two more struck by the Starboard Boat we had only one along side when the battle was over, there were great numbers of them in the school, with varieties of Porpoise, Cow Fish and killers, which caused them to be extremely shy of our Boats. ... at 4 o'clk had him hoisted in and all Boats on the Cranes, at 6 o'clk had his Blubber off which will not exceed 2 barrels. .. . Monday February 6. 1837. After setting all Sail bore off in a North Easterly direction. ... 4 o'clk saw the Spout of three or four Hump Back Whales. ... at 7 o'clk saw the spout of a Sperm Whale, but the sun has already set, or we should lower away our Boats, 7 o'clk lying too in an easterly direction Tuesday February 7. 1837. Set all Sail except Jibb and Spanker,... discovered Land at Daylight in an easterly direction Mountains upon Mountains very high and probably at the distance of sixty or eighty miles, a part of that great range called the Andes. . . . 436 Documents [June

Sunday February 12 1837 To day is Sunday with most beautiful weather. . . . saw a Sun Fish and caught some Albicores with a hook as they will greedily Jump at it, saw a Large Shark around the Ship but no whales. . . . Monday February 13. 1837. . . . saw Sperm Whales Spout in different directions, and as night set in they were seen quite close too and spouting briskly, in all probability we shall see some on the morrow Thursday February 16. 1837. Continual Calm this morning, saw 2 Grampus and 2 Fin Back Whales, the orders are to put Your Boats in order for Sperm Whales. . . . more Fin Back Whales to the number of a dozen have been seen.... Monday February 20. 1837. A dead calm all night, and at 6 o'clk Whales in sight Saw 2 Fin Back Whales, and soon after several more of the Hump Back kind were seen to Breach at several times, towards 7 o'clk standing in towards Land with a light Breese and so near that the Breakers on shore could be seen and heard distinctly we lowered away first the Larboard and Bow Boats, and afterwards the Waist and starboard Boats and did not return to the ship until past 2 o'clk, having been out between five and six hours, having been fast with the Bow Boat twice, the Larboard Boat once, there were 15 or 20 Whales of the last description, but we were compelled to give them up without any success, and up to 6 o'clk some half dozen are blowing in different directions around the ship in Latti- tude 15° 42" Tuesday February 21. 1837. ... see no Whales/im- mense quantities of Albicores and Skip Jacks swarm around the ship, struck one of the former with the Harpoon and had him for supper making a fine treat being very large and fat. saw a White Grampus a remarkable and very uncom- mon thing. ... Thursday February 23d 1837 Lying too all this day, employed in Breaking out our Hold at the Main Hatchway to re-stow our Oil,... 1935] Documents 437

Friday February 24th . . . this afternoon finished Stowing down our Oil and scrubbed off. Land hove in sight about 2 o'clk and we very soon came up within 20 miles of Callao. ... Saturday February 25. 1837. Saw several Hump Back Whales. ... 10 o'clk all hands piped to bend chain Cable and prepare anchors, 12 o'clk in full sight of the place, and at present % past 1 o'clk put about again after sending a Boat on shore to view a good anchorage found that we are some Leagues to windward, however with the present Breese we may reach there before night all hands in expectation and wonderment upon nearing Callao. which is in sight as sun set, but at a great distance, its towering masts however are to be seen in perspective as we gradually near the spot. Sunday February 26. 1837. ... 10 o'clk dropped our Anchor in about 9 fathom water in full view of Callao, immediately visited by officers from various ships in port and several dressed in the native Uniform being altogether most splendidly equipped 21 Sail in number in the Harbour at anchor, we shall probably lay here some days. 6 o'clk the armed ships British and American have just fired their evening salutes and their colours which were flying at half mast are hawled down, have a fine view of the City of Lima distant 9 miles directly back of Callao. Tuesday February 28th 1837 The Larboard Watch started at an early hour this morning for a day of Liberty and found abundance of good fruit and enjoyed ourselves with much pleasure, Some upon horses and others upon foot, I took the former mode of conveyance and remained during the night at Lima, which wears altogether an appearance of Grandeur and magnificence, perticularly its churches about Y2 in sise to New York, with this difference that there are no wheeled carriages upon its paved streets carrying on that incessant din upon the ears, it is laid out far more regular than any place I have ever seen, we returned upon foot after leaving our horses the next morning extremely fatigued with our rambles. 438 Documents [June

Saturday March 4th 1837 ... at % an hour before Sun down the Captain came on Board for the last time when we immediately weighed our anchor, set our Top Sails and put out to Sea. th Friday March 10 1837 . . . about y2 past 11 discovered Black Fish in two schools a Fin Back Whale and a Sail % past 12 another School of Black Fish two or three miles off. . . . Wednesday March 15. 1837 Breese rather increased by day light, at 7 o'clk saw the spout of a Sperm Whale 3 times and no more, shall go in to water in a few days .... 2 o'clk discovered a Sail on our Weather Bow and at 4 o'clk spoke her the Ship Pacific of New Bedford 4 months out 70 bbls Oil, ... Friday March 17 $1837 Commenced raining last evening and has continued without intermission up to this time 8 o'clk, the rainy season is but Just commencing in these parts, course by Compass to day E. by N. 12 o'clk Lat- titude 3° 38" latter part rainy with fresh Breezes Saturday March 18th 1837 This morning it being perfect calm find a strong current setting us to the North and West. 10 o'clk lowered away all our Boats for a school Sperm Whales, each Boat done its utmost in pulling as the Whale were going very fast, and one could hardly be said to exceed the other, we in the Waist Boat were enabled to Keep upon their track, among which were some of a very large size, we had hardly peaked our oars after pulling about one hour, when we again sprung too with all our energy, and was in momentary expectation of grappling to one of the hindermost of the school which I suppose could not be less than twenty and probably more in number, we continued in this way until about 2 o'clk when we hung up full 8 miles from the ship having pulled thrice that in distance, on coming near the ship the Bow Boat had made fast too and killed one of 5 or 6 Barrells. Dinner being down, we again pulled out two or three miles and met the Captain coming on Board, they had made good their retreat or we should have had more of them we were very much dis- 1935] Documents 439 appointed in not having a Breese which was very necessary Latter part a school Black Fish were seen. 6 o'clk a fine Breese has sprung up, have the Blubber in casks, and the Carcase which was cut in two and hoisted in by tackles is Just launched over the side Course, by Compass East by North. Monday March 20th 1837 ... abundance of Small Fish in large Schools as we approach Land but none of any size except some dozens large Sun Fish in about Lattitude 2° 15". 4 o'clk finished stowing down the small whale of day before yesterday making 3 Bis Sperm Oil Tuesday March 21.1837 Doubled point St. Helena during the night. . . . to-morrow we probably shall be in the Lattitude of Te Cambez [Tumbez]. Saturday March 25, 1837 Continued lying off and on last night making very little progress, this morning a light Breese saw a Fin Back Whale Main Land a few miles to Windward, not much probability of reaching Te Cambez this day. 12 o'clock saw a school of 8 Fin Back Whales. Sunday March 26. 1837. After Continual lying off and on from shore, 10 o'clk perfect calm Land distant 15 miles, sent the Boat on shore 4 o'clk coming up a fine Breese run her in close to Land and picked up our Boat which had espied Te Cambez and picked it out from a ship lying there at anchor and a river which also empties itself, about Sun set dropped our anchor in 4% fathoms Water about 3 miles from the Beach, at which place empty 2 Rapid Streams from the Interior, appearing a very suitable place for Watering, and also wooding. The ship lying here had come in but the evening previous; 19 months out with 1200 bis S. Oil. had Just come off shore with her first raft of water her name the Ship Frederick of Newport Rhode Island Monday, March 27-Wednesday April 5th Beside having been on shore several times for fruit rafted off about 300 Bis Water and 20 Cord Wood. . . . 440 Documents [June

Wednesday April 5. 1837 [sic] All hands piped at 3 oclk 3 hours before Sun rise having completed our wooding and watering and having got in 60 Bushel Potatoes and fruit some of all kinds we weighed anchor with a very light Breese off shore bound to the westward, . . . continues to Blow in fresh squalls with Thunder and Lightning, which I had forgotten to mention was very frequent while we remained at Te Cambez Thursday April 6. 1837 Continue on a Westerly and northerly direction, are at present bound on the off shore ground in the direction of the Gallipagas [Galapagos] Islands which lie in about this Lattitude and 89° West Longitude. . . . Saturday April 15. 1837 Continues a brisk breese up to 10 o'clk at which time the Man at Mast head discovered Whales breaching not more than 1 Mile to Leward, had immediate orders to lower the Boats in pursuit as they were pretty clearly ascertained to be Sperm Whales as many as thirty in one school; the Starboard Boat headed by the third mate and the Waist Boat with the Boat Steerer belonging to the Bow Boat were all the change from formerly, having a fine Breese the Waist Boat seemed to take the lead and by pulling one mile intercepted one of them going to Windward, which we succeeded in making fast to, and after the usual difficulties, (although not as bad as some) having like to have lost their lives) we turned him up and towed him to the Ship by 12 o'clk, the Starboard and Larboard Boats did not succeed so well, the latter having made fast over set their Boat by getting their line foul, and by that means lost it, and some of them very near lost their lives, they did not get their Whale, the former I believe did not have the good luck to get fast to any of these troublesome creatures of the Deep, after dinner the Waist Boat again lowered away but the Whales had become so wild by pursuit that we could do nothing with them . . . have his blubber taken off and stowed down for future use, he will probably make not to exceed thirty barrels. 1935] Documents 441

Monday April 17. 1837 ... 4 o'clk set Main and Mizen Top G. Sails with a fine Breese at which time we have all our Blubber out from Below and shall finish Boiling in the course of the night Tuesday April 18. 1837 . . . finished Boiling at 12 o'clk last night, and as I anticipated made 18^ Barrells for stowage. ... Thursday April 20 1837 . . . caught a large Porpoise from the Bow which will supply us with fresh Meat for at least one day course by Compass South West. Saturday April 22. 1837 Passed Chatam Island, one of the Gallipagos to the Northard last night, . . . our progress during the night has brought us in sight of Hoods Island about 10 miles distant . . . Saw Several Seal . . . and Some of them came near enough the ship to through the Harpoon at them and this morning abundance of Por- poises and Black Fish are breaching around the ship. 10 o'clk struck a very large Seal with the Harpoon, some parts of which were served up for eating but altogether of a disagreeable taste, after saving his skin threw the carcase overboard. [To be continued] EDITORIAL COMMENT

SECTIONAL AND PERSONAL POLITICS IN EARLY WISCONSIN1 WRITER in the Miner's Free Press, at Mineral Point in A 1839, averred that the chief business in Prairie du Chien was "cheating the poor Indians."2 That was a mildly libelous characterization of the fur trade which was the basic industry not alone of Prairie du Chien, but also of Green Bay and the great waterway connecting the two centers. The quoted remark helps to stress the difference, psychologically, between the denizens of the mining camps in the lead region and those of the trading interest, one focus of which was not more than a dozen miles from its western border. About the time this barbed arrow left its bow, "Demo- crat" wrote in the new Milwaukee Sentinel: There is a political party in the western part of Wisconsin [referring to the lead mining region] which has given ... to the people of the Territory abroad ... a character for ignorance, ferocity, and barbarism. This party obtained political power by the use of its trumpeters who sounded feats which were never performed and victories which were never achieved, until it seems the impression has been made at Washington that an appointment to any office would not be acceptable to the people of the Territory, unless the officer can get drunk, swear, or establish the fact by a tremendous oath that he has scalped a dead Indian.3 According to this writer, if Prairie du Chien cheated the Indian, the miners seem to have dealt with him in a more conclusive manner. Green Bay, while aiming shafts at the miner's faction— for example, begging the somewhat ungrammatical editor 1 This paper was given as an address before Alpha Chapter, Phi Beta Kappa, University of Wisconsin, May 7, 1935. 2 Miner's Free Press (Mineral Point), August 20, 1839. (Signed "Inquirer.") 3 Sentinel, January 15, 1839. Editorial Comment 443

of the Miner's Free Press to please "spare the King's English,"—was inclined to be respectful in its attitude toward Milwaukee and the southern lake ports. Also, Green Bay seemed a bit self-depreciatory on some accounts. One of her writers conceded: Milwaukee is far ahead of us. Sitting supinely, contemplating our natural advantages, and admiring our ever-navigable Fox River, our citizens have suffered the spring tide to ebb and leave them high and dry upon the beach, while our sister Milwaukee, with her swamps and her little brook, and her no harbor at all, has outstripped us in everything; in population, society, order, schools, gardens, in societies for the promotion of agriculture, temperance and mutual improvement, and her railroad will be completed to the interior of the Territory before the first steamboat has passed the Depere locks. The good order and quiet of a village constitute its great, if not principal attraction as a residence, and shall we expect that good citizens will settle among us when there are other towns in Wisconsin far superior in this respect and when, at his first step upon our shores, the emigrant inhales the pestiferous breath of, and is likely to be insulted by, drunken Indians ?4 Of the existing separate communities in Wisconsin, in 1839, only Prairie du Chien was lacking a newspaper spokesman. That village, therefore, could take no direct part in the journalistic symposium we have been describing. Nevertheless, through a military commission, one important feature of her life, the post of Fort Crawford, receives lauda- tory mention. And the hospital at the fort, whose construction and equipment had been supervised by the celebrated Dr. William Beaumont, is praised as one of the finest in the United States.5 It is probable that the military, in social respects, actually gave Prairie du Chien its true character, rather than the fur trade. Also, not a little of the economic importance of the place was due to the presence there of the Fifth Regiment of Uncle Sam's infantry, under General Brooke. At Green Bay, Fort Howard had by this 4 Green Bay Democrat, April 16, 1839. (Signed Richard Salus.) 5 Miner's Free Press (Mineral Point), September 10, 1839, 444 Editorial Comment [June time a diminished importance, the garrison numbering only two-fifths that at Crawford.6 Also, the non-military population of fur-trade derivation and influence was larger about the Bay than at the junction of the Wisconsin and the Mississippi rivers. Milwaukee, like Green Bay and Prairie du Chien also began as a fur-trade station. In recent years, however, Solomon Juneau, the founder of the village, was becoming much more the general business man and community promoter than the exploiter of the Indian trade; and Milwaukee, since 1835—also Racine and Kenosha—had profited from a new and powerful immigration movement directed especially from western New York and New England. That movement, while focusing on what were destined to become lake ports, at Milwaukee River, Root River, Pike Creek, and Sauk Creek had as one of its main objectives the splendid glaciated open lands of the southeastern section of the state, so inviting to the farmer in their pristine beauty. Transportation by the lakes and the miracle-working Erie Canal guaranteed a market for wheat and flour, the fresh fertile soils insured good crops for at least a few years, the open lands beckoned the plowman. Here was a combination of economic advantages rarely encountered by a frontier population, though it had been approximated by the settlers in the Genesee Valley of New York a generation earlier. The southeasterners came to be known, in the lead region, as "the Yankees of the Lake." A community's effectiveness, which turns partly upon economics, depends also upon the character and numbers of its active units, and the strength of its leadership. Looking 9 In 1837 the War Department reported as "necessary" garrisons, 500 at Fort Crawford, 200 at Fort Howard, 300 at Fort Winnebago. The big western posts were Leavenworth, 1,000; Gibson, 1,500; and Jefferson Barracks, 1,500. Fort Snelling was scheduled for 300. 1935] Editorial Comment 445 back to the enumeration of the population in 1836, when the territory was being formed, Brown County (which em- braced Green Bay and its subsidiary populations along the lake shore and up Fox River Valley) is shown to have had an aggregate of 2,706 souls as compared with 850 in Craw- ford. Though the Milwaukee County development was only about one year old, that southeastern section of the territory already counted 2,893 persons. And one risks nothing in assuming that, man for man, the southeastern Yankees would not make a bad showing in comparison with the intermingled French, mixed-bloods, and Americans who made up the populations of the two older counties. It is certain they could never be voted as a unit, which was the case with the French in Prairie du Chien in the election of 1835 for delegate in Congress. Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, whose populations had long been dependent upon the fur trade, were habituated to corporation leadership and control. Each, also, was unified in its local interests, which was by no means true of the southeast. There the settlements were much scattered, occupying not only the prospective rival lake ports at Kenosha, Racine, Milwaukee, and later Port Washington, but choice town sites by the water privileges, like Janesville, Geneva, Wauke- sha, Watertown, Burlington, and a score of favorite farm- ing areas distributed through what are now eight or nine distinct counties. The representatives of the Astor American Fur Company at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, like Juneau at Milwaukee, kept their hands on the business throttle as long as possible. John Lawe and Daniel Whitney at the Bay, Brisbois and Dousman at Prairie du Chien, were men who could not easily be superseded in business relations. New leadership intruded through the door of the 446 Editorial Comment [June professions, especially law, and this gradually supplanted the older all-embracing trading company supremacy. Among the rejuvenators of Green Bay were two Yankees from northern New York who were cousins, James Duane Doty and Morgan L. Martin. Doty had come out from Detroit in 1823 as federal judge of the western circuit of Michigan Territory, holding court alternately at Green Bay, where he resided, and at Prairie du Chien—later also taking in Mineral Point, seat of the newer Iowa County. The year after his arrival, Doty began a campaign to secure the organization of a territory west of the lake, and persisted till it was granted. Martin came direct from Martinsburg, shortly after graduating from Hamilton College, and began practising before Judge Doty's court in 1826. These men were well connected "back home," could command capital to a certain extent, and being keen speculators as well as lawyers, soon became leaders and at times rivals in all plans for territorial political and economic advancement, and not least for making money privately. Henry S. Baird, another young lawyer of Mackinac antecedents and Indian rela- tionship shared with Doty and Martin the confidence of the Green Bay community: and gradually other men of influence such as John P. Arndt, of Pennsylvania, taverner and capitalist, Albert G. Ellis, printer and publisher, and Alexander J. Irwin, merchant, gave that place a more secure basis in varied and independent personalities. The government's care for its Indian wards brought to Prairie du Chien in 1828 Joseph M. Street, a native Vir- ginian who had been a newspaper publisher in Kentucky. Two years later came Thomas Pendleton Burnett, another native of the Old Dominion who had been brought up in Kentucky, had begun the practice of law there, and then accepted appointment from Jackson as sub-agent of Indian 1935] Editorial Comment 447 affairs. Undersized, unprepossessing, and a cripple, Burnett, nevertheless, within a few years became so preeminent in political leadership at Prairie du Chien as to dwarf all others. But he soon removed to Grant County thereby leaving Crawford without notable representation. In fact, the day of Prairie du Chien's state-wide importance was deferred till the approach of the railroad in the middle 1850's. Milwaukee County attracted Yankee leaders as well as large numbers of plain farmer immigrants. Gilbert Knapp, captain of lake steamers, who founded Racine, figured prom- inently for some years, but was later superseded by Marshall M. Strong, a distinguished eastern lawyer, and Philo White, an able journalist. These men, in turn, were soon over- shadowed in Democratic circles by Edward G. Ryan, a brilliant Irish barrister, afterwards chief justice of the Wis- consin Supreme Court. Charles Durkee, realtor of Kenosha, and a little later Christopher L. Sholes, Michael Frank, and Louis P. Harvey, journalists, made a strong team to repre- sent the southern tip of the eastern shore. At Milwaukee village was a group of engineers, released through the completion of the Ohio Canal and keen on the scent of new canal prospects. Chief of that group was Byron Kilbourn, but Increase A. Lapham and Garret Vliet were among his aids, and his old and distinguished Ohio chief, Micaj ah Williams, was financially interested with him, at least in the Milwaukee town site. Another able young engineer was Benjamin Hyde Edgerton of Rome, New York, a native of Connecticut. George H. Walker, pioneer owner of Walker's Point, and Isaac P. Walker, leading lawyer, were both natives of Virginia. Don A. J. Upham was a highly trained Vermont lawyer, and John H. Tweedy, a professional colleague but political opponent, was also from New England. All of these men participated in poli- 448 Editorial Comment [June tics before the close of the territorial period. Kilbourn, however, subordinated politics to big business. He was the prime mover in plans for internal improvements while Lapham, Edgerton, and Vliet aided on the technical side and, in due time, Rufus King of Albany, New York, as editor of the Sentinel became chief of the promotional pub- licity department. Preceding him, however, was a Sentinel editor, Harrison Reed, political henchman of James Duane Doty. Thus far our excursion has covered merely the periphery of territorial Wisconsin. Its center and social makeweight was neither on the lake, on the bay, nor at the mouth of the Wisconsin but in the lead region of Iowa County, now divided into Grant, Iowa, and Lafayette. The story of how reports of the discovery of extraordinary leads (leds) near Galena around 1820 brought mining prospectors from Missouri mines, together with eager novices from many other districts, mostly in the southwest, has been told so often that it need not be repeated here.7 The significant facts are that as early as 1824-25 mines were being worked north of the Illinois line at New Diggings, Hazel Green, Shullsburg, and elsewhere; and the season of 1827 witnessed the explo- ration of the Wisconsin lead region through most of its area of approximately 2,200 square miles. From 100 miners in the Fever River district (which meant the upper Mississippi mines in general), in July, 1825, and 450 a year later, the number by 1828, according to one estimate, had risen to 10,000.8

TSee for example, R. G. Thwaites, Wisconsin (New York, 1908), chap, ix; Joseph Schafer, The Wisconsin Lead Region (Madison, 1932), especially chap. iv. 819 Congress, 2 Session, House Executive Documents, no. 7 (serial no. 149), see Martin Thomas; and John Marsh, under date of July 29, 1828, in George D. Lyman, John Marsh, Pioneer (New York, 1930), 143. 1935] Editorial Comment 449

Without vouching for the accuracy of these estimates, or attempting to distribute the assigned numbers between Illinois and Wisconsin (for at that time Iowa was Indian country), we know that the influx into our own lead region had all the characteristics of a mining rush. This was tem- porarily interrupted by the Winnebago outbreak of 1827, and more seriously by the Black Hawk War of 1832. But over a series of a dozen years before 1836, the miners kept coming, kept on opening new leads, extending and deepening the diggings, forming mining camps and building villages that became permanent like Mineral Point, Platteville, Hazel Green, Dodgeville, and Shullsburg. Thus it came about that, when the time for political organization arrived, the lead region counted nearly as many inhabitants as the three other Wisconsin communities combined. And that was not all. The lead miners constituted the most vigorous, perhaps the most politically able, and certainly the most unified, element in the territory and they had leaders of their own type fully capable of holding their own in the give and take of sectional rivalries.9 We now have the background for a short study of Wis- consin politics. That the lead region should have assumed control in organizing the new territory is a testimony to its strength and political prowess in view of Judge Doty's priority in moving for a territorial organization. Doty tried to get himself elected delegate to Congress in 1835, when Michigan Territory, feeling the peninsula was on the threshold of statehood, conceded the delegate to the western counties. The lead region candidate, however, George Wallace Jones, described as "a tall, erect figure, fastidiously dressed, with an abundance of curling black hair, an engag-

0 See Stephen Taylor in Schafer, Wisconsin Lead Region, 48-49. 450 Editorial Comment [June

ing smile, and the manners of a Chesterfield,"10 had an easy victory. But Doty carried Milwaukee County and monopo- lized the vote in Crawford or Prairie du Chien. The lead region (Iowa County) gave Jones 452 votes to Doty's 51. Dubuque and Des Moines, then part of Wisconsin Territory, were strong for Jones also. There was a third candidate, Martin, who took the Green Bay French vote away from Doty through a special appeal printed in their own language,11 and was recognized in Milwaukee, but not in the west at all. Jones, therefore, represented Wisconsin in Congress. He piloted through the bill creating the territory, went direct to President Jackson on the question of selecting local men for the territorial offices, and secured the appointment as governor of his old, friend, Colonel Henry Dodge.12 Dodge's career had shown him to be a man after Jack- son's own heart. Notwithstanding his New England grandparents, his background through his soldier father and his southwestern mother, and his training from infancy had been of the southwestern frontier. Dodge belonged to pioneer Kentucky and to Missouri like Jones himself. His varied experiences as farmer, planter, salt-manufacturer, merchant, lead-miner, sheriff—all stood him in good stead. But of special significance had been his twenty-year accumulating reputation as a successful Indian fighter and Indian conciliator. It included his service in Missouri, and in the two Wisconsin uprisings of 1827 and 1832, while latterly, as colonel of the Mounted Rifle Regiment, he had ac- 10 John C. Parish, George Wallace Jones (Iowa City, 1912), Introduction vii. 11 Green Bay Wisconsin Free Press, October 3, 1835. 12 Jones says this decision was made in an interview with Jackson the day after he wrote the letter, which is dated April 13, 1836. But Lucius Lyon knew as early as February 22, 1836, that Dodge would be governor of Wisconsin Territory. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxvii, 480. Letter to A. G. Ellis. 1935] Editorial Comment 451 complished through his far west patrol, the task of quieting the tribes from the Missouri frontier to the Hocky Mountains. From the second of those patrols, carried out in 1835, along the line of the Platte and Arkansas, he had but just returned to his home in the spring of 1836 when the president's commission came making him governor and Indian superintendent in the new territory. The character of Henry Dodge was destined to influence the history of Wisconsin for many years. His honesty was proverbial; but so also was his personal vanity, testified by his erect and stiff bearing, the extreme partisanship of his friendships and his almost feudist's animosity towards adversaries. In all these respects he was a worthy follower of Andrew Jackson, but he was far inferior to his great patron in intellectual keenness, and possibly due to a consciousness of that shortcoming, he was always troubled with suspicions of adversaries' motives. Dodge's personal habits were those of the southwest. To the dignity becoming an acknowledged leader he added a touch of bravado that endeared him to the mining community. Tradition says he once, as a litigant, entered Judge Doty's court with a swagger, fully armed, with pistol and knife at his belt. The judge censured Dodge on the theory that he was attempting to intimidate the court, thus arousing his life long enmity. Doty's interpretation was doubtless wrong, for Dodge went about armed as a mere matter of habit and once, while governor, he accidentally left a bowie-knife under his pillow at the hotel in Milwaukee where it was found by the chambermaid next day, of course to the horror of his political opponents. His language, in the written form, was often awkward and sometimes ungrammatical. He habitually punctuated his informal remarks 452 Editorial Comment [June with "swear words," perhaps in striving for emphasis.13 A verbal caricaturist represented Dodge as opening an Indian treaty with the remark, evidently intoned for the benefit of the listening horde: "Interpreter, say to the chieves head- men and warriors here present"—so-and-so, every sentence containing a vigorous imprecation. This was at once condemned by Dodge's friends as libelous and it doubtless was so. Nevertheless, it gives us some insight into his personality, especially through the peculiar pronunciation of certain words.14 "Interpreter" lets in a ray of light similar to that which plays on the personality of Jefferson when we read his reference to the "Tanissee." Though Dodge had the bitter, relentless enmity of Doty, the slickest and probably the most unscrupulous politician in the territory, no supported charge of dishonesty was ever launched against the "Old Hero." When the Doty press, in 1841, was called upon to give reasons justifying Dodge's removal from the office of governor to make way for Doty, the most damaging aspersion they were able to cast upon him was that he had once defied Washington on the question of removing the Winnebago. He had told the government that, unless steps should be taken promptly to send these people to their reservation, according to treaty stipulation, he would remove them on Ms own responsibility. But his enemies knew well enough that it was traits such as that incident revealed which made Dodge so popular in the territory. His supporters sang, to the tune of "Old Acquaintance":

Should savage warfare be forgot And never more appear With hands upon our bosoms put Well say, Dodge shall live here. 18 See G. W. Jones's account of the exchange of Words with William S. Hamilton. Parish, George Wallace Jones, 120. "Madison Wisconsin Enquirer, August 12, 1841. 1935] Editorial Comment 453

In his new office, Dodge was anxious, as he wrote "to pursue an honest impartial course . . . and act as the Governor of the whole Territory, and not a part"15 an ambition he certainly achieved. James Duane Doty was a more complex character. Young, gently nurtured, educated, polished, and ingratiat- ing, he was also unquestionably able both as a politician and as a lawyer. In personal contacts with men he was suave, friendly, and convincing. Wisconsin legislatures have seen much of lobbyists during the past ninety-nine years, but it is doubtful if there has been at any of the later sessions one who would surpass Doty's operations at Belmont in Novem- ber, 1836. That was when he succeeded in locating the future seat of government at Madison and got himself appointed one of three commissioners to construct the capitol. The commission made him its treasurer to handle the funds voted by Congress for the public buildings of the new territory, and thereby hangs one tale that his enemies would not give over exploiting. The story is too long and intricate to discuss here. We can only say that the charge of malfeasance in office was persistently upheld against Doty even after partyism came in, by some of his fellow Whigs as well as by the Dodgeites, and that it was urged by able lawyers of undoubted probity who had carefully studied the evidence. Most notable of these probably was John H. Tweedy, of Milwaukee, a man eminent at the bar and in legislation, a leading Whig who was always trusted in both public and private relations and whose memory is honored to this day. This does not prove Doty to have been what his partner in the Madison land speculation, ex-Governor Stevens T. Mason of Michigan, in a moment of extreme irritation,

13 Letter to G. W. Jones, August 16, 1836. Annals of Iowa, 3rd series, iii, 384-385. 454 Editorial Comment [June publicly called him, "A base and infamous swindler." Doty never lacked the ability to make an ingenious defense, though the candid reader of the voluminous reports bearing on his proceedings is bound to question the justice of his conclusions. He was removed from the federal bench for cause, after five years' service; his capitol commission was removed and superseded for cause; his financial relations to the Mineral Point bank, investigated by the federal treas- ury, were condemned; his conduct as governor of the territory from 1841 to 1844 was a comedy of conflict in which Doty was certainly guilty of high handed proceedings and apparently actual transgressions of the law. As Indian superintendent he attempted, unsuccessfully, to turn over to his henchman, Harrison Reed, the Menom- inee reservation at Winnebago Rapids, now Neenah, including more than a dozen government buildings, a gristmill, a sawmill, some 300 or 400 acres of excellent land, and the mater power, for $600!! The plot was balked, and the government received for the property, minus the water power, $6,069.53. The one weakness of this last bit of evidence as a proof of Doty's want of the homely virtue of honesty, lies in the circumstance that the party intended to be short-changed by it was the United States government, which was considered fair game by land thieves, water-power thieves, timber thieves, and mineral thieves. But, when all allowances have been made, the historian is quite unable to approve or even to condone the ethics of a high official, entrusted with the public interest, who will lend his influence to the promotion of such a scheme. It shows him to have been a man who would always bear watching.16 16 The manuscript evidence on this question is in the Indian office correspondence, photostat copies of which are in the Wisconsin Historical Library. 1935] Editorial Comment 455

Three crucial elections mark the contest of the parties headed respectively by Dodge and Doty, those of 1838, 1839, and 1841. In each case, the delegacy in Congress was the prize. Doty had wanted to go to Congress as early as 1835, as we saw. In analyzing his chances, he realized how important would be Milwaukee County. Governor Mason of Michigan had proclaimed an election in the region west of the lake for delegates to a council from which the peninsula was to be excluded because it would be a state forthwith. In his proclamation he tied Brown and Milwaukee counties together as the first district, with the right to send five delegates. Doty promptly got up a local convention at Green Bay, had himself nominated for the congressional post, but limited Brown County to two council delegates, suggesting that one go to the Milwaukee settlement, one to the Root River settlement (or Racine), and one to the Pike River settlement, or Kenosha. This was his bid for union with "the Yankees of the Lake." That the scheme worked is shown by the Milwaukee County returns: Doty 115, Jones 67, Martin 51. But the west—Iowa, Dubuque, and Des Moines— swamped Doty, evidently convincing him of the unwisdom of staking his cleverness against Jones's popularity again so long as the two trans-Mississippi counties were available supports to a lead region candidate. That condition was altered in 1838 when Iowa Territory was created (July 4), leaving Wisconsin proper with its four distinctive sections as already described. Of these, Doty might count upon Brown and Crawford counties but not on Iowa and Grant, the lead region. The rapidly expanding southeast was prob- lematical. Obviously, it was destined to dominate through its rapidly increasing numbers, and as yet the accessions were mainly from western New York and Vermont, Doty's veri- 456 Editorial Comment [June table "home folks." Moreover, the rural areas of the southeast were filling up more rapidly than the villages which were as yet lacking in improvements like harbors and light- houses calculated to make them grow. One "improvement," it is true, had been promised to Milwaukee, namely: a canal connecting Milwaukee River with Rock River for which a land grant had been secured by Delegate Jones and for the building of which Byron Kil- bourn was presumably hurrying his preparations. The dirt, however, showed no disposition to move itself, while settlers on the canal lands—and those who wished to take canal lands—had two grievances: they were unable to complete title to their holdings, if these were on the company's sections, and they were required to pay a discriminatory price of $2.50 per acre for the government's reserved sections, as against the regular price of $1.25. These settlers were loud in their complaints and had the sympathy of the rural people generally as well as of a considerable part of the villagers. Doty cultivated the canal land complainants assiduously, making his newspaper organ, the Sentinel, their special champion as against the Milwaukee Advertiser, Kilbourn's journal which, of course, upheld the interests of the Canal Company17 and of Jones who was responsible for the canal grant law. The result was a thumping victory for Doty among the southeastern rural people. A negative influence in the same direction was the fact that Jones had been im- plicated at Washington as second to Jonathan Cilley, a Maine congressman, in his duel with representative William J. Graves of Kentucky, wherein the former was killed.18 "The Yankees of the Lake" generally condemned dueling

17 Sentinel, July 31, 1838. Exchange of compliments between Kilbourn and Alanson Sweet discloses the canal lands issue. 18 See Jones's account of this affair in Parish, George Wallace Jones, chap. r. 1935] Editorial Comment 457 and duelists. It was particularly hard for them to overlook Jones's connection with an event that had terminated so tragically. According to newspaper testimony, this caused Jones to lose some votes in the region, and Jones himself later considered it the decisive factor in his defeat. But Doty's hearty espousal of the settlers' cause was probably of primary importance. This is shown in the strikingly large majorities he received in the country areas of Milwaukee County as against the village. In Milwaukee proper, Doty had 196, Jones 153, Burnett 2. In the county, Doty had 562, Jones 193, Burnett 35. In the five eastern counties of Brown, Milwaukee, Racine, Walworth, and Rock, Doty's majority over both his opponents was 1,229. On the other hand, he received only 36 votes in Iowa County to Jones's 457, and Burnett's 327; 105 in Grant against 302 for Jones and 307 for Burnett. The latter was now living in Grant County. Jones seems by some means to have got ahead of both opponents among the denizens of Prairie du Chien, for Craw- ford County gave him 93 to Burnett's 36 and Doty's 18. Doty had now attained one of his ambitions but not the highest. He had to fight for his seat in Congress, which Jones contested on the specious ground that his term as delegate would not expire till March 4, 1839.19 He considered that, by a reasonable interpretation, his election as delegate for Michigan was good for two years, and his second election for two more. Unfortunately, he had accepted the certificate of election from Wisconsin in the fall of 1836 and appeared at the opening of Congress in December of that year as delegate from Wisconsin. His

19 See the discussion on that subject in Appendix to Congressional Globe, 25 Congress, 3 Session, pp. 63-65, January 5, 1839. Biddle of Pennsylvania defended the Jones claim, Giddings of Ohio denounced it. The vote to seat Doty was by a large majority, 25 opposing. Also, Doty vs. Jones, in Digest of Contested Election Cases . . . 1789-1901 by Chester H. Rowell (Washington, 1901), 107-108. 458 Editorial Comment [June two years' term as such delegate terminated in 1838, and Doty, arriving with a certificate of election in December of that year was the rightful delegate. That was the decision of the House which, nevertheless, allowed Jones his per diem and mileage amounting to over $1,900, a point the Dotyites harped upon industriously in their newspapers. They also claimed, with some justice, that Jones's obstructive tactics rendered it impossible for Doty to accomplish anything for his constituents during that session. The Dotyites also complained of the election law passed by the territorial legislature in 1839 which provided that the election of the delegate to serve in the Twenty-sixth Congress "(or so much thereof as may remain after the term of the present delegate shall have expired) shall take place the first Monday in August," 1839, "and on the same day in every second year thereafter." The arrangement had as justification that it would harmonize territorial elections of delegate with state elections of congressmen, and would permit the delegate to begin his term with the opening of the Twenty-sixth Congress; but the Doty party made it a grievance—which to be sure they had a right to do—went into the "premature" election with unusual eclat, and won handsomely over Kilbourn and Burnett. The acceptance of Kilbourn, Milwaukee speculator, canal and railroad promoter, as candidate of the Dodge faction, which now was beginning to describe itself as the Democratic party, is not difficult to understand. First of all, the lead region could not afford to present two candidates again, having failed signally in 1838, largely because they could not head off Burnett who carried Grant County and cut into Jones's vote elsewhere. Burnett was running again, doubtless, with Doty's full approval because he could attract many lead region votes which would never go to Doty. Then, 1935] Editorial Comment 459

too, whereas Milwaukee had from the beginning of the territorial period courted the lead region for the sake of putting through her schemes of internal improvement, of which Kilbourn was the head promoter, the population of the southeast was becoming so large that "the Yankees of the Lake" had to be courted politically by the lead region. The census of 1838 showed that Iowa, Grant, Green, and Dane counties—all that could by any stretch of logic be assigned to the lead region community—had a combined population of 6,653. The district which was once Milwaukee County, then embracing Milwaukee, Racine, Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Rock, and Walworth, had 6,766, or about 100 more than the first group. Since Crawford's 1,220 people were considered in Doty's train along with the 3,048 in Brown County, it was plain that the southeast would hold the decision over a divided lead region vote. So, the miner's party took Kilbourn and tried to give him the ascendant in that region by playing, for the first time, the game of party. Theretofore, no emphasis had been laid on the question of Whig or Democrat; all were supporters of the national administration from which favors must flow.20 It was believed, however, that a large majority of the people were Democrats and if they could be arrayed, the victory would be certain. The difficulty was that Doty and Burnett would not permit themselves to be classified as Whigs and so the game was lost. Kilbourn proved a very poor vote-getter. The farmers were embattled against him and he even lost Milwaukee County to Doty who also carried Racine, Walworth, and Rock by large majorities, took Craw- ford and Brown with substantial unanimity, and no doubt

20 Jones says that he begged Cilley, in February, 1838, not to urge him to become his second because that would tag him a Democrat before the people of Wisconsin and lose him the election. Parish, George Wallace Jones, chap. v. 460 Editorial Comment [June rejoiced at Burnett's majority in the lead region. In the entire territory he had a majority of less than 100 votes; but he had beaten Kilbourn by nearly 1,000. And now Doty proposed to himself to punish Dodge and all his satellites. He had protested against Dodge's reap- pointment in 1839 as governor, but that worthy obtained his commission from Van Buren, July 4, as he had received it from "Old Hickory" just three years earlier. However, by undermining Dodge's friends he hoped in good time to bag the "Old Hero" himself. One removal he obtained from Van Buren, that of John P. Sheldon, head of the Mineral Point land office who was vulnerable not, it is believed, because he was crooked, but because it was impossible to administer the law relating to the sale of non-mineral lands in a mineral bearing region according to the government's instructions.21 Doty made the case seem so heinous that the national Democratic party refused to carry Sheldon through the campaign of 1840. And when Doty saw the country going wild for "Tippe- canoe and Tyler too" he slipped his ancient Democratic cable and sailed out bravely with the Whig banner at his masthead. He was for "Harrison and Reform"—especially reform in the management of territorial affairs which, from the vantage ground of Wisconsin's delegate, he advertised to the whole country as being insufferably bad.22 Of course, the expected happened. Doty, by grace of Daniel Webster's friendship, exacted from President Tyler the removal of Henry Dodge and his own appointment as territorial governor of Wisconsin.23 Dodge, at last, would be finished politically. So would all his strongest friends

21 Schafer, The Wisconsin Lead Region, 82-84. 23 Doty's statement circulated widely through the press of the country. 23 It was believed by many that had Harrison lived William S. Hamilton would have been made governor. 1935] Editorial Comment 461

among the officeholders, whom Doty removed right and left, on the flimsiest grounds or on pretended charges. One of Doty's weaknesses was that he had not learned the great political lesson, taught by Walpole, that it pays to "let sleeping dogs lie." He always insisted on arousing them which set them to howling. However, in this instance, self-pro- tection seems to have been one of his objectives. He was so vulnerable on the capitol building issue and the Mineral Point bank issue that he needed to be surrounded by safe friends in the territorial offices. He removed the treasurer, R. L. Ream, on trumped-up charges, appointing one of his friends. He replaced the attorney general with his personal attorney; he filled the Dane County sheriff's office with a former business associate. Doty might possibly have gone forward into a tardily successful political career but for one, to him, unfortunate fact: The hero of the Black Hawk War was not dead. Though he had fallen, he had not been "scalped," much less buried, and in a very few weeks it was clear that he could not be disposed of according to the Doty program. For Dodge was at once nominated for the delegacy, and the fight was on afresh. Doty's candidate, Jonathan E. Arnold, a brilliant Milwaukee lawyer and orator, and a worthy man, had no chance whatever against the tremendous surge of sympathy for Dodge which now swept the territory. Arnold carried Sheboygan, Dane and Sauk, and Rock counties by majorities of 12, 26, and 18 respectively; and Grant by 150. Dodge carried Brown by 71, Fond du Lac by 2, Portage by 19, Dodge 6, Jefferson 19, Racine 185, Milwaukee 121, Green 41, Iowa 201, and Crawford 19. The respective aggregate majorities totaled 684 for Dodge, 206 for Arnold. The result shows that Dodge had been able to generalize his political friendships, obtaining strong support in every one of 462 Editorial Comment [June the sections, while Doty never gained a real foothold in the lead region. "Our victory is complete and glorious" exulted the Wisconsin Enquirer of Madison, and the other Dodge newspapers echoed the refrain. Dodge made friends in Congress. In fact, his half- brother, Lewis F. Linn, senator from Missouri, was a tower of strength among western senators and representatives; his son, Augustus Caesar Dodge, a bright young debater, was delegate from Iowa Territory, and not a few others naturally gravitated to the old warrior, among them Colonel Benton. It goes without saying that Doty's "scalp" was one of his primary objectives. He wrote January 14, 1842, to George W. Jones:

You will see from my remarks in the House that I treated His Excellency with great courtesy. Nothing saves him but the influence Webster has with Tyler. I sincerely believe that Webster, Tallmadge, and Tyler are the only men who do not believe that Doty should be removed immediately from office. I shall keep a good look-out from here and will make D[Doty] a heavy weight for Tyler to carry before I am done with him.24

Doty knew his situation was precarious but he was not without resources. One of his favorite projects was to pro- mote statehood for Wisconsin, and to secure for the new state the sixty-mile strip of northern Illinois which, it could be argued, had been stolen from the "fifth state" contem- plated by the Ordinance of 1787 when the boundary of Illinois was fixed on the north. In that endeavor he had the active sympathy of the people of the "disputed area" who, with the rest of Illinois were groaning under heavy taxation due to the state's grandiose internal improvement schemes which had mostly gone awry. But the people of Wisconsin Territory were by no means warm for the union, at least

24 Annals of Iowa, 3rd series, iii, 562. 1935] Editorial Comment 463 not yet. They bethought them of the huge state debt of the neighbor on the south, a burden they would share in case of such a union; of the preponderance of population south of the present boundary which would throw them politically in the power of Galena, Rockford, Freeport, and Chicago; and to the Democrats and many Whigs, Doty's prospective political control over the proposed addition to Wisconsin was anathema. Besides, Milwaukee was by no means anxious to engage in a race for appropriations and improvement schemes with Chicago. Democrats affected to believe the whole movement was a device of Doty's to mystify the public and particularly to take the people's minds off his misdoings as a public official.25 Besides, they pointed out, the plan was futile. The Enquirer facetiously said: A junta of public officials at the seat of government, having settled the matter of right and expediency, it only remains for the people of Wisconsin, the Legislature, the state of Illinois, and the government of the United States to make a virtue of necessity and submit peaceably and quietly, for we doubt not, from the expression which has been had, that it is the intention of the originators of the project to carry it through "peaceably if they can, forcibly if they must."26 Doty at this very time, 1842, was seeking the support of the Whig leaders at Washington for his grand corrective boundary plan, and from the great leader himself, Henry Clay, he received a rebuff which must have seemed a cruel blow to Doty's hopes. Said Clay: To incorporate any portion of the territory, within the present state of Illinois, in the new state, will only lay the foundation for future dispute. There are some things which^ although wrong when done, must be acquiesced in; and perhaps the northern extension of Illinois is among them.27 25 Madison Wisconsin Enquirer, February 5, 1842. ™Ibid 27 Letter dated at Ashland, September 13, 1842. Original in Doty Papers, Wis. Hist. Library. 464 Editorial Comment [June

Accumulating difficulties with the legislature, persistent attacks by Dodge, who won a sweeping victory in the election of 1843,28 and the obvious failure of his plan of incorporating northern Illinois in a new state of Wisconsin, gradually wore down Doty's political resistance. He did not fill out his term as governor but did succeed in having a political friend, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, of New York, appointed in his stead. The electoral campaign, however, in the course of which Doty was unloaded by the Whig party, resulted in the election of Polk, which in turn led straight to the reappoint- ment of Dodge as governor of Wisconsin Territory. It did more. It led to the "Old Hero's" nomination for vice-president on the Free Soil ticket with Van Buren in 1848, an honor which Dodge declined. It led also to his service for nine years as United States senator from Wis- consin after the territorial governorship had expired by limitation. In short, it insured Henry Dodge a highly honorable career that, as in the case of Jackson, did much to mellow and dignify his personal character. On the other hand, Doty never achieved a state-wide popularity and, although his county sent him to the first constitutional convention and he was twice elected to Congress from the northern district, he slowly but surely sank into obscurity. In the end Lincoln rescued him for the moment, sending him to Utah as governor, where he died in 1865. Dodge, who was seventeen years older than Doty, died two years later at Burlington, Iowa. The political stage was occupied by a

28 William MedilPs speech, exposing Doty's supposed misdoings, was presented in the House of Representatives, April 5, 1842. It contains a scathing review of Doty's career. Copy in Wisconsin Enquirer, May 21, 1842. This, of course, was instigated by Dodge. In the election for delegate in 1843 Dodge defeated Hickox of Iowa County by a vote of 4,685 against 3,184 and carried all counties except Brown, Sheboygan, and Winnebago. Official returns printed in Madison City Express, November 9, 1843. 1935] Editorial Comment 465 new generation, and new sections were becoming prominent as the outlines of the older ones tended to soften or to be obliterated. JOSEPH SCHAFER

CORRECTIONS

Senator A. D. Bolens of Port Washington sends us the following communication: "On page 364 of the last issue of the Magazine of History, among names of deceased members listed, appears one 'William Francis of Sheboygan.' This is an error. His name is Francis Williams."

The date of the death of John H. Puelicher of Milwaukee was January 28, not December 29, as stated in our last magazine. BOOK NOTES

The Territorial Papers of the United States, volumes i-iii, compiled and edited by Clarence Edwin Carter (United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1934). The State Department of the federal government published, at the close of the past year, the first three volumes of the above papers. The first volume is a preliminary, provisional prospectus to be redeemed later by a solid volume of general or miscellaneous material that is bound to emerge in the course of preparing the more specialized volumes. Volumes ii and iii, xi + 694 pages and 588 pages respectively, contain the papers relating to the territory northwest of the Ohio River, 1787-1803, or from the Ordinance of 1787 to the admission of Ohio into the Union. Actually, the first document printed is the New York cession of its western land claims to the Continental Congress, March 1, 1781. The other land cessions, in chronological sequence, follow in part i of volume ii, which constitutes a sort of introduction to the famous Ordinance of July 13, 1787, the first document in part ii. It would be impossible, in brief space, even to name the most important of the papers here presented. It must suffice to say that no more valuable publication, from the point of view of the student of American history, has ever issued from the presses of the government printing office, and both Secretary Cordell Hull, who sponsors the work, and Professor Clarence Edwin Carter, who prepared the edition, deserve the plaudits of the historical profession. There is, however, another aspect of the case. In barely more than two years, the territory northwest of the Ohio, the first actual territory organized by the United States will have its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary. The city of Marietta and the state of Ohio, encouraged by Congress and by other states later set up in that territory, are already planning an educational observance of this important event in our national history. In that observance the cooperation of schools and colleges will be of primary significance, and nothing could have been more timely as a preparation for such cooperation on a basis of full and adequate knowledge than the op- portune appearance of this ample work.

Documents Relating to the North West Company, edited by W. Stewart Wallace (The Champlain Society, Toronto, 1934). 527 pp. The Champlain Society has issued no more useful or important volume of source material for the students of the fur trade regime than this; and it could have chosen no more scholarly or able editor than Book Notes 467

Librarian Wallace. Gordon C. Davidson of California began the task before his early death, in his The North West Company; Professor Wayne Stevens continued the work in his The Northwest Fur Trade 1768-1800 and in magazine articles. Other students of the fur trade will find their work supplemented and enlarged, both by the information in the editor's "Historical Introduction/' and by the documents themselves, many of them from the Hudson's Bay House in London, some from private collections, others from the several archival collections in Canada. At last in this volume a definitive account of this great trading company has been unfolded. Not the least valuable portion of these five hundred odd pages is Appendix A containing "A Biographical Dictionary of the Nor' westers." In this Mr. Wallace has collected material from many hitherto inac- cessible sources and enables us to know much more about many of Wisconsin's early traders than we had been able to learn before. The illustrations, also, are delightful, helping us to recognize Simon McTavish, dubbed "the Marquis"; William McGillivray, for whom Fort William was named; and William McKay, the captor in 1814 of Fort Shelby at Prairie du Chien. All interested in the fur trade—and what historian of the Northwest is not—will find this volume invaluable.

Louisiana in French Diplomacy, 1759-1809. By E.-Wilson Lyon (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1934). 268 pp. $3.00. This small but compact narrative of Louisiana during its Spanish period and the French interest in its activities during that time is well wrought out and is an attempted reply to the problem whether France wished to recover Louisiana before the days of Napoleon. The author has had access to the French diplomatic archives and has found therein many pertinent documents. The volume is interesting to Wisconsin readers, because of its contact with upper Louisiana before 1804; and because of its bearing on the history of the entire Mississippi Valley.

Crusader and Feminist'. Letters of Jane Grey Swisshelm, edited by Arthur J. Larsen (Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, 1934). 327 pp. $2.50. The reader's first impression, on taking up this little book, is one of keen anticipation. It must be an exceedingly valuable collection of letters which would justify Mr. Larsen's thorough and admirable historical introduction. Nor is the reader too seriously disappointed. The letters, as is proper, considering that their author was "crusader and feminist," are bright, often sharp, sometimes scorching. They are not written to convey information of a detailed character, and yet they contain incidental comments on numerous Minnesota villages, towns, and countrysides in the period covered, which is that of 1857-62. They 468 Book Notes also constitute a document of some importance in the history of the feminist movement. The later letters throw such light on public affairs as can be radiated by a highly excitable and deeply prejudiced mind from the vantage ground of the national capital. The bulk of Mrs. Swisshelm's writing merely airs her major obsessions. Her hospital stories, however, contain some valuable concrete and objective description. The book is nicely printed. There are nine illustrations, also an index of generous inclusiveness.

Memories of Old St. Andrews. By B. N. Wales, M.D. (Lachute, Quebec, 1934). 135 pp. From the far distant Ottawa River, an unusual volume of local history, privately published, comes to our notice. St. Andrews East is a town of the former seigniory of Argenteuil, of a long history replete with interesting episodes. The connection of this French unit with early day Wisconsin was close for the D'Ailleboust family, the grantees of 1682, were in the succeeding years frequently in Wisconsin. One member of the family was wounded in 1733 at La Baye when Villiers by his rashness was shot at the gates of the Indian village where the city of Green Bay now stands. It was the same or another D'Ailleboust who took the lease of Fort La Baye in 1745, and one of the family was present at Mackinac at the Langlade wedding of 1756. No doubt the wealth obtained from Wisconsin fur trade went to keep up the seigniorial manor at Argenteuil. Another close connection with colonial matters is that of Sir John Johnson, heir of Sir William, who was the government Indian agent for Wisconsin and the West during the British regime. After Sir John's flight to Canada during the American Revolution, he purchased the seigniory in question, and spent much of his later life there. It had already become the home of many pioneer settlers from the United States, a few Loyalists retreating thither, more Revolutionary patriots seeking a new frontier for cheap lands and fertile farms. Among the latter the author's ancestors, native soldiers of the Revolution, become on this new frontier loyal subjects of the British crown. To this French- New England settlement was added in the early nineteenth century a group of Scotch Highlanders, thus making a Canadian melting pot. Dr. Wales describes pioneer life and its hardship and happiness; the economic changes in transport and in paper mills; the commercial and social life of this interesting village. We have thus a model local history of a place resembling in many aspects a New England town, modified by a French seigniorial background and becoming a typical English-Canadian cultivated community. The volume contains much of interest for Wisconsin readers. THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE !

LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG •

I THE SOCIETY

HE following new members have joined the Society during the quarter T ending April 10, 1935: Life: Walter J. Brennan, Lancaster; C. B. Clark, Neenah; Rev. Philipp Dreis, Sheboygan; Albert C. Elser, Milwaukee; Emil J. Frautschi, Madison; Jens Jacobsen, Washington Island; Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr., Racine; Russell H. Jones, Kenosha; Alfred J. Kieckhefer, George J. Meyer, William B. Uihlein, Henry F. Vogt, Milwaukee; J. F. Wojta, Madison. Annual: Mrs. Hampton Lee Aust, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; John N. Bergstrom, Neenah; Rev. Benjamin Blied, Milwaukee; H. S. Bonar, Manitowoc; William F. Borges, Milwaukee; Lawrence J. Brody, La Crosse; Byron Womens Club, Fond du Lac; Ruth Campbell, Madison; Rev. Ferdinand Cech, La Crosse; Ellen F. Chapin, Beloit; Fred H. Clausen, Horicon; H. H. Coleman, Milwaukee; J. M. Conway, Green Bay; W. F. A. Croft, Milwaukee; John W. Culver, Madison; Harry Dahl, La Crosse; Humphrey E. Desmond, Milwaukee; W. A. Devine, Madison; C. E. Dewey, Kenosha; Eleanore Fredrickson, Ashland; Albert C. Gilbert, Neenah; Daniel H. Grady, Portage; Charles H. Greenleaf, Madison; Rev. William Groessel, St. Francis; Herman Hachmeister, Ephraim; Miles L. Hanley, Madison; Walter Harnischfeger, Milwaukee; Emil F. Heintz, Madison; Dr. W. A. Henke, La Crosse; W. B. Hesseltine, George T. Hunt, Leon E. Isaacson, Warren G. Jenkins, Merrill M. Jensen, Alexander C. Kern, Madison; John A. Kimberly Sr., Neenah; A. H. Lance, Kenosha; Milton Longhorn, Madison; Ada J. McCarthy, Richland Center; Annie S. McLenegan, Beloit; H. W. March, Madison; C. R. Messinger, Milwaukee; Carl F. Michel, La Crosse; Herbert L. Mount, Milwaukee; George E. Mowry, Madison; Rev. John T. Murphy, Darlington; J. D. Mylrea, Rhinelander; Jane E. Needham, Watertown; Maurice F. Neufeld, Madison; Rev. Harold J. O'Connor, Portage; W. T. Paullin, Madison; Cyrus L. Philipp, Milwaukee; Oscar A. Richter, Manitowoc; Mrs. R. P. Robinson, Beloit; Sarah G. Ross, John St. John, Madison; Herbert J. Sanderson, Sturgeon Bay; S. Gwyn Scanlan, Madison; Rev. Dr. Paul Schaffel, Milwaukee; Dr. C. E. Smith, Beloit; Mrs. Walter Spindler, Manitowoc; Burr R. Tarrant Jr., White- hall; William P. Wagner, Green Bay; J. F. Walsh, Potosi; Chester O. 470 The Society and the State [June

Wanvig, Milwaukee; Clarence M. Weiner, Madison; William H. Wheeler, Beloit; T. Harry Williams, Madison; Arthur H. Zander, Manitowoc.

The Wisconsin Archeological Society awarded the Lapham medal, "for distinguished service in archeological research" to Louise Phelps Kellogg of our staff on March 18. George A. West, the president, spoke informally of the books, articles, and lectures of the recipient.

"Wisconsin's Manuscripts and the Centennial," written by Alice E. Smith, curator of the Society's Map and Manuscript department, appeared in the Wisconsin Public Employee for March. The article describes the importance of the Society's vast manuscript collection, and its value in preparing for the centennial of the organization of Wisconsin Terri- tory (1836).

An interesting vistor to our Society in March was M. Giraud, from Paris, who under a Rockefeller foundation grant is engaged in studying the half and mixed breeds of the United States and Canada. Mr. Giraud found much material for his purpose in our Library; he also visited Green Bay and went from Wisconsin to Minnesota and Manitoba.

NECROLOGY Helen F. Thompson, member of the state assembly 1925-1927, for Price County, died February 16 at Park Falls; she was a life member of the Society.

Gardner P. Stickney, one of the two surviving members of the Parkman Club of Milwaukee, died in that city February 25. His contri- bution to their papers was "Mcolas Perrot" and the "Use of Maize by Wisconsin Indians." He was also co-editor of Wisconsin in Three Centuries. He had been a life member of the Society since 1906.

Mrs. Joshua Hodgins, a life member, died March 3 at Marinette. The eldest daughter of the late Senator Stephenson, Mrs. Hodgins con- tributed much to philanthropy, and to the woman's club movement in our state.

H. George Shuette, a life member, died at Manitowoc May 17.

The annual members who have died recently are Herman Bremmer of Muscoda, January 24; Edith A. Zufelt of Sheboygan, March 10; Theodore Benfey of Sheboygan, March 13; Ralph W. Jackman of Madison, March 25. 1935] The Society 471

ACCESSIONS

The papers of Captain Thomas Priestley of Mineral Point have recently been presented to the Society by his daughter, Mary Priestley, of the adjutant-general's department at the state capitol. Priestley adventured in 1860 on a Pike's Peak gold seeking trip and returned in time to join the Eleventh Wisconsin and saw service in Missouri. Late in 1862 he was commissioned lieutenant of the Thirtieth, and the next year helped to control the draft in eastern Wisconsin. In 1864 he was stationed at forts in Minnesota to protect the settlers against the Indians; late in that year he was promoted to a captaincy and took post at Paducah, Kentucky. The next year he became provost marshal for a large district in central Kentucky. All these phases of his service in the Civil War are illustrated by these manuscripts; among them is a diary for 1864. At the close of the war Priestley returned to Mineral Point, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland agent for the Yakima Indians in the then Washington Territory. This was his last public service, as he died soon after the expiration of his term. These manuscripts are an interesting addition to our collection of Civil War and related material.

Two informative letters of Daniel Whyte, a Scotch immigrant who settled at Water town, tell of his voyage out and conditions at Watertown in 1855.

Superintendent Schafer received recently from a relative in Germany the gift of a letter written July 9, 1840, by his father, Mathias Schafer, at Morbach, Germany, announcing his intention of emigrating to the United States, which he did in the following spring. The letter has been placed in our files. The writer presents an argument in favor of New Orleans as first residence in America particularly for Germans having a command of the French language.

Transcripts of German immigrant letters from Pittsburgh, 1869-74, have been sent by Georg Nold of Offenbach, Germany. They relate chiefly to labor conditions.

Ernest E. East of the Peoria (Illinois) Journal has sent transcripts from early probate court records of his county, concerning property at "Millwaki," belonging to William H. Wallace, a Chicago fur trader.

From Perry J. Stearns of Milwaukee the Society has received transcripts of the correspondence of the donor's great grandparents in 472 The Society and the State [June the years 1831 to 1836, and a journal of some months in 1834. These letters were written mostly from Natchez and are interesting as showing conditions at that early time on the Mississippi.

The Society has received from Honorable D. E. La Bar of Delavan, Wisconsin, a diary of an emigrating party that came from Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, to Wisconsin in 1839. This diary was loaned for the purpose of copying, and a transcript is now on file in our Library. The diary was kept by Mr. La Bar's grandmother, Mrs. Hannah Rees La Bar.

The Misses Frances and Margaret Densmore, Red Wing, Minnesota, have presented several family letters written from Rock County, 1854-57,, to Benjamin Densmore, then a railway engineer in Minnesota. The Densmore family moved from New York state in 1846 to Emerald Grove, Rock County. At the close of 1854 the father, mother, and younger children removed to Janesville, the oldest son remaining on the farm. The letters relate to agricultural conditions and family affairs.

John F. Tiedeman of Platteville has presented a record book of a stagecoach firm operating from the lead mining region to Madison in the years 1851-54. The names of the passengers, their destination^ and the fare are entered from day to day. The business appears to have been profitable and the fares were high. An interesting feature is that the book had been used as a scrapbook and only by removing the newspaper clippings was the interest of the manuscript revealed.

II THE STATE

Centennial celebrations will take the historic stage the present summer. Previous to the centennial date of next year—the formation of the Territory, a number of communities are observing the hundredth anniversary of their first settlement. Last year Racine, Waukesha, and Milwaukee held observances for their centennials. This year Kenosha,. Wauwatosa, South Milwaukee, Port Washington, perhaps other communities are preparing commemorations. Kenosha has offered prizes for material bearing on the early history and growth of its city, to be submitted by mid-April, and then a pageant is to be prepared from the material thus obtained. Wauwatosa secured the services of a professional pageant master for its representation in May. The smaller communities, South Milwaukee and Port Washington, are content with simpler observances; the latter being promoted by the local Herald, which will publish historical items during the summer to culminate September 7y the date of the arrival of General Wooster Harrison. 1935] The State 473

Milwaukee notes two additional dates for celebration: the centennial of the first post office, established March 18, 1835, with Solomon Juneau as postmaster, and the organization of the first Milwaukee township, September 19, 1835.

Wausau's city council has designated 1939 as its centennial year.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES The oldest of the local societies affiliated with our State Society is that at Green Bay, the Brown County Historical Society. The southwestern part of the state has now swung into line with the formation in March of the Grant County Historical Society. Agitation had been rife for some months, which culminated in the visit of Superintendent Schafer, March 12-13, to Platteville, Boscobel, and Lancaster, where on the evening of the latter date the organization was arranged. Walter J. Brennan of Lancaster was chosen president; John L. Grindell of Platteville, secretary. A committee was appointed to prepare a charter, and appeals were made for the collection of historical material, in which Grant County must be rich. Superintendent Schafer, as a native of Grant County, was elected an honorary member.

The Douglas County Historical Society met on February 15 at the home of President John A. Bardon, to listen to an address by Professor George A. Stephenson, of the University of Minnesota.

The Langlade County Historical Society in March had papers on the Red River Colony, established by Lord Selkirk, and on the navigation of the Fox and Wolf rivers.

The Manitowoc County Historical Society held an annual meeting March 7, when John G. Johnson was elected president and Percy Brandt secretary and treasurer. The meeting was addressed by several captains of the lakes marine, and relics of early sailing and steamboat days were shown.

The Waukesha County Historical Society held its twenty-ninth annual meeting May 18 in Waukesha, with President Arthur C. Tews presiding. Addresses were given on Indian lore and early industries of the county. Curator Lacher greeted the members and visitors.

At Oshkosh on March 12 Miss L. M. Bradbury, instructor in geography at the teachers college, spoke on "Regions of Wisconsin," for the Winnebago County Archeological and Historical Society. 474 The Society and the State [June

Chequamegon Bay Old Settlers Society held at Ashland a midwinter picnic on February 12. Vice-president C. A. Lamoreux and others spoke informally.

ANNIVERSARIES The Milwaukee Orphan Asylum celebrated in January the eighty- fifth anniversary of its founding. It was first opened in 1850 on the lower east side, and has cared for many generations of unfortunate children.

The Madison Turnverein was eighty years old in February. Dr. August Sauthoff recounted the history of the movement and diplomas were given to the oldest members.

The Milwaukee Association of Commerce was the fourth organized in midwestern cities, being exceeded in age only by the associations of Cincinnati, Detroit, and Cleveland. It completed its three-quarters of a century in March.

The Masonic Lodge of Fond du Lac commemorated on March 13 its seventy-fifth anniversary. It is named for Mason C. Darling, one of the founders of the city at the end of Winnebago Lake.

Sheboygan's oldest musical organization, the Concordia Singing Society, held a diamond jubilee in February with a banquet and program. The Sheboygan Press on February 11 rehearsed the history of the organization. The Frohsinn of La Crosse was founded in 1885 by a group of German pioneers. A concert in honor of the golden jubilee was held January 20. The president is Oscar Doering.

CHURCH ANNIVERSARIES On the corner of College Avenue and Seventh Street, Racine, the First Presbyterian Church has lifted its pointed spire heavenward since 1851. An earlier edifice housed the first services, and January 11 the ninety-sixth anniversary of its founding was celebrated. Raymond Center, Racine County, organized a Congregational Church in 1840. The ninety-fifth anniversary was fittingly celebrated in the week March 10-17. The First Evangelical Church of Madison celebrated in February its eightieth anniversary, when Bishop George Epp of Cleveland was 1935] Of Wider Interest 475 present and preached. The present church is the third built by the congregation during the eight decades of its history.

The churches marking their seventy-fifth or diamond jubilee recently were St. Peter's Lutheran in Milwaukee; Kingsley Methodist of the same city; and the Methodist Episcopal Church of Chippewa Falls.

ITEMS IN THE STATE PRESS The Leader-News of Waupun gave on March 14 the history of the library in that city. It was begun in 1858 as a subscription library with 150 books. It is now a free public library of 11,000 books and is one of the oldest in the state.

The Milwaukee Leader, March 20, related the history of the old lighthouse at the mouth of the river and an explosion that occurred leaving intact one glass plate. This was presented to C. Latham Sholes, of typewriter fame, then collector of the port, who had it built into his house on Division Street, now Juneau Avenue.

Ill OF WIDER INTEREST The Mississippi Valley Historical Association was the guest, April 25-27, of the University of Cincinnati and of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. The program was arranged by Professor Elmer Ellis of the University of Missouri with his committee. The presidential address was given by Lester B. Shippee, Thursday evening, April 25. Professor Louis Pelzer of the University of Iowa was elected president for the ensuing year. A dinner in honor of Dr. James Alton James of Northwestern University was given at Evanston, May 10. Dr. James, an alumnus of the University of Wisconsin, retires from active teaching with the close of the present academic year. It is to be hoped that he will have now more time for research and writing. His Life of George Rogers Clark is the standard work on the subject. He is planning to publish a biography of Oliver Pollock, the financier of the Revolution in the West. West Virginia is making extensive plans to mark historic sites within its borders. A contest of high school students is arranged to prepare a design for the tablets. One feature of the marking will be to place warn- ing signs some distance each side of the principal marker to call the attention of swift moving motorists thereto. A tablet on the Bozeman Trail, near Douglas, Wyoming, recounts the deeds of Bill Hooker "bullwhacker, who built and lived in a cabin 476 The Society and the State on La Bonte Creek on the Bozeman Trail in 1874." Bill Hooker, now of Milwaukee, is an honored veteran journalist.

The Minnesota Historical Society received last year two large oil paintings of Mississippi River forts—Armstrong and Crawford by Henry Lewis, artist of Das Illustrirte Mississippithal (Diisseldorf, 1857, republished Leipzig, 1923). Lewis, who went up the Mississippi to St. Paul in 1848, gives in his volume a number of views of Wisconsin sites, including Cassville in 1829; the Battle of Bad Axe, 1832; Prairie du Chien, 1830, showing old Fort Crawford. The pictures appearing in the illustrated volume are based on sketches made much earlier by Captain Seth Eastman, stationed at Prairie du Chien, 1829-30, and at Fort Snelling when Lewis arrived there in 1848. Eastman generously placed his sketches at the service of the visiting artist. A recent monograph by David I. Bushnell Jr., calls Seth Eastman, "the master painter of the North American Indian." Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 87, no. 3. The large oil painting of Fort Crawford was later made by Lewis from the sketch of Eastman, with many embellish- ments and changes.

OUR CONTRIBUTORS Professor Albert H. Sanford ("The Beginnings of a Great Industry at La Crosse") of La Crosse, is head of the department of history and social science at the La Crosse State Teachers College. He is also a member of the board of curators of the State Historical Society and one of its vice-presidents.

Mrs. Belle Cushman Bohn ("Hop Culture in Early Sauk County") of Lime Ridge, is a well-known pioneer of Sauk County,

Mrs. Helen McVicar ("Some Pioneer Settlers of Kenosha County") is a resident of Kenosha. The article which appears in this issue was prepared for a meeting of the Kenosha County Historical Society.

L. W. Burch ("Reminiscences of My Sailor Days") of Madison, concludes his serial in this number.

Documents—The diary of George Burchard kept while on a whaling voyage, 1836-39, will be published in installments in this section of the magazine. INDEX

ABKAKI Indian, missionary encounters, BABCOCK, Dr. S. M., memorial for, un- 71, 200. veiled, 366. Ackerman vs. Horicon Iron and Manu- Bading, Gerhard, Milwaukee mayor, facturing Company, argument cited, 50-51. 219. Baer, , on lakes vessel, 153. .Ah-ka-ne-po-way, Menominee chief, 308. Bagley, John J., Detroit resident, 3. Aikens, A. J., and Proctor, L. A., Baird, Henry S., Green Bay pioneer, editors, Men of Progress, cited, 387. 132; lawyer, 446. Akiniboi (Standing Man), Menominee Baird, Samuel, incorporator of manu- chief, 350. facturing company, 221. Akwonomi (Akwonomie), Menominee Baker, Charles M., cited, 205. chief, 347, 358. Baker, Maj. Daniel, at Fort Howard, -Alaska, lakes vessel, 153. 132. Alexander, George, incident, 154. Balch, G. W.5 interest in early tele- Alger, Gen. Russell A., Detroit resi- phone, 4. dent, 3. Balch, John, partner of, 376. Alger, R. A., and Company, owns tug, Baldwin, Gov. H. P., of Michigan, 3. 314. Banks, Gen. N. P., reports in New Allen, Capt. Charles J., noted, 227, 231. Orleans about, 35. Allen, Sen. Henry J., interest in seaway Baptists, affiliation with, 186; in early project, 62. Wisconsin, 238; minister, 259. Allen, J. Henry, lumbering interests, Bar Point, light ship passes, 174. 274. Baraga, Rev. Frederic, History of the Allen, Thomas S., land commissioner, Indians of North America, acquired, 223. 365. Allen, Prof. William F., friend of Barksdale, resident, 61. Turner, 87-88; at University of Wis- Barrett, Dr. S. A., of Milwaukee consin, 92, 94-95. Museum, 311. .Amelia, sloop, 126. Barron, A. W., Wisconsin pioneer, 382. American Fur Company, agent for, Bartlett, W. W., tribute to, 109-112. 308; in Wisconsin, 445. Bascom, Pres. John, of University of Amery, Frances, donor, 100. Wisconsin, 94. Amherstburg (Can.), port at, 153-154. Bashford, Judge Robert M., opinion, Annals of Iowa, cited, 453, 462. 229, 359. ^Annie M. Peterson, lakes vessel, 6. Bay City (Mich.), on steamboat route, Antioch (111.), slaves brought from, 10. 399. Bayard, Thomas F., in politics, 181. Applegate, Jesse, A Day with the Cow Bayfield, resident, 61; in fruit grow- Column in 1848 and Applegate, Jesse ing region, 300. A., Recollections of My Boyhood, re- Beale, H. K., The Critical Year, cited, viewed, 233. 35. Appleton, residents, 61, 282. Beardsley, Sam, lumbering interests, "Architects, Early Day, in Wisconsin," 274. by Alexander Carl Guth, 141-145. Beaudreau, Israel, employed, 376; in- Arndt, John B., ferryman, 132. vents shingle machine, 381. Arndt, John P., at Green Bay, 446. Beaumont, Dr. William, at Fort How- Arnold, Jonathan E., candidate, 461. ard, 139; Prairie du Chien, 443. Arthur, Frederic W., death, 99. Beaver Dam, resident, 214; editor, 231. Ashland, port at, 59; residents, 56-57, Beaver Dam Argus, cited, 219. 60-61; telephone line at, 292; hospital, Beaver Island, route via, 326. 299. Becker, Sherburn M., Milwaukee mayor, Aski-Junannierr, brother of Chief Osh- 49, 55. kosh, 76. Bedore, Joe, sketch, 8-9; owns club- Axness, O. M., testimony of, 61. house, 321; dock, 420. 478 Index

Beebe, Dr. Spencer, at University of Blue Tavern, route via, 385. Wisconsin, 282. Boardman, Capt. Elijah, at Fort Beers, T. W., testimony of, 61. Howard, 153; court-martialed, 139. "Beginnings (The) of a Great Indus- Bohn, Mrs. Belle C, "Hop Culture in try at La Crosse," by Albert H. Early Sauk County," 389-394; Lime Sanford, 375-388; sketch, 476. Ridge resident, 476. Belgians, on Duck Creek, 197. Bois Blanc, light passed, 174. Bell Telephone Company, operator, 5; Bonduel, Rev. Florimond T., early mis- in northern Wisconsin, 292. sionary, 70, 197. Belle Isle (Mich.), near Detroit, 6; Bonneville, Lieut.-Col. Benjamin L. E., route via, 7, 321. at Fort Howard, 137. Belmont, territorial capital, 82-84, 453. Book Notes, 98, 232-233, 360-362, 466- Beloit, resident, 282. 469. Beloit Historical Society, activities, 104, Bradley, Lucas, early architect, 143. 239, 367; report, 118. Brady, Gen. Hugh, at Fort Howard, Bennett, Capt. James, on Great Lakes, 132-133. 11. Brayton, Louisa, letters acquired, 364. Berger, Victor L., sketch, 46-48. Brevoort, Miarie, incident about, 138. Berry, Mrs. Jonathan, attends ball, 84 Brezinski family, Polish pioneers, 279. Beyer, , on lakes vessel, 166, 169. Brisbois, B. W., relates story of bison, Bielarz, Peter, Polish pioneer, 276. 356. Big Foot prairie, wheat grown on, 399. Brisbois, Michael, at Prairie du Chien, Billings' Ferry, route via, 376. 445. Birge, Dr. Edward A., tribute to Bristol, lodge at, 401. Turner, 86, 88, 95-97; plans courses, Bristol Township, residents, 397; li- 281. brary founded in, 400-401. Bison, in Wisconsin, 356. Brooke, Gen. George, at Fort Howard, Bittle, Celestine N., A 'Romance of 135-136; retires, 137; at Prairie du Lady Poverty, cited, 66; sketch by, Chien, 443. 66-68. Brooks, George F., on whaler, 433. Black, John, Milwaukee mayor, 49, Brown, J. P., letter cited, 214. 52-53. Brown, Maj.-Gen. Jacob, county named Black Hawk, captured, 135. for, 130. Black Hawk War, outbreak, 449; Brown, Nelson C, Forest Products ..., danger during, 135; removal of cited, 379. Indians after, 136; participants, 203, Brown, Thomas H., Milwaukee mayor, 347. 49. Black River, described, 405. Brown County, named, 130; population, Blackburn, W. A., testimony of, 60. 445; votes, 455, 457, 459, 461, 464. Blaine, John J., governor, 58; death, Brown County Historical Society, re- 99; papers acquired, 100. port, 119; activity, 367. Blaine, Mrs. John J., donor, 100. Browning, Orville H., and Union con- Blair, Emma H., collection of, enlarged, vention, 30; letter to, cited, 33-35. 365. Bruce, William George, "Memoirs," 42- Blair, Francis P., and Union conven- 65; interest in seaway project, 56-57, tion, 30. 60; American Life, as I Saw It, 65. Blair, Frank, interest in seaway pro- Brule-St. Croix portage, markers placed ject, 62. at, 367. Brunette, lakes vessel, 169-170. Blazejcek, Jan, Polish pioneer, 276. Brunner, Rev. R. P. Joseph, Jesuit mis- Blegen, Theodore C, editor, Norwegian- sionary, 197. American Studies and Records, re- Bruski brothers, Polish pioneers, 276. viewed, 360. Bryan, F. C, testimony of, 60. Bleyer, Henry W., newspaperman, 54. Bryan, Lucien, lumbering interests, 274. Bliss and Spear, map of La Crosse, 387. Bubar, George, town chairman, 294. Bloodgood, Lieut. William, marriage, Buck, James S., Milwaukee historian, 139. 53-54, 258. Index 479

Buck, Mrs. Philo M., donor, 101. Capuchin (Franciscan) Order, member, Buckalew, Charles, United States sen- 66; in the United States, 67-68. ator, 39. Cardinell, Dame , encounters bison, Buffalo (N.Y.), vessel owners at, 6; 356. port, 161-163, 174, 317, 322, 326; Carlson, W. C, testimony of, 60. Lutheran pioneers at, 257-258, 263- Carr, Rev. Spencer, A Brief Sketch of 264; school, 261; teacher, 262-263. La Crosse, cited, 382-383. Bulfinch, Charles, architect, 141. Carron Sr., Menominee chief, 202-203. Burch, L. W., "Reminiscences of My Carron Jr., Menominee chief, 203, 349. Sailor Days," 3-19, 146-177, 312-327, Carter, Clarence E., editor, 232, 466. 403-421; portrait, 12. Cass, Gov. Lewis, expedition through Burchard, George, diary acquired, 101; Lake Superior, 129. published, 422-441; sketch, 422. Catholics, missionary, 69, 71: influence Burge, Edward, on whaler, 434. on Indians, 74; pioneer, 196. Burlington (Iowa), early church at, Cedarburg, pioneers at, 258. 142; visited, 386; Dodge's residence, Chambers, Col. Talbot, at Green Bay, 464. Burlington (Wis.), early settlement, 127. 445. Champion, lakes tup:, 7, 159-160. Burlington (Wis.) Historical Society, Chandler, Daniel H., interest in iron report, 119; activity, 367. company, 215. Burnett, Thomas P., at Prairie du Chapman, T. A., Milwaukee merchant, Chien, 446-447; candidate, 457-459. 48. Burnham, Guy M., testimony of, 61. Burns, John, recollections, 385. Chapman, Lieut. William H., Green Bush, William, cheese maker, 400. Bay resident, 139. Butler, A. R. R., Milwaukee mayor, 49. Charles, John, death, 364. Butler, Gen. B. F., reports in New Chase, J. I., letter cited, 26; mentioned, Orleans about, 35. 40. Butte des Morts (village), visited, 70. Chasey, John, on whaler, 433. Butte des Morts (Pakuatonosh) Lake, Chatham Island, sighted, 441. route via, 69; meaninc: of, 70. Chellis, W. R., testimony of, 60. Butte (Little) des Morts (Pakuoton- Chicago (111.)* vessel owners at, 6; ex- ashasha), visited, 70. cursion to, 34; meeting at, 59; water Byers, Mark R., /. E. Hamilton, re- diversion question, 62-64; residents, Viewed, 361. 57, 62; fort at, 125, 139; port, 166, 326-327, 403-405; growth, 178-179; CADY, Samuel H., reads eulogy, 109. actor, 188; visited, 210, 396; fish Cain, Billy, on lakes vessel, 14-15. shipped to, 217; physicians, 286, 309; Calhoun, George, lumbering interests, Indian village, 348; rival of Mil- 274. waukee, 463. Calhoun, Jim, lumbering interests, 274. Chicago and Northwestern Railway, Calumet (Pipe Village), on Lake boulder in grounds, 137. Winnebago, 358. Childs, Ebenezer, at La Crosse, 376. Cameron, John T., death, 364. Chippewa (Sauteur) Indians, services Camp Smith, on Fox River, 130; troops for, 74-75; land boundary, 112. at, 132. Chippewa River, described, 111. Canada, interest in seaway project, 62, Chippewa Valley Historical Society, 64; Lutherans in, 263-265. president, 111. Canton Glarus (Switzerland), copy of Chris Grover, lakes vessel, 6. Chubbuck, Emily, letters acquired, 100. manuscript at, 328; emigration Chubbuck, J. Walker, papers acquired, society, 329; pioneers in Wisconsin, 100. 342. Churchill, Reuben, son of, 110. Cape Horn, voyage around, 422, 429- Cilley, Jonathan, duelist, 456. 431, 433. City of Alpena, lakes vessel, 418. Cape St. Roque, sighted, 425. City of Detroit, lakes vessel, 416, 418, Cape Verd Islands, sighted, 424. 420. Civil Rights Bill, passage of, 26. 480 Index

Clark, , mentioned, 81. rence Seaway project, 62, 64; can- Clark, Alvin, on lakes vessel, 152-153. didate, 183; abuses of, 185; land bill, dark, Charlotte Ouisconsin, father of, 207; donates land, 222. 134; cited, 135. Conley, W. B., artist, 416. Clark, Everett, on lakes vessel, 151. Connatty, T. J., fraud charges, 182. Clark, George Rogers, nephew of, 138. Conners, Jack, on lakes vessel, 149. Clark, John P., owns lakes vessels, 153, Connit, Horace E., incorporator of 155-156. manufacturing company, 221. Clark, Miaj. Nathan, at Fort Howard, Conroy, W. B., employed at Detroit, 134-135. 6-7. Clark, Satterlee, interest in manufac- Coorje (India), priests at, 67. turing company, 221-222. Copperheads, interest in Union con- Clark, William, at St. Louis, 355; ac- vention, 32. companies Indians, 356. Cottingham, Jesse, introduces hops, 393. Clark's Dry Dock, ship anchored at, 413. Cowan, Edgar, United States senator, Clary, Lieut. Robert E., at Fort How- 29; and Union convention, 30. ard, 139. Craig, Charles P., interest in seaway Clay, Henry, letter, 463. project, 57, 62. Clements, William L., death, 364. Cram, Thomas J., government engineer, Cleveland (Ohio), vessel owners at, 6, 214. 416; meeting at, 59; lake port, 11-12, Cramer, C. N., interest in seaway pro- 15, 146-147, 420. ject, 56-61. Coad, J. E., interest in seaway project, Crapiewski, Thomas, Polish pioneer, 56-57, 62. 276. Coeyman, William, on whaler, 434. Crawford County, population, 445; Cole, Arthur C, The Irrepressible Con- votes, 455, 457, 459, 461. flict, reviewed, 98. Crawford County Historical Society, Cole, H. E., Stagecoach and Tavern organized, 239; acquire Dousman Tales . . . , cited, 399. house, 236. Cole, H. G., testimony of, 60. Crawford's Quarry, trip to, 148. Cole, Judge Orsamus, argument, 218- Cretin, Rev. Joseph, at Prairie du 219. Chien, 350. Coleman, Laurence V., Historic House Croghan, Maj. George, defends Fort Museums, reviewed, 232. Sandusky, 203. Colman, Charles Lane, article on, 375- Crooked Nose. See Wakitschion. 388; portrait, 375. Crosby, Charles P., cited, 381. Colman, Mrs. Charles Lane, marriage, Crumb, Rev. Amos, nephew of, 10. 375; mentioned, 383. Crumpton, F. R., testimony of, 60. Colman, Rev. Henry R., son of, 375; Cumberland, physician at, 287. partner of, 385. Cunningham, Dr. Wilson, at University Colman, Joseph Spier, sketch, 386. of Wisconsin, 282. Colman, Julia L., parents of, 375. Curtis, Capt. Daniel, at Fort Howard, Colman, Lucius C, parents of, 375; 138. prepares diary copy, 382; inventory, Curtis, Irene, marriage, 138. 385. Colonial Dames of America, donors, 234. DALGREL, Joe, lumbering interests, 274. Colorado, controversy over admission Dane County, votes, 459, 461; sheriff, of, 25. 461. Columbia, whaling ship, 422-441. Davenport, Col. F. O., owns early tele- Columbus, hops sold in, 393. phone, 4. Comstock, Dr. George C, death, 99. Davenport (Iowa), early church at, Congress, and reconstruction, 21-23, 28- 142; visited, 386. 29, 35; credentials submitted to, 24; Davis, Garrett, mentioned, 30. admission of territories considered, Davis, Jefferson, problem of trial of, 25; impeachment before, 39-40; mem- 22; wife of, 128; at Fort Winnebago, bers, 47, 178, 182; votes on St. Law- 138. Index 481

Decker, Edward, lumbering interests, Congress, 462; senator, 464. 274. Dodge, Justice J. E., views of, 359. Dekorra, road proposed to, 214. Dodge County, Democratic party in,, Delaware Indians, removal, 355. 180; proposed county seat, 214; dam: Delwiche, Prof. E. J., testimony of, 60- in, 215; lake in, 217; land purchased 61. in, 223; commissioners, 227; circuit Democratic party, interest in Union court, 230; Indians in, 308; votes, 459,. convention, 32; opposition of, 35; 461. members, 50, 52, 178, 181, 310, 384, Dodgeville, courthouse at, 141; founded,, 400; candidate of, 179-180, 183; Balti- 449. more convention, 180; on tariff, 182; Dolski family, Polish pioneers, 270-272, slavery, 184; in early Wisconsin, 458- 276-279. 459, 463. Doolittle, James R., biography by Dennis, William M., incorporator of James L. Sellers, 20-41, 178-187 r manufacturing company, 221. letters of, acquired, 235. Dennison, William, resigns from cabi- Doolittle, Mrs. James R., cited, 25, 30? net, 31. death, 181. Densmore papers, donated, 472. Doolittle Jr., James R., lawyer, 179. De Pere, port at, 59; locks, 443. Doolittle, William F., The Doolittle DeSana, Capt. John, on lakes vessel, Family in America, cited, 179. 153, 155. Door County Historical Society, activ- Des Moines County, in Wisconsin, 450, ities, 239, 368. 455. Doty, James D., judge, 446, 451; re- Des Plaines River, water power, 63. moved, 454, 464; aids, 448; candidate Detour passage, route via, 168, 312. for delegate, 440-450; characterized, Detroit (Mich.), residents, 3, 57, 62, 452-454.; election contests, 455-464; 327; river transportation via, 7, 11-12, governor, 460-462; governor of Utahr 15, 146-148, 150, 152-153, 158-159, 164, 464. 174, 317, 321, 413, 419-420; visited, 42, Douglas, Stephen A., mannerism, 189- 408, 412; meeting at, 59; museum, 190. 175-176; ostensorium at, 197; Indians Douglas County, resident, 282; medical at, 203; trip to, 314; boat owners at, society, 302. 415-416. Douglas County Historical Society. 8e& Detroit Dry Dock Company, builds Superior and Douglas County. vessels, 166, 403-404, 413; alters Dousman, H. L., at Prairie du Chien, vessel, 417. 445; house preserved, 236. Detroit Tribune, articles in, 9-10. Dousman, Mrs. Rosalie, interpreter, 75r Diana Shooting Club, leases marsh, 230. 350. Dickens', route via, 383, 385. Draseke, Bishop , of Unionist Dieffenbach, Prof. , surgeon of church, 251. Berlin, Germany, 250. Dubinski, Joseph, Polish pioneer, 276. Diego Island, sighted, 429-430. Dubuque (Iowa), early church at, 142; Dikeman, Charles, lumbering interests, visited, 386. 274. Dix, John A., cited, 32. Dubuque County, in Wisconsin, 450, 455.. Dixon, James, United States senator, Duck Creek, hunting on, 138; pioneers 23-24; unseated, 26. on, 197; missionary visits, 198-199. Documents, 66-84, 188-211, 328-359, 422- Duerst, Judge Niklaus, active in Swiss 441. colonization, 340-341. Dodge, Augustus C, delegate from Duffy, Sen. F. Ryan, conference with, Iowa, 462. 62. Dodge, Col. Henry, visits Milwaukee, 79; in Black Hawk War, 354; ap- Duluth (Minn.), residents, 57, 62; port pointed governor, 450, 460; removed, at, 161-164, 171-172, 312, 317, 322; 460; reappointed, 464; character, 451- iron range near, 283. 452; election contests, 455, 461; party, Durkee, Charles, at Kenosha, 447. 458; elected delegate, 461, 464; in Dye, Eva Emery, The Soul of Americat An Oregon Iliad, reviewed, 233. 482 Index

EAGLE without Feather. See Pikwa- "Five Years in America," Gachet jour- kona. nal, 68-76, 191-204, 328-359. Eastman, Seth, artist, 476. Flatter, Emil, testimony of, 60. Eaton, Charles H.5 artist, 175. Fond du Lac, route via, 68; govern- Eau Claire, residents, 61, 110. ment canal proposed via, 220; sports- Edgerton, B. H., at Milwaukee, 447- men, 225; insurance company fail- 448. ures, 290; Indians removal from Editorial Comment, 85-97, 212-231, 442- region, 308; residents, 310-311, 375- 465. 376; visited, 377, 382-384; manufac- Edmondson, Ethel R., death, 235. turing at, 381. Edwards, John, captain of Pearl, 15, Fond du Lac Commonwealth, cited, 217, 148, 152. 219. Einstein, Albert, comment on, 92-93. Fond du Lac County, southern bound- Ekern, Herman L., interest in seaway ary, 213, 229; votes, 461. project, 57-58. Fond du Lac County Historical So- Ela, Ida L., death, 364. ciety, report, 119. Eliza Adams, whaler, 434. Foote, Dr. Lyman, at Fort Howard, Ellis, Albert G., Green Bay pioneer, 140. 130, 446; teacher, 133; speculates in Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island, 125; land, 213. contact with, 140. Elmer, Nik., Swiss pioneer, 335. Fort Brady, on Great Lakes, 140. Elmore, Mrs. James H., father of, 139. Fort Brown. See Fort Howard. Elsie, George, bookkeeper, 10. Fort Crawford, built, 125; officer at, Emma L. Coyne, lakes vessel, 6. 128; contact with, 140; hospital, 443; Engelmann, Peter, Milwaukee educator, size of garrison, 444; painting of, 476. 43-44. Fort Dearborn, rebuilt, 125; massacre, English, William H., in politics, 181. 128; en route to, 139; contact with, Erie Lake, schooners on, 7, 18; steam- 140. boat wrecked on, 131; captain, 315; Fort Edward Augustus, British post, trips on, 325, 415. 126. Ernst, Prof. A. F., member of Wiscon- Fort Gibson (Okla.), size of garrison, sin Synod, 267. 444. Evans, William L., elected curator, 120. Fort Harrison, on the Wabash, 128. Evinrude, Ole, inventor, 42. "Fort Howard, Old," by Louise P. "Experiences of a Frontier Physician," Kellogg, 125-140; pictured, 125; road by F. G. Johnson, M.D., 281-306. to, 214; garrison, 443-444. See also Green Bay. FALKLAND Islands, sighted, 428. Fort Knox (Ind.), birthplace, 128. Falling Feather. See Powekona. Fort La Baye (St. Francois, St. Farnam, George, Wisconsin pioneer, Philippe), at mouth of Fox River, 382. 126. See also Green Bay. Farr, Jean Marquis de Lafayette, on Fort Leavenworth (Kan.), size of gar- lakes vessel, 408-409, 419. rison, 444. Fessenden, W. P., United States sen- Fort McKay, site of, 125. ator, 24, 28, 39. Fort St. Francois. See Fort La Baye. Fessenden, revenue cutter, 7. Fort Sandusky (Ohio), assault, 203. Fever River, lead mines on, 448. Fort Snelling (Minn.), contact with, Fifth United States Infantry, at Fort 140; size of garrison, 444. Howard, 128, 133-135, 138-139; at Fort Wayne (Mich.), on Detroit River, Prairie du Chien, 443. 6; route via, 12, 154, 174. Fighting Island, in Detroit River, 154; Fort Winnebago, built, 133; en route to, route via, 155. 134; during Black Hawk War, 135; Finch Jr., Asahel, interest in iron com- military road via, 136, 214; troops at, pany, 215. 138, 444; contact with, 140. First United States Infantry, officers, Fortney, , mentioned, 33. 133, 138. Foster, Lieut. Amos, murdered, 135. Fisher, , brings suit, 217-218. Foster, Mary S., donor, 101. Index 483

Fourteenth Amendment, foundation of, Galloway, William A., Old Chillicothe: 28-29; controversy over, 35, 37. Shawnee and Pioneer History, re- Fourth United States Infantry, at Fort viewed, 362. Howard, 137. Gard, H. V., testimony of, 60. Fowle, Maj. John, at Fort Howard, Gardner, H. C, interest in seaway project, 57, 62. 134. Gardner, Palmer, Wisconsin pioneer, Fowler, Mrs. Lemira T., husband estab- 76-77, 80, 84; letters, 80-82, 204-207; lishes school, 398. See also Mrs. sketch, 205; brother of, 207-208, 210- James M. Kellogg. 211. Fowler, Samuel, and Union convention, Gardner, Sarah, greetings to, 77; land 30. speculation, 81; letter to, 209-211. Fowler, Sereno S., establishes academy, Gardner, Sylvester C, letters to, 76-78, 398; widow of, 397. 80-82; brother of, 211. Fox, Mrs. Frank, daughter of Juneau, Gardner, William, letters, 76-80, 207- 310. 211; wife, 211. Fox, Dr. P. A., at University of Wis- "Gardner Letters, 1836," published, 76- consin, 282. 84; "1837," 204-211. Fox Lake, route via, 214, 383. Garfield, James A., Republican spokes- Fox River, settlers at mouth of, 125; man, 180; criticism of, 181. fort on, 128-129, 130, 132; valley, Geneva, early settlement, 445. 136, 445; crossed, 138; missionary on, German Immigrant Letters, additions 142; Indians removal from, 136, 308; received, 101, 471. navigable, 126, 443. German Reformed church, union of, in Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, region oc- Germany, 251; controversy over doc- cupied, 125; route via, 129; route trine, 251. suggested, 134; forts on, 136. Germans, at Milwaukee, 44; Catholics France of Havre, whaler, 434. among, 71; on Duck Creek, 197; at Francis, William. See Francis Williams. Freistadt, 257-258, 261; dress of pio- Franciscan Order. See Capuchin. neers, 335. Frank, Pres. Glenn, in Madison Liter- Gesell, George, transfers land, 275. Gibbs, James, architect, 143. ary Club, 86. Giddings, David, speculates in land, 213. Frank, Michael, at Kenosha, 447. Gill, Charles R., land commissioner, Franks, Jacob, letters acquired, 235. 223. Frederick, whaler, 439. Gillet, A. D. S., testimony of, 60. Freedman's Bureau Act, attack upon Giraud, M., visitor, 470. veto of, 24. Glarus (Switzerland), report printed Freidenker movement, at Milwaukee, at, 328. 54. Glode (Clode), Menominee chief, 202- Freistadt, Lutherans arrive at, 257-258; 203. named, 261; visited, 266. Gooch, G. P., European scholar, 90. French, early fort of, 126; at Green Gordon, in lumber region, 292-293; Bay, 125, 127, 129, 131, 134, 140; in town chairman of, 294; lumberjack, Wisconsin, 445. 298; World War recruits, 303. Frey, Rev. John, at Mt. Calvary, 67. Grabau, Amadeus, geologist, 265. Fribourg (Switzerland), journal pub- Grabau, Rev. J. A. A., imprisoned, 254; lished in, 66-67; death at, 197. sought, 255; leaves for America, Friedman, Albert, Milwaukee merchant, 256; at Buffalo, 257, 261; founds 48-49. college, 265; visits Germany, 266. Frisby, , on lakes vessel, 16-17. Grabau, Mrs. Mary Antin, author, 265. Fueter, Eduard, European scholar, 90. Grace Orummond, lakes vessel, 10. GACHET, Father Anthony M., sketch, Grace McMillan, lakes vessel, 413. 66-68; journal published, 68-76, 191- Grand Prairie House, route via, 385. 204, 328-359. Granger, W. H., partner of, 376. Gaddis, , letter, 412. Galapagos Islands, sighted, 440-441. Grangers, in Kenosha County, 400; li- Galena (111.), missionary at, 142; vis- brary, 401. ited, 386; mining at, 448; politics, 463. 484 Index

Grant, U. S., and reconstruction, 38; Guth, Alexander Carl, "Early Day opposition to, 180; headquarters, 190. Architects in Wisconsin," 141-145; Grant County, leaders, 447-448; votes, sketch, 243. 455, 457-458, 461; population, 459. Grant County Historical Society, organ- HAAS, Rev. Gregory, at Mt. Calvary, 67. ized, 473. Habig, Marion A., The Franciscan Pere Grassy Island Lighthouse, route via, Marquette, reviewed, 360. 154-155. Haines, Thomas, on whaler, 433. Gratiot, Maj. Charles, chooses fort site, Halbert, Charles A., interest in seaway 126; returns to Mackinac, 127. project, 57-58. Graves, William J., duelist, 456. Haldimand, Sir Frederick, governor of Great Lakes, in seaway project, 59, 61- Quebec, 357. 62, 64; a frontier region, 125; forts Hamilton, William S., candidate, 460. on, 140; sailor on, 152. Hammann et al. vs. Levitan, drainage Great Menominee. See Metzmenomonie. suit, 230. Great Wave. See Okemauniken. Hamtranck Transportation Company, Great Western, lakes vessel, 261. owns lakes vessels, 164. Greeley, Horace, Liberal Republican, Hancock, Gen. W. S., in 1880 election, 180. 181-182. Green Bay (city), port at, 59, 126, 131; Hansbrough, Henry C, History of missionary work at, 70, 133, 142, 195; Dodge County, cited, 221, 223-224. commandant at, 128, 130, 134-135; Harding, Gov. W. L., interest in sea- residents, 129, 133, 137-138, 140, 144, way project, 62. 213, 356, 446; editor, 130; land office, Hardtke, Leopold, buys land, 275. 136; Duck Creek settlement near, 197; Harlan, Sec. James, resigns, 31. Indians en route to, 200; death near, Harman, , on whaler, 434. 202; government canal proposed at, Harper, Dr. C. A., director, state board 220; fur trade, 307, 444-445; baptism of health, 301. at, 350; politics at, 442-443; fort at, Harrison, Pres. William H., and Wis- 443; court, 446; convention, 455. See consin politics, 460. also Fort La Baye and Fort Howard. Hartley brothers, interest in seaway Green Bay (des Puants, bay), fort near, project, 56-57, 60. 129; convent on, 198-199. Hartmann, Bishop Anastasius, assis- Green Bay Democrat, cited, 443. tant to, 67. Green Bay Wisconsin Free Press, cited, Hartsough, Mildred L., From Canoe to 450. Steel Barge on the Upper Mississippi, Green County, votes, 459, 461. reviewed, 361. Green Lake, route via, 354. Harvard University, faculty, 93; grad- Greenbush, residents, 422. uates, 179, 185, 397. Greene, Col. Howard, on nominating Harvey, Louis P., at Kenosha, 447. committee, 114. Hastings, S. D., Wisconsin pioneer, 382. Greenwood, book on reviewed, 98. Haven, Spencer, elected curator, 120. Gregory, John G., newspaperman, 54. Hawkins, William, on whaler, 434. Greyhound, lakes vessel, 416-421; pic- Hawthorne, in lumber region, 287; tured, 416. physician at, 288. Grignon, Augustin, son of, 69; fur Hayward, baseball at, 301. trader, 126. Hazel Green, mining at, 448; founded, Grignon, Charles, missionary meets, 69. 449. Grignon, Louis, furnishes lumber for Henderson, J. B., United States sena- fort, 127. tor, 40. Grignon house. See Kaukauna. Hendricks, Thomas A., United States Grimes, J. W., United States senator, senator, 39; in 1880 election, 181-182. 24, 39. Grimmer, George, lumbering interests, Henry, Prof. William A., of University 274. of Wisconsin, 300. Groesbeck, William S., in politics, 181. Herzf eld, Carl, Milwaukee merchant, 48. Groverman, W. H., testimony of, 60. Hewitt, Henry, lumbering interests, 274. Gund, John, Wisconsin pioneer, 382. Hickcox, G. W., candidate, 464. Index 485

Hines Lumber Company, property of, Hoyt, Dr. John W., letters acquired, 299. 101. Hingens', route via, 383. Hubbard, Sen. Henry, land speculator, Historic American Buildings Survey, 213-214. blueprints acquired, 100. Hubbard, James, on whaler, 434. Hoan, Daniel W., Milwaukee mayor, 50- Hubbard, Milton, cheese maker, 400. 52; interest in seaway project, 60- Hubbard Township (Dodge County), 62. disregards damage suits, 226. Hochungra, Indian village, 214. Hubbard's Rapids, road proposed to, Hodge, Ira, brings suit, 217. 214. Hodge, J. S., cited, 225. Huber, Henry A., papers acquired, 100. Hodgins, Mrs. Joshua, death, 470. Hudson, J. L., Detroit resident, 3. Hodgkins, W. J., testimony of, 61. Humberstone (Can.), minister at, 263- Hoenecke, Prof. Adolph, member of 264. Wisconsin Synod, 267. Hunner, Dr. Guy, at Johns Hopkins, Hoeppner, Bartlett and Company, arch- 282. itects, 110. Hunt, Gov. Washington, of New York, Hogle, Mary C. (Mrs. Henry), daugh- 264. ter of, 401. Huron Lake, schooners on, 7; disaster, Holmes, John, on whaler, 433. 9; trips on, 11, 17-19, 148, 312, 326; Holmes, Ovid, on whaler, 433. captain, 315. Hooker, William C, Milwaukee his- Husting, Bonduel A., lawyer, 311. torian, 55. Hustisford, removal of dam at, pro- "Hop Culture in Early Sauk County," posed, 225, 228; lake above dam, 226. by Mrs. Belle C. Bohn, 389-394. Hop house, pictured, 392. Idlewild, lakes vessel, 413-416, 419. Hopkins, Dr. W. B., owns sanatorium, Illinois, interest in seaway project, 56- 287. Horicon, road through proposed, 214; 58, 62; and Chicago water diversion early name, 215; water power at, 216- question, 63; missionary in, 142; res- 217, 220; disregards damage suits, ident, 188; capitalists, 225; lecturer, 226; residents, 228. 396; northern strip, 462-464. Horicon Argus, cited, 216, 220; editor, Illustrations: 1 224. L. W. Burch, 12. ^ Mt. Calvary in 1893, 66. "Horicon Dam Question,*' editorial, 212- Fort Howard in 1818, 125. 231; map, 212; correction, 359. A Typical Three-and-After, 174. Horicon Iron and Manufacturing Com- Horicon Dam Site Property (map), pany, chartered, 215; suits, 217-219, 212. 221-222, 226. Charles Lane Colman, 375. Horicon Lake, described, 216-217; A Far Western Hop House of the islands in, 217; drained, 219, 224, 226, Early Eighteen-Eighties, 392. 231; as reservoir, 220; part of pro- "Kellogg Tavern, Bristol Township, posed canal, 220-221. Kenosha County, 400. Horicon Marsh, rapids below, 213; Greyhound, 416. farmers along, 219, 229; drainage dis- Indians, on Wolf River, 72; pagans, trict proposed, 225; conservation com- 73-74, 192, 199-200; Canada controls, mission controls, 230; damage ques- 125; at Green Bay, 127, 140, 198; tion, 230; flooded, 231. missionary, 142, 201; pipes, 191; ill- Hotchkiss, George W., History of the ness among, 193; marriage disorders, Lumber . . . Industry . . . , cited, 387. 194; teaching methods, 195; traders, Hough, George, on lakes vessel, 413. 196; famine, 204; payment of an- Howard, Gen. Benjamin, fort named nuity, 345;, removal, 346; apparel, for, 127. 349; in Kenosha County, 398. See Howard, J. M., United States senator, several tribes. 28. Inman, Byron, lakes captain, 7. Howe, Sen. Timothy O., protest, 21; Iomatah, Menominee chief, 202-203; candidate for reelection, 28. nephew of, 349. 486 Index

Iowa, governor, 62; missionary in, 142; 26, 34, 187; impeachment, 39; Doo- immigrants to, 332; Indians in, 449; little supports, 41. territory created, 455; delegate, 462. Johnson, M.D., F. G., "Experiences of a Iowa City (Iowa), early church at, 142. Frontier Physician," 281-306; sketch, Iowa County, architecture of court- 371. house, 141-142; county seat, 354, 446; Johnson, Mrs. F. G., marriage, 287; mining district, 448; votes, 450, 455, home, 288; removals, 292, 294. 457, 459, 461. Johnson, Reverdy, United States sen- Irish, pioneers, 196, 199; in lumbering ator, 39. region, 275. Johnson, Prof. Warren S., scientist, 42. Iron Cliff, lakes vessel, 162-164, 170-172, Johnson, Sir William, superintendent of 320, 323-324, 326. Indian affairs, 357. Iron Duke, lakes barge, 159-177, 312- Johnson, Willis, cook on lakes boat, 321, 325, 327, 403, 415; pictured, 312. 326. Iron River, in lumber region, 299; re- Jones, Burr W., in Madison Literary moval to, 299; recreation, 300-301; Club, 86; death, 363. World War recruits, 303. Jones, Fred, cheese maker, 400. Irwin, Alexander J., at Green Bay, 446. Jones, George Wallace, delegate to Isle La Peche, route via, 321. Congress, 449-450; cited, 452-453; ob- Izaak Walton League, interest in tains land grant, 456; in duel, 456- Horicon marsh, 225, 230-231. 457; defeated, 457-458; letter to, 462. Jourdain, Joseph, father of Mrs. JACKSON, , interest in early tele- Eleazar Williams, 191. phone, 4. Juan Fernandez Island, sighted, 435. Jackson, Pres. Andrew, on tariff ques- Judd, C. S., cited, 378. tion, 182; creates Wisconsin Terri- Juneau, Frank, death, 235. tory, 450; followers, 451. Juneau, Mary, sole survivor, 235. Jackson, Carl D., testimony of, 60. Juneau, Pauline, death, 235. Jackson, Joseph, early architect, 144. Juneau, Solomon, Milwaukee trader, 77; Jackson, Dr. Reginald, at University of article on home of, 307-311; founder Wisconsin, 282. of Milwaukee, 444. Jackson (Mich.), origin of Republican Juneau, Mrs. Solomon, illness and party at, 242. death, 309. See also Josette Vieau. Jagodinsky, Thomas, Polish pioneer, 276. KADOW, Stanislaus, Polish pioneer, 279. James, James A., honored, 475. Kaukauna, interest in Grignon House, James Bennett, lakes tug, 11. 105, 236; historical sketch, acquired, James Couch, lakes schooner, 164-165. 235. Janesville, political speech at, 34; early Kazmerchak family, Polish pioneers, settlement, 445. 269-270, 273-274, 276, 279. Janoski brothers, Polish pioneers, 276, Keenan, Rev. , Catholic missionary, 278-279. 69. Januschowski, Lorenz, Polish pioneer, Kellogg, Franklin, sketch, 396. 279. Kellogg, James Madison, sketch, 395- Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, 133; 402. size of garrison, 444. Kellogg, Mrs. James Madison, mar- Jefferson County, Indians in, 308; votes, riage, 397; owns tavern, 399; church 459, 461. member, 401. See also Mrs. Lemira Jenny, Rev. John, donor, 235, 328. T. Fowler. Jenny, Peter, Swiss pioneer, 335. Kellogg, Louise P., "Old Fort How- Jenny, Peter, president of emigration ard," 125-140; French Regime, cited, society, 328-329. 126; British Regime, in press, 235; Jewett, Hugh J., in politics, 181. awarded medal, 470. Johannes, Fred, register of deeds, 275. Kellogg family, in Kenosha County, John Owen, lakes vessel, 7. 395. Johnson, Andrew, adviser of, 21; cam- Kellogg tavern, sketch of, 399, 402; pic- paign "swing," 32-33; criticism of, tured, 400. Index 487 Kelly, T. L., Milwaukee merchant, 48. Kourville, , adventures of, 353-355. Kemper, Rev. Jackson, visits Green Kowalski, Martin, Polish pioneer, 276. Bay, 135. Kronshage, Theodore, death, 234. Kendall, Will, on lakes steamboat, 407, Krueger, Lillian, prepares index vol- 410. ume, 99. Kenosha, port at, 59; Indian village, Krug, Merton, History of Reeds- 348; market at, 399; slaves brought burg . . . , cited, 393. to, 400; residents, 397, 400; votes, Krysiak, John, Polish pioneer, 276. 405; immigration to, 444-445, 447; Krzeszewski, Joseph A., buys land, 275. centennial, 472. Kulacki, Thomas, Polish pioneer, 276. Kenosha and Harvard Division of Kiinzle, Dr. P. Magnus, cited, 66. Northwestern Railway, built, 399. Kenosha County, resident, 395. LA BARR, Mrs. Hannah R., copy of Kenosha County Historical Society, re- diary acquired, 472. port, 119; activities, 239, 368. Lacher, J. H. A., on nominating com- Keogh, Rev. J. J., Milwaukee priest, 53. mittee, 115. Kerry, W. K., testimony of, 61. La Crosse, residents, 375; manufac- Kerwin, Judge J. C, drainage opinion, turing at, 376, 381-382, 386, 388; 227-229, 359. history of, cited, 387. Keshena, Menominee chief, 195; sketch, La Crosse County Historical Society, 350. activities, 104, 368; report, 119; Keshena, Indian reservation at, 67-68, papers acquired, 375. 310; mission, 73; residents, 74, 191; Ladysmith, resident, 60. route to, 200; burial at, 311; arrival Lafayette County, mining in, 448. of merchants, 346. La Follette, Philip F., governor, 58. Kewaunee, resident, 274; Indian village, La Follette Jr., Sen. Robert M., con- 348. ference with, 62. Kewaunee County, climate, 273; pio- Lake Geneva, on mail route, 399. neers, 274. Lake George, early name for Horicon, Keweenaw, lakes steamboat, 156-159. 215. Keweenaw Point, route via, 315-316, Lake Nebagamon, physicians at, 282, 322. 284, 288-289, 294, 305; early settler, Kickapoo Indians, removal, 355. 283; described, 287, 291; removal Kilbourn, Byron, at Milwaukee, 447- from, 295; sawmill at, 298. 448, 456; candidate, 458-460. Lamb ton (Ont.), resident, 414; excur- King, Preston, advises President John- sion from, 420. son, 21. Lamoreux, C. A., interest in seaway King, Rufus, editor, 448. project, 56-57, 60-61. Kinzie, John H., en route to Fort Win- La Mothe, Menominee chief, 349. nebago, 134. Landsee, Carl, death, 99. Kinzie, Juliette M., Wan-Bun, cited, Landwirthschaftlicher Verein, consti- 134-135. tution of, acquired, 365. Kirby, Frank E., supervises building of Lane, James H., United States senator, vessel, 413. 28. Kitineashing, Indian village, 348. Langlade, Charles de, military service Knap, Charles, and Union convention, of, 202. 30. Langlade County Historical Society, Knaplund, Prof. Paul, statement on activities, 104, 239, 368, 473; report, Turner, 88, 97. 119. Knapp, Gilbert, at Racine, 447. Lapham, Charles, death, 364. Kneeland, Edward, Wisconsin resident, Lapham, Increase A., sketch, 42; 84. letters acquired, 101; at Milwaukee, Knight Papers, additions to collection, 447-448. 101. Larrabee, Judge Charles H., heads iron Know-nothing party, member of, 384. company, 215. Koch, John C, Milwaukee mayor, 49. Larsen, Arthur J., editor, 467. Kohler, Walter J., governor, 58. Latimer, H. D., lumbering interests, Koss, Dr. Rudolph, historian, 54. 274. 488 Index

Lawe, John, fur trader, 127, 445; letters MABLEY, C. R., and Company, manager of, acquired, 235. for, 3. Lawrence, Judge Charles B., law part- McAloon, Alec, liveryman, 294. ner, 179. McClellan, Gen. George B., in the Civil Lawrence, Col. "William, at Fort How- War, 138. ard, 134. McDonald, Willie, on lakes vessel, 19, League Lake, Kenosha County, 398. McGlynn, Frank, letter to, 188. Le Clair, in lumber region, 291. McGregor (Iowa), visited, 386. Lee, Col. Francis, at Fort Howard, Mack, Prof. John G. D., interest in 137. seaway project, 57, 60. Lee, Rev. Lucius, lecture by, 400. McKay, Capt. , of the City of De- Leisk, Capt. Henry, interest in sea- troit, 418. way project, 57. McKay, Capt. , of the Greyhound, Lemonweir House, route via, 382. 418, 420. Levy, J. M., leases lots, 387. McKay, "Old Copperhead," lakes mar- Lewis, Henry, artist, 476. iner, 417. Lewis, Theodore G., death, 364. McKenzie, J. U., superintendent of tele- Liberal Republican party, Democrats graph company, 3; telephone inter- unite with, 180. est, 4. Liggett, , operates telephone McKey, Henry, law partner, 179. switchboard, 4. Mackinac (Mackinaw, Mikillimakinak, Lima (Peru), sighted, 437. Mich.), transportation via, 11, 15; Limekiln Crossing, route via, 154. United States controls, 125; fur trade Lincoln, Abraham, and reconstruction, at, 126, 307; officers at, 127, 357; 21-22; "Personality of," 188-191. removal from, 132; physician at, 139; Linn, Lewis F., United States senator, contact with, 140; missionary at, 142; 462. captured, 203. "Literary (A) Club Symposium," edi- McLaughlin, Capt. , of the City torial, 85-97. of Alpenuj 418. Little Acorn. See Okemauniken. McLaughlin, Dugold, on lakes vessel, Little Bear. See Waiawasha. 413-414, 418. Little Chief. See Okemosha. MacLeod, Arthur W., tribute by, 109. Little Chute, murder at, 359. McMillan, Hugh, Detroit resident, 3. McMillan, Sen. James, Detroit resident, Little Wave. See Okomenekinosha. 3; owns early telephone, 4. Loring, Lieut. Henry H., at Fort McNeil, Lieut.-Col. John, at Fort How- Howard, 139. ard, 131-132. Lowerz Lake, island in, 192. McPherson, L. R., testimony of, 60. Ludington, Harrison, Milwaukee mayor, McVicar, Mrs. Helen, "Some Pioneer 49. Settlers of Kenosha County," 395- 402; parents of, 401; Kenosha resi- Lumbering, in Wisconsin, 111-112, 274, dent, 476. 282-306; article on, 375-388. MeVittie, Alexander, secretary of Dry Lupsky, Joseph, Polish pioneer, 276. Dock Company, 403. Luther Valley Historical Society, or- Madison, Dr. William S., at Fort ganized, 239; activity, 368. Howard, 139. Lutherans, interest in, 249; unrest of, Madison, Union convention at, 21; res- in Germany, 250; controversy over idents, 57, 282; literary club, 85,* doctrine, 251; leave for America, 256; state laboratory of hygiene, 301 j at Buffalo, 257; found Freistadt, 261; made capital, 453. minister, 263; in Wisconsin, 266. Madison Express, cited, 464. Lutz, Lorenz, pioneer, 275-276. Madison Wisconsin Enquirer, cited,, Liitzel, Margarethe, friend of, 257; 452, 462-464. letter to, 261; marriage, 262; family Malia, R. F., interest in seaway pro- life, 263. See also von Rohr. ject, 61-62. Lyon, E. Wilson, Louisiana in French Mamakiwet (War Chief), Menominee Diplomacy, reviewed, 467. chief, 350. Index 489

Mamma Judy Lighthouse, route via, Merrill, Capt. Moses, at Fort Howard, 154. 137; marriage, 138. Mangold, Dr. , daughter, 249; of Mesaba Range, accident on, 283. Berlin, Germany, 250. Methodists, at Green Bay, 135: mem- Manitowoc, port at, 59; Indian village, ber, 401. 348. Metshwikito. See Sturgeon Bay. Manitowoc County Historical Society, Metzmenomonie (Great Menominee), activities, 104, 239, 473. birth, 357. Mann, Jacob, brewer, 4. Metzner, Lee W., "Polish Pioneers of Maquoketa (Iowa), early church at, Kewaunee County," 269-280. 142. Mexican War, troops transferred at Marcy, Lieut. Randolph B., at Fort close of, 137; losses in, 138-139. Howard, 138. Michalek, John, Polish pioneer, 276, Marine City, lakes vessel, 11, 160. 279. Marinette County Historical Society, Michigan, interest in seaway project, report, 119. 57-58; territorial council meets, 136; Markiewich, Joseph, Polish pioneer, 279. Indian missionary in, 142; trader in, Marshall, Judge R. D., opinion cited, 307; territorial judge, 446. 226, 228-229, 231, 359. Michigan, lakes vessel, 6, 173. Marshall, Dr. Victor, at University of Michigan Lake, ports, 56; water power, Wisconsin, 282. 63-64; water level, 62; Indians on, Marti, , letter to, 333. 74, 348; influence of, 114; waterway Martin, Deborah B., History of Brown to, 125; forts on, 130; missions on, County, cited, 132; article cited, 139. 199; road at, 214; fur trade along, Martin, Morgan L., architect of home 307; trip on, 326. of, 144; comes to Wisconsin, 446; Military road, described, 136; proposed candidate, 450. road to join, 214. Martin Luther College, at Buffalo, 265. Millen, Commodore James, makes Marvin, William, senator elect, 24. transfer, 416; consultation with, 417. Mason, Stevens T., Doty's partner, Millen, Capt. P. L., on Great Lakes, 453; governor of Michigan, 455. 160, 162, 164-166, 403. Masonry, in Kenosha County, 401. Millen, "Roaring John," on lakes vessel, Masters, lakes vessel, 7. 161, 171-172, 313-314, 327; owns dog, Matilda, whaling vessel, 434. 317-318. Maumee Bay, route via, 171. Millen, Capt. William, on Great Lakes, Mauston, route via, 3S4-. 324. Mazzuchelli, Rev. Samuel C, sketch, Miller, A. A., testimony of, 60. 142; makes trip, 354-. Miller, Col. John, at Green Bay, 126; Mechanics Union Manufacturing Com- at Mackinac, 127. pany, incorporators of, 221; pur- Miller, Sidney T., interest in seaway pose, 223; buys land, 231. project, 57. Medill, William, speech, 464. Mills, Dr. Nathan, death, 303. Menominee (Folles Avoines, Puants) Mills, Robert, architect, 141. Indians, missionary to, 67; food of, Milton, George F., The Age of Hate, 69, 196; sketch, 70; interpreter cited, 30-31. among, 71; chief, 73; cede land, 136; Milwaukee, inventors, 42-43; audito- red pipes, 191; pagans, 192; huts, rium, 43; Germans at, 44, 258; clubs, 193; in Black Hawk War, 203; res- 46, 48, 54; harbor, 48, 52, 403, 445; ervation, 310, 454; intoxication mayors, 49, 51, 60; cathedral, 53, 144; among, 352; warrior, 358. histories, 53-55, 258; meeting at, 59; Menominee River, tributary of Green publishing company, 65; residents, 56, Bay, 357; Indians' death on, 357; 61-62, 68, 76, 204, 207, 209, 217, 328; bear lives on, 358. described, 78-79; fish shipped to, 217; sportsmen, 225; Lincoln statue un- Menomineeville ("Shantytown"), activ- veiled, 236; land office, 259; trading ity at, 130; first courthouse at, 237. center, 260; founded, 307; fur traders Mequon Township, pioneers in, 258. at, 308, 444; removal from, 309; Merrill, Prof. J. A., testimony of, 60. burial at, 311; route via, 331; poli- 490 Indeoo

tics, 443, 459; leaders, 447; canal to Moravian trader, traveling companion, Rock River, 456; votes, 457; improve- 195. ments, 463; centennial, 472-473. Morgan, Edwin D., United States sen- Milwaukee Advertiser, article in, 78; ator, 24, 26. founded, 456. Morgan, James, Milwaukee merchant, Milwaukee and Rock River Canal, land 48. grant for, 456. Morgan, Lewis, builds fort, 127. Milwaukee County, district attorney, Morphy, Maj. E. W., death, 99. 84; Democratic party in, 180; created, Morton, O. P., and reconstruction, 38. 445, 459; leaders, 447; votes, 450, Moullier, Pete, employment of, 9. 455, 457, 461. Mt. Calvary, Capuchin Order at, 66- Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin, edi- 68; pictured, 66. torial writer on, 54. Mrotek brothers, Polish pioneers, 279. Milwaukee Her old, editorial writer on, Mud Lake, route via, 169, 171. 54. Mueller, , oboe-player, 254; mar- Milwaukee Journal, columnist, 55; riage, 265. cited, 225. Munger, Lew, of Detroit, 175. Milwaukee News, office visited, 53; Musser-Sauntry Lumber Company, in columnist, 55. northern Wisconsin, 287; smallpox Milwaukee River, pioneers along, 258; in camps, 292; workman, 293. port, 444. Milwaukee Sentinel, office visited, 53-54; NASH, E. G., death, 364. cited, 442-443; editors, 448; Doty's National Rivers and Harbors Congress, paper, 456. delegates, 56. Mineral Point, messenger at, 354; jour- National Union convention, call drafted, nals, 442; court at, 446; founded, 29-30. 449; land office, 460; bank issue, 454, Neebish Rapids, in St. Marys river, 461. 168-169. Miner's Free Press, cited, 442-443. Neenah, sale at, 454. Mink, early schooner, 126. Neisans Lake, Kenosha County, 398. Minnesota, interest in seaway project, Nettels, Prof. Curtis, discussion of 56-58; pipestone in, 191; Lutherans Turner paper, 86-87, 89-91. in, 266; lumber camps, 292; wild Nevius, Aaron C, copies of letters ac- life, 293. quired, 101. Minnie, Peter, on lakes vessel, 413. New Bergholtz (N.Y.), minister at, Mississippi River, power plants on trib- 264-265, 267. utaries, 63; villages near, 82, 376; af- New Deal, discussed, 91. fluent of, 11, 125; forts on, 125, 132, New Diggings, early church at, 142- 140; defeat on, 128; expedition to 143; mining, 448. headwaters of, 129; troops ascend, New Glarus, 1850 report on, 235, 328- 133; Indians removal across, 192, 355; 345; type of land, 332; houses, 334- islands in, 198; flood control, 220, 335; food, 336-337. 231; city on, 265; log drives on, 293; New Lisbon, route via, 384-385. valley, 300; immigration up, 331. New London, route via, 69; on Wolf Mississippi Valley Historical Associa- River, 71. tion, meetings, 475. New Walmore (N.Y.), Lutherans at5 Missouri, population increase, 332; im- 265. migrants from, 450; patrol in, 451. Missouri Synod, of Lutheran church, New York, and seaway project, 64; 267. Indians in, 131; governor, 264; settlers removal from, 308; emigra- Mitchell, Alexander, letter cited, 27. tion from, 444, 446, 455. Mocha Island, sighted, 433-434. New York City, opposes seaway pro- Moffatt, A. N., officer of steamship line, ject, 64; Lutherans at, 257-258; phy- 413. sician, 284; hospital, 318; minister, Montcalm, Gen. Louis J., military serv- 330, 333; trip via, 412; port, 422. ice, 202. New York World, founder, 138. Moore, Prof. R. A., quoted, 275. Newberry, Henry A., carpenter, 398. Index 491

Niagara (N.Y.), Lutherans near, 264; Ottawa (Courts Oreilles) Indians, mis- testimonial dated at, 357. sionary encounters, 74. Nicolet, Jean, road dedicated, 236. Outagamie County, route via, 73. Nobby Island, summer homes on, 405. Outagamie County Pioneer Association, Noble, M. L., partners of, 375-377. report, 119. Norgord, C. P., testimony of, 60. Owen, , on lakes vessel, 411. Norman, , homesteader, 283. Ozaukee County, Democratic party in, North West Company, Documents, re- 180; pioneers in, 258. viewed, 466-467. Northern Pacific Railway, in Wisconsin, Pacific, whaler, 438. 300. Pacific Ocean, whaling voyage in, 422, Northwest, lakes vessel, 417. 430-441. Norton, Daniel S., United States sen- Packer, B. G., testimony of, 60. ator, 24. Paine, J. H., at Union convention, 21. Norton, Jesse O., lawyer, 179. Palmer, H. L., mentioned, 179. Nunns, Annie A., aid acknowledged, Palmer, John Mayo, law partner, 179. 181. Parish, John C, George Wallace Jones, Nye, Sen. R. J., in Wisconsin legis- 450, 452, 456. lature, 57. Parker, Barton L., tribute to, 109, 113- 114. ODANAH, resident, 303. Pascienski, Stanislaus, buys land, 275. O'Fallon, Capt. John, at Fort Howard, Paska, John, quoted, 270. 138. Patagonia, coast, 431, 433. Ohio, senator from, 25; political tour in, Paterson, Dr. J. A., at Iron River, 299. 33; interest in seaway project, 58; Patrons of Husbandry. See Grangers. emigrants from, 447. Patton, Ludington, death, 364. Okemakew (Princess), teacher of, 350. Paulowiz, Mike, Polish pioneer, 276. Okemauniken I (Great Wave), naming Pavne, Henry B., in politics, 181. of, 356; children of, 357. Pearl, lakes 'steamboat, 11-19, 146-153, Okemauniken II, father of, 357. 156, 167. Okemosha (Little Chief), named, 357. Pease, Prof. Theodore C, aid acknowl- Okomenekinosha, Okemauniken III edged, 34. (Little Wave. La Petite Vague, etc.), Peck, George W., sketch, 46; mayor, 49. Menominee chief, 350, 35S. Perrot, Nicolas, presents ostensorium to Okonski brothers, Polish pioneers, 276. mission, 197. Olschewski, Ludwig, Polish pioneer, Perry, Henry A., testimony of, 61. 276. Petrovsky, John, Polish pioneer, 276. Olson, Prof. Julius C, entertains Lit- Pettibone, A. W., Wisconsin pioneer, erary Club, 86. 382. Onalaska, visited, 386. Phi Beta Kappa, addressed, 442-465. Ontario Lake, view of, 407; route via, Philipp, Emanuel L., appointees, 57; 409. successor to, 58. Opuokon (Pipe), Winnebago chief, 358. Pierce, Frank, aid acknowledged, 378; Opwokon (Calumet), lived on Green cited, 379. Bay, 356. Pike Creek, port, 444. Ordinance of 1787, cited, 462. Pikwakona (Eagle without Feather), Oregon (Wis.), residents, 281, 287. Menominee chief, 350. Oshkosh, Menominee chief, brothers of, Pinkney, Col. Ninian, at Fort Howard, 76, 203, 349; son of, 191, 347; daugh- 130;'sketch, 131. ter of, 201. "Pioneer Settlers of Kenosha County," Oshkosh, route via, 69. by Mrs. Helen McVicar, 395-402. Oskiininew, Menominee chief, brother of Pipe. See Opuokon. Oshkosh, 349. Pipe Village. See Calumet. Ossaukie, Indian village, 348. Place, Laura. See Mrs. Charles Lane Oswego, lakes vessel, 7. Colman. Ott, J. J., testimony of, 61. Platteville, resident, 282; founded, 449. Ott, Jak., Swiss pioneer, 335. Pleasant Prairie, resident, 400. 492 Index

Polish, Catholics among, 71. RACINE, port at, 59; early church archi- "Polish Pioneers of Kewaunee County," tect, 143; residents, 178, 185; immi- by Lee W. Metzner, 269-280. gration to, 444-445, 447; votes, 455; Polk, Pres. James K., appointments, centennial, 472. 464. Racine County, votes, 457, 459, 461. Pollard, A. F., European scholar, 90. Racine County Historical Society, gifts Pomeroy, Mark M. (Brick), early Hori- to, 368. con editor, 224. Randall, Alexander W., letter cited, Pontiac, Ottawa chief, burial place, 28; and Union convention, 30. 321. Ratajczak, Jacob, Polish pioneer, 279. Porlier, Jacques, cited, 127. Rauschenberger, W. G., Milwaukee Port Colborne (Ont.), route via, 405- mayor, 49. 407. Rayl, T. B., and Company, manager Port Dalhousie (Ont.), route via, 405, for, 3. 407-408. Raymond, Henry J., and Union con- Port Huron (Mich.), route via, 319, vention, 30, 32. 413-414, 416, 419-420. Ream, R. L., treasurer removed, 461. Port Washington, port at, 59, 445; Reconstruction Act, Doolittle opposed early road at, 214; centennial, 472. to, 37. Portage, route via, 376, 382-384. Red Bird, Winnebago chief, surrender, Portage County, votes, 461. 133. Porter, Dr. E. H., letters to, 78-80, 82- Red, White and Blue, lakes vessel, 6. 84,204-209. Redwing, lakes vessel, 153. Porter, Hannah, greetings to, 84; son Reed, Harrison, editor, 448; buys res- of, 209. ervation, 454. Porter, Mortimer, uncle of, 208-209. Reedsburg, hops grown near, 393. Potawatomi (Poux), Indians habitat, "Reminiscences of My Sailor Days," 348. by L. W. Burch, 3-19, 146-177, 312- Powekona (Falling Feather), father of, 327, 403-421. 358. • Republican party, representatives in Poygan Lake, route via, 69-70. Wisconsin legislature, 26; members, Prairie du Chien, fort at, 125, 203, 443; 110, 180, 182, 187, 384; appointee, relief for, 128; birthplace, 135; mis- 181; in Wisconsin, 183; cities claim sionary at, 142; baptism at, 350; origin, 242. death at, 358; plats acquired, 365; Reynolds, Edwin P., inventor of engine, fur trade at, 442, 445; lacks news- 42. paper, 443; court at, 446; few leaders Rhinelander, physician at, 295. at, 447; vote, 450, 457. Rice, Harvey, interest in iron com- Pratt, William, on whaler, 434. pany, 215. Priestley papers, acquired, 471. Princess. See Okemakew. Rich, A. W., Milwaukee merchant, 48. Pritscheau, Prof. ——, German instruc- Rich, Horace H., incorporator of man- tor, 416. ufacturing company, 221; sawmill Proceedings of the Eighty-first Annual owner, 224. Meeting. See Wisconsin Historical Rich, Martin, interest in iron company, Society. 215. Proctor, L. A. See A. J. Aikens. Richard Winslow, lakes vessel, 165. Puants" See Winnebago Indians. Richardson, R. K., on nominating com- Puckler, Col. -—, gift to von Rohr, 252. mittee, 114. Pudewitz (Poland), described, 269, Ridgley's, route via, 385. 272; residents, 270. Riley House, route via, 385. Pyre, Prof. J. F. A., death, 99. Ripon, origin of Republcian party at, 242. QUEBEC (Can.), besieged, 202. Riverside, lakes steamboat, 152-156. Quebec (province, Can.), governor, Roach, , traps wolves, 294. 358. Rock County, votes, 457, 459, 461. Index 493

Rock Island (111.), fort at, 125; govern- burial at, 321; Indians rest at, 356; ment canal proposed to, 220; visited, visited, 386. 386. St. Martin, Alex, subject of experi- Rock River, lands along, 79, 213, 218; ments, 139. branches, 212; road across proposed, St. Marys River, route via, 312, 317, 214; dam across, 215, 220; sports- 326. men on, 225; navigable stream, 227- St. Michel mission, mentioned, 350. 230; Indians along, 308. Salisbury, Dr. F. R., Wisconsin physi- Rockford (111.), politics, 463. cian, 281. Rogers, Rev. B. T., death, 235. Sandwich House, route via, 385. Rogers, Robert, commandant, 357. Sanford, Albert H., "The Beginnings of Rohr, von, family. See Von Rohr. a Great Industry at La Crosse," 375- Rolls, Capt. William, lakes captain, 314- 388; sketch, 476. 315, 317, 320, 323, 326. Satterlee, Dr. Richard H., at Fort Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin, and New Howard, 140. Deal, 91. Sauer, Philip von Rohr, "Heinrich von Root River, port, 444. Rohr and the Lutheran Immigration Rose, David S., Milwaukee mayor, 51. to New York and Wisconsin," 247- Rosebush, Judson, testimony of, 61. 268; sketch, 371. Rosenberry, Judge Marvin, in Madison Sauk and Fox Indians, chief, 347. Literary Club, 86; decision, 230. Sauk County, hop culture in, 389-394; Rosenow, Dr. E. C, treatment for in- votes, 461. fluenza, 303. Sauk County Historical Society, activ- Ross, John, on whaler, 434. ities, 104, 368; report, 119-120. Roth, Johann, journal of, found, 370. Sauk Creek, port, 444. Rottenberger vs. Horicon Drainage Sauk Harbor. See Port Washington. District, decision, 227-228. Sauk Indians, river of, 348; descend- Rowe, Daniel, wife of, 401. ant, 353. Rucker, Gen. Daniel H., wife of, 138. Sault Ste Marie (Mich.), route via, Russel, Jeremiah P., on whaler, 434. 312; accident near, 315. Russell, Dean H. L., testimony of, 61. Sauthoff, Harry, elected curator, 120. Ryan, Edward G., at Racine, 447. Sawin, George, letters acquired, 364. Ryan, Paddy, on lakes vessel, 166-167. Scandinavians, in northern Wisconsin, Ryan, Pat, on lakes vessel. 312-313. 283. Ryan, Patrick, on whaler, 434. Schafer, Joseph, Winnebago-Horicon Basin, cited, 212; address, 442-465; Saginaw, lakes vessel, 415. The Lead Region, cited, 448-449. Sailing vessel, pictured, 174. Schafer, Miathias, letter acquired, 471. S.t. Clair Lake, schooners on, 7; flats, 8, Schekatzokemo, grandson of, 358. 416; crossed, 176, 325; ship canal, 312, Schmedeman, Albert G., governor, 58. 321. Schoolcraft, H. R., describes Fort How- St. Clair River, schooners on, 7; course ard, 129-130; expedition, 139. of, 8; route via, 18, 319-320, 416; Schroeder, George A., testimony of, village on, 414. 60. St. Croix River, logging on, 293. Schuette, H. George, death, 470. Schulte, Victor, early architect, 144. St. Francis Xavier mission, ostensori- Schulz, Lieut. Col. Edward H., testi- um, 197. mony of, 60. St. Helena Point, sighted, 439. Schuster Stores, at Milwaukee, 49. St. Lawrence River, improvement, 59, Scott, Daniel, lumbering interests, 274. 65; water power, 64; scenery along, Scott, Capt. Martin, detailed to build 405. military road, 136. St. Lawrence Seaway project, discus- SeCheverell, C. D., testimony of, 60. sion of, 56-65. Second United States Infantry, officers, St. Louis (Mo.), troops leave, 125; res- 132-133, 138-139. idents, 127, 138, 355; barracks near, "Sectional and Personal Politics in 133; Democratic convention at, 180; Early Wisconsin," editorial, 442-465. 494 Index

Seidel, Emil, Milwaukee mayor, 49-51. Sinissippi Lake, above Hustisford dam, Seivert, Maggie, cheese maker, 400. 228; in drainage controversy, 229, Sellers, James L., "James R. Doolittle," 359. 20-41, 178-187. Sinsinawa College, founded, 142. Sellery, Dean George C, in Madison Sioux Indians, land boundary, 112; ex- Literary Club, 86; discusses Turner pedition, 203. paper, 87, 92-93. Skolla (Skola), Rev. Otto, early mis- Seminole War, outbreak, 137. sionary, 193. Seward, William H., and Union con- Slauson, Dan, lumbering interests, 274. vention, 30. Slichter, Dean Charles S., discusses Seymour, Horatio, Doolittle favors, Turner, 87, 93-95. 181. Smallpox, in Wisconsin, 285-286, 288- "Shantytown." See Menomineeville. 289, 292. Shaw, Norman, Modern Architecture, Smith, , on Great Lakes, 325. cited, 141-142. Smith, Alice E., article, 470. Shawano (Shawano City), on water Smith, Ephraim K., at Fort Howard, route, 71, 201; early settlement, 73; 138. en route to, 200. Smith, George B., head of Wisconsin Shawano Lake, pioneers on, 196. Democrats, 32, 179; diary cited, 34, Shawano River, crossed, 73. 180. Shawanoe Indians. See Shawnee In- Smith, Col. Joseph L., at Fort Howard, dians. 129-130; son of, 138. Shawanow, Indian Chief, 357; title con- Smith, Margaret M. See Mrs. Zachary ferred on, 358. Taylor. Shawnee Indians, removal, 355. Smith, William E., land commissioner, Shayler, Maj. Ephraim, at Fort How- 223. ard, 137. Sniegocki, Adam, buys land, 275. Sheboygan, port at, 59; teaming route Socialist party, leader, 47-48; mayors, to, 376. 50, 52. Sheboygan County, votes, 461, 464. Society and State, 99-108, 234-242, 363- Sheboygan County Historical Society, 371, 469-476. activity, 239. Sokolski, Adolph, Polish pioneer, 276. Sheketok (The Redoubtable), Indian Somers, Peter J., Milwaukee mayor, 49. chief, 358. Soo River. See St. Marys River. Shekwanew, Menominee chief, 202. Sosnowski, Stanislaus, Polish pioneer, Sheldon, John P., removal of, 460. 276. Sheridan, Gen. Philip, mother-in-law of, Souligny (Shoniniew), Menominee chief, 138. 203; sketch, 347. Sherman, John, United States senator, Souligny, Sieur de, daughter of, 347. 39. South Bristol, resident, 400. Sherman, John M., incorporator of South Milwaukee, centennial, 472. manufacturing company, 221. Sparta, resident, 282; route via, 376, Sherman, Gen. William, in politics, 182. 384. Shields, William, on whaler, 434. Speed, Sec. James, removal sought, 26; Sholes, C. Latham, inventor 42; at resigns, 31. Kenosha, 447. Spencer, Robert C, heads Spencerian Shoniniew, Menominee chief. See school of business, 44-45. gy Sport Island, summer homes on, 405. Shullsburg, early church at, 142; min- Spring Prairie Township (Walworth ing at, 448; founded, 449. County), pioneer, 205. Siebecker, Judge R. S., opinion, 229, Squirrel Island, route via, 420. 359. Standard Rock light, route via, 316. Simmons, , rescued, 156. Stangel, Louis G., register of deeds, Simmons, Zalmon G., offers library fund, 400. 274. Simpson, Bert, on lakes vessel, 406. Stanton, Sec. E. M., removal sought, Sincock, Dr. Henry A., at Odanah, 304. 26; cited, 31; and reconstruction, 38; vote of thanks to, 40. Index 495

Staten Island, in New York harbor, TALCAHUNO, sighted, 434. 422. Tallmadge, B. H., Horicon Marsh..., Staten Land Island, in the South At- cited, 225. lantic, 428-429. Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., in Congress, Stearns, George L., mentioned, 33. 462; governor of Wisconsin, 464. Stephens, Alexander H., speech, 20. Tallman, -, superintendent of tele- Stephens, H. Morse, European scholar, phone company, 5. 90. Tanner, Dr. Herbert B., collection ac- Stephenson, James, on whaler, 434. quired, 235. Stevens, Fred, landowner, 398. Tapley, John, letter cited, 23, 27. Stevens, Thaddeus, view of, 24; and re- Tarbell, Emerson, sister of, 397. construction, 35, 38. Tarbell, Henry, sister of, 397. Stewart, Dr. P. B., illness of, 284; at Tartar, Dr. J. W., at Iron River, 299, Lake Nebagamon, 288-289, 291; 303; Odanah, 304. Rhinelander, 295; Iron River, 299. Taylor, Anne, father of, 128. Stickney, Gardner P., death, 470. Taylor, Isaac, lumbering interests, 274. Stilphen, Capt. , on lakes vessel, Taylor, Stephen, cited, 449. 165-166. Taylor, Maj. Zachary, at Fort Howard, Stocking, B. F., gives deed, 385. 128-129; successor to, 130; daughter, Stockton, John P., United States sen- 128. ator, 25-26. Telephones, installed in Detroit, 3-5. Stone, Nat, Milwaukee merchant, 48. Tenure of Office Act, introduced, 36; Stowell, John M., Milwaukee mayor, resolution for repeal of, 40. 49. Territorial Papers, reviewed, 466. Street, Joseph M., Indian agent, 446. Thayer, Asa P., on whaler, 434. Streiff, Fridolin, active in Swiss col- "Theresa: The Last Home of Solomon onization, 340. Juneau," by W. A. Titus, 307-311. Streissguth, Rev. Wilhelm, report on Thiele, Gen. von, appeal of, 251; New Glarus acquired, 235; report carries out command, 252. published, 328-345; portrait, 329. Thiensville, village established near, Strelinger, C. A., Detroit resident, 3. 261. Strong, Mrs. M., Ohio resident, 80. Third United States Infantry, builds fort, 126-127; removal of, 130; offi- Strong, Marshall M., at Racine, 44-7. cers, 132, 138. Strong, Moses M., speculates, 213; Thomas, Frederick, on whaler, 434. letter to, 214. Thomas, Gen. George, appointment of, Sturgeon Bay (Metshwikito), chief re- 39. sides at, 356. Thomas, Martin, in lead region, 448. Sumner, Charles, United States senator, Thompson, Helen F., death, 470. 23-25, 33, 37. Thomson, A. M., historian, 54. Superior, port at, 59; residents, 56-57, Thurman, Allen G., in politics, 181. 60, 62; employment at, 304. Thwaites, R. G., Wisconsin, 448. Tilden, Samuel J., presidential candi- Superior and Douglas County Histor- date, 180; Doolittle favors, 181. ical Society, reports, 120, 473; name Tillotson, , in steamship office, 415- changed, 368. 416. Superior Lake, ports, 56, 312; expedi- Timlin, Judge W. H., opinion, 229, 359. tion through, 129, 139, 318-319; light- Titus, W. A., "Theresa: The Last houses, 161, 316; storms on, 174, 325; Home of Solomon Juneau," 307-311. Indians on, 194; land on, 300; pilot, Tolman, Maj. Edgar B., law partner, 315. 179; cited, 186. Sutherland, Charles H., donor, 235. Tomah, Menominee chief, 202; famous Sweepstakes, lakes vessel, 7. hunter, 203. Sweet, Alanson, at Milwaukee, 456. Toole, William, papers acquired, 365. Swifka, John, Polish pioneer, 278. Toombs, Robert, mentioned, 30. Swisshelm, Jane Grey, Letters, re- Torrent, lakes tug, 314. viewed, 467-468. Towner, Clara, marriage, 110. 496 Index

Treaty of the Cedars, signature, 136. "Von Rohr, Heinrich, and the Lutheran Trempealeau, resident, 110. Immigration to New York and Wis- Tribune Almanac, cited, 180, 183. consin," by Philip von Rohr Sauer, Trumbull, Lyman, Untied States sen- 247-268; military life, 248-250; op- ator, 27, 39; Doolittle's opinion of, poses Unionist church, 251-255; leaves 28; law partner, 179; Democratic for America, 256; in Wisconsin, 257- leader, 180. 261; prepares for ministry, 262-263; Tryon, , of New York state, 76. serves in Canada, 263; in New York, Tryon, R. M., Household Manufactures 264; later life, 265-268; portrait, 247. in the United States, cited, 379. Von Rohr, John, birth, 265; pharma- Tschudy, , letter to, 333; log house cist, 266. of, 334. Von Rohr, Julchen, father of, 253; in- "Tumbez (Peru), visited, 439-440. heritance, 259; mentioned, 262; step- Turck, , sawmill owner, 259. mother of, 263; marriage, 265. Turner, Frederick Jackson, paper on, Von Rohr, Margarethe, financial diffi- 85-97. culty, 264. See also Ltitzel. Tuttle, Rollin, Kenosha County pioneer, Von Rohr, Marie, birth, 265. 397. Von Rohr, Max, illness, 250. Tweedy, John H., at Milwaukee, 447; Von Rohr, Philip, sketch, 247. characterized, 453. Von Rohr II, Philip, sketch, 263; min- Twiggs, Maj. David E., at Fort How- ister, 265, 267. ard, 133; removal, 134, 138. Two Rivers, port at, 59; Indian village, WABASH River, fort on, 128; Indians 348. along, 355. Tyler, Pres. John, and Wisconsin poli- Wade, B. F., United States senator, 25. tics, 460, 462. W. A. Easkell, lakes vessel, 403-412. Waiawasha (Little Bear), pagan chief, UNIONIST church, formation of, in 347. Germany, 251; controversy, 253. Waiska Bay, route via, 312; near Sault United States Senate. See Congress. Ste Marie, 323, 325. United States Supreme Court, decides Wakitschion (Crooked Nose), Menom- • Chicago water diversion question, 63. inee chief, 350. Upham, Don A. J., at Milwaukee, 447. Wales, Dr. B. N., Memories of Old St. Urkosski, Walentin, Polish pioneer, 276. Andrews, reviewed, 468. Usher, Ellis B., Wisconsin . . . , cited, Wales, Esther, donor, 100. 387. Walk-in-the-Water, lakes steamboat, Utah, governor, 464. 130. VALENTINE, , invents shingle ma- Walker, , invents shingle machine, chine, 381. 381. Vallandigham, Clement L., and Union Walker, Isaac P., at Milwaukee, 447. convention, 32. Walker, George H., at Milwaukee, 447. Valparaiso (Chile), port, 434. Wallace, W. Stewart, editor, 466-467. Van Buren, Pres. Martin, and Wiscon- Wallber, Emil, Milwaukee mayor, 49. sin politics, 460; candidate, 464. Walters, Nellie. See Mrs. F. G. John- Van Cleve, Lieut. H. P., marriage, 135. son. Van Winkle, P. G., United States senator, 24. Walther, Dr. C. F. W., Lutheran leader, Vieau, Jacques, fur trader, 307-308. 266-267. Vieau, Josette, marriage, 308. See also Walworth County, pioneer, 205; votes, Mrs. Solomon Juneau. 457, 459. Viete's, route via, 383. Vilas, Col. William F., letter to, 181. Walworth prairie, wheat grown on, 399. Viney, Fred, on lakes vessel, 13-14, 16- Wapakomia (Daughter of Silver 17, 148-149, 167. Plates), birth, 357. Virginia, emigrants from, 447. War Eagle, river boat, 384. Vliet, Garret, at Milwaukee, 447-448. Warrington, , sketch 196; visited, Von Rohr, Elise, birth, 265; removal to West, 266. 200. Washburn, C. C, elected governor, 180. Index 497

Washington (D.C.), resident, 47; meet- White, Orin, on whaler, 434. ings at, 56, 59; visited, 62; fair, 184. White, Philo, at Racine, 447. Washington, early schooner, 126. Whitefish Point (Mich.), route via, 161,. Washington County, Democratic party 312, 315, 322-323. in, 180; votes, 459. Whitehead, John M., letter, 188-191? Water power. See "Horicon Dam Ques- sketch, 243. tion." Whitehead, Mrs. Juliet T., donor, 243. Watertown, early settlement, 445. Whitney, Daniel, at Green Bay, 445. Water town Historical Society, activi- Whyte, Daniel, letters acquired, 471. ties, 104, 239; report, 120. Wigfall, Louis, mentioned, 30. Waukegan (111.), Indian village, 348. Wika (Belle-AngClique), pagan chief,. Waukesha, early settlement, 445; cen- 348, 358-359; band of, 348. tennial, 472. Wilcox, Hon. Roy, testimony of, 61. Waukesha County Historical Society, Wilcox, lakes vessel, 7. report, 120; activities, 239, 473. Wilkinson, Sen. A. H., in Wisconsin^ Waupaca County, route via, 71. legislature, 57; testimony of, 61. Waupun, route via, 376, 382. Williams, Eleazar, among Indians, 131 ? Wausau, mayor, 60. widow of, 191. Wauwatosa, centennial, 472. Williams, Francis, death, 364; error in Wayne, early schooner, 126. name, 465. Webb, Lieut. James W., at Fort How- Wilmer, Rev. Antonine, discovers docu- ard, 138. ment, 68. Webster, Daniel, friendship for Doty, Wilson, Douglas, on lakes vessel, 327. 460, 462. Wilson, Gen. James H., makes canal Weekes, Thomas, comrade's diary ac- survey, 220, 231. quired, 101; on whaling voyage, 422. Wilson, W. K., in Wisconsin legislature, Weekes, W. E., donor, 101, 422. 26. Weins, Raymond H., interest in sea- Winfield Township, hops grown in, 393. way project, 62. Winnebago County, vote, 464. Welch's, route via, 382. Winnebajro County Archeological and Welcome, Capt. , lakes captain, 10- Historical Society, activities, 105, 11. 473; report, 120. Welland Canal, route via, 405. Winnebago (Puant) Indians, removal, Welles, Gideon, Diary of, cited, 26; and 136, 308, 452; expedition, 203; at- Union convention, 29-31. tacked by, 354; chief, 358; outbreak, West, George A., archeologist, honored, 449. 366. Winnebago Lake, route via, 69; military West Kew&unee, Polish settlers in, road at, 136; land on, 207; immi- 269, 275, 278-279; topography of, 276. grants in region of, 332; village ony Westcott, Capt. J. W., marine reporter, 358. 5; son lost, 7; employee of, 8; visited, Winnebago Rapids, sale at, 454. 8-9. Winneconne (Winnekoning), meaning- Weston, logs bought at, 384. of, 70. Wetashe, Menominee chief, 350. Winslow, Justice John B., Story of a Weyerhauser and Rutledge Lumbering Great Court, cited, 87; views of, 359. Company, in northern Wisconsin, 282, Wisconsin, Democrats in, 32, 179, 181; 286. active in seaway project, 56-65; old- Whaler's diary, published, 422-441. est literary club, 85; Farm Prices, Wheaton, Dr. Walter V., at Fort How- reviewed, 98; tercentennial in, 102, ard, 139. 235-236; boundary of Indian lands in, Whelpley, J. P., Wisconsin pioneer, 382. 112; Indians in, 131, 354; military Whig party, in early Wisconsin, 384, road in, 136; territory organized, 137, 453, 459-460, 463-464. 450; missionary in, 142; architects, 141-145; land prices, 208; early sur- Whistler, Caroline, marriage, 139. veys, 214; drainage districts organ- Whistler, Maj. William, at Fort How- ized in, 226; drainage suit, 230; ard, 129; in Red Bird uprising, 133; Lutherans in, 257, 261, 265-266; Ger- brother-in-law, 138; daughter, 139. man pioneers, 258; medicine, 281 j 498 Index

smallpox epidemic, 286; first tuber- W. L. Frost, lakes vessel, 166, 407. cular sanatorium in, 287; forests, W. L. Whitmore, lakes vessel, 169-170. 295; residents, 298, 306; World War Wolf River, logging on, 68-69; trip on, •recruits, 303; fur trade, 307-308; described, 70-72; affluent, 73, 192, 200; Swiss pioneers, 328; immigration, Keshena on, 74; Indians on, 351. 331-332; bison, 356; naturalist, 397; Wood, Fernando, and Union conven- early library, 401; centennial, 472; tion, 32. early politics, 442-465. Woodbridge, Dr. , treats typhoid, "Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, 284. and Letters, correspondence acquired, Woodford, Trueman, incorporator of 101; Transactions cited, 258, 266. manufacturing company, 221. Wisconsin Congregational Conference, Woodworth, post office at, 399. papers acquired, 365. Wooster, David, lumbering interests, Wisconsin D.A.R., records of, acquired, 274. 365. Worden, C. H., testimony of, 61. Wisconsin Historcial Society, mem- Wren, Christopher, architect, 143. bers, 99, 234, 363, 469-470; Proceed- Wright, William, United States sena- ings published, 109-121; places tablet, tor, 25. 137. Wueskino, brother of, 358; murdered, Wisconsin legislature, asks Doolittle to 359. resign, 27, 37; session, 57. Wyandotte (Mich.), route via, 154. Wisconsin River, troops on, 133; In- dians north of, 136; missionary on, House, route via, 385. 142; road to proposed, 214; head- Yankees, dislike of, 190; in lumbering waters, 220; immigrants north of, region, 274-275; attacked by Indian, 332; ferry on, 376. 854. Wisconsin Supreme Court, decision, 227. Wisconsin Synod, of Lutheran church, ZGLIJTTTZKE, Gen. von, remark, 267. 252. Wisconsin Telephone Company, in northern Wisconsin, 291. Zimmerman, Fred, governor, 58. Wisconsin University, represented in Zuviewski, Jan, Polish pioneer, 276. Madison Literary Club, 85; dean, Zweig vs. Horicon Iron and Manufac- 88; faculty, 92, 94, 300; students, 110, turing Company, testimony, 215; 282; premedical course, 281. cited, 217-218.

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