R El E V a N T in T Er N a T Io N a L Co N V En T Io

RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

404 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONAL RELEVANT RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Country UN Protocol to Prevent, ILO Optional Protocol to Optional Protocol to ILO ILO Suppress & Punish Convention 182, the Convention on the the Convention on the Convention Convention Trafficking in Persons Elimination of Rights of the Child on Rights of the Child in 29, Forced 105, Worst Forms of the Sale of Children, Armed Conflict Labour Abolition Child Labor Child Prostitution and of Forced Child Pornography Labour

Signature Ratification, Ratification Signature Ratification, Signature Ratification, Ratification Ratification Accession (a), or Accession (a) Accession (a) Acceptance (A) Afghanistan X X(a) X(a) X Albania X X X X(a) X(a) X X Algeria X X X X(a) X(a) X X Angola X X(a) X(a) X X Antigua & Barbuda X X X X X X Argentina X X X X X X X X X Armenia X X X X XXX X X Australia X X X X XXX X X Austria X X X X XXX X X Azerbaijan X X X X XXX X X Bahamas X X X X X Bahrain X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Bangladesh X X XXX X X Barbados X X X X Belarus X X X X(a) X(a) X X Belgium X X X X XXX X X Belize X(a) X X XXX X X Benin X X X X XXX X X Bhutan X XXX Bolivia X X X X X X(a) X X Bosnia & Herzegovina X X X X XXX X X Botswana X X X X(a) X X X X Brazil X X X X XXX X X Brunei X X(a) Bulgaria X X X X XXX X X Burkino Faso X X X X XXX X X Burma X(a) X(a) X Burundi X X X X(a) X X X X Cambodia X X X X XXX X X Cameroon X X X X XX X X Canada X X X X XXX X X Cape Verde X X X X(a) X(a) X X Central African Rep. X(a) X X XX X X Chad X(a) X X XXX X X Chile X X X X XXX X X China (PRC) X(a) X X XXX Colombia X X X X XXX X X 405 Country UN Protocol to Prevent, ILO Optional Protocol to Optional Protocol to ILO ILO Suppress & Punish Convention 182, the Convention on the the Convention on the Convention Convention Trafficking in Persons Elimination of Rights of the Child on Rights of the Child in 29, Forced 105, Worst Forms of the Sale of Children, Armed Conflict Labour Abolition Child Labor Child Prostitution and of Forced Child Pornography Labour

Signature Ratification, Ratification Signature Ratification, Signature Ratification, Ratification Ratification Accession (a), or Accession (a) Accession (a) Acceptance (A) Comoros X X(a) X X Congo, Rep. of X X X(a) X(a) X X Congo (DRC) X(a) X X(a) X X X X Costa Rica X X X X XXX X X Cote d’Ivoire X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Croatia X X X X XXX X X Cuba X(a) X XXX X X Cyprus X X X X XXX X X Czech Republic X X X XX X X Denmark X X X X XXX X X Djibouti X(a) X X XXX X X Dominican Republic X X X X(a) X X X Ecuador X X X X XXX X X Egypt X X X X(a) X(a) X X El Salvador X X X X XXX X X Equatorial Guinea X X X X(a) X X

RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Eritrea X(a) X(a) X X Estonia X X X X X X X X Ethiopia X(a) X X X X Fiji X X X X X Finland X X(A) X X XXX X X France X X X X XXX X X Gabon X(a) X X X X X X X Gambia, The X X X X X X X X Georgia X X X X(a) X(a) X X Germany X X X X XXX X X Ghana X(a) X X X X X Greece X X X X XXX X X Guatemala X(a) X X XXX X X Guinea X(a) X X(a) X X Guinea-Bissau X X X X XX X X Guyana X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Haiti X X X X X X X Honduras X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Hungary X X X X XXX X X Iceland X X X X XXX X X India X X X XXX X X

406 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONAL RELEVANT

Signature Ratification, Ratification Signature Ratification, Signature Ratification, Ratification Ratification Accession (a), or Accession (a) Accession (a) Acceptance (A) Indonesia X X X X X X X X X Iran X X(a) X X X Iraq X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Ireland X X X X XX X X Israel X X X X XXX X X Italy X X X X XXX X X Jamaica X X X X XXX X X Japan X X X XXX X Jordan X(a) X X XXX X X Kazakhstan X(a) X X XXX X X Kenya X(a) X X XX X X Kiribati X(a) X X X Korea (DPRK) Korea, Rep. Of X X X XXX Kuwait X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Kyrgyz Republic X X X X(a) X(a) X X Laos X(a) X X(a) X(a) X Latvia X X X X XXX X X Lebanon X X X X XX X X Lesotho X X X X XXX X X Liberia X(a) X X X X X Libya X X X X(a) X(a) X X Lithuania X X X X(a) X X X X Luxembourg X X X X XXX X X Macedonia X X X X XXX X X Madagascar X X X X XXX X X Malawi X(a) X X XXX X X Malaysia X(a) X X(a) X(a) X Maldives, The X X XXX X X Mali X X X X(a) X X X X Malta X X X X X(a) X X X X Marshall Islands Mauritania X(a) X X(a) X X Mauritius X(a) X X XXX X X Mexico X X X X XXX X X Micronesia (FSM) X(a) X XX Moldova X X X X XXX X X

407 Country UN Protocol to Prevent, ILO Optional Protocol to Optional Protocol to ILO ILO Suppress & Punish Convention 182, the Convention on the the Convention on the Convention Convention Trafficking in Persons Elimination of Rights of the Child on Rights of the Child in 29, Forced 105, Worst Forms of the Sale of Children, Armed Conflict Labour Abolition Child Labor Child Prostitution and of Forced Child Pornography Labour

Signature Ratification, Ratification Signature Ratification, Signature Ratification, Ratification Ratification Accession (a), or Accession (a) Accession (a) Acceptance (A) Mongolia X(a) X X XXX X X Montenegro X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Morocco X(a) X X XXX X X Mozambique X X X X(a) X(a) X X Namibia X X X X XXX X X Nepal X X X X X X X Netherlands, The X X(A) X X XXX X X New Zealand X X X X X X X X X Nicaragua X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Niger X X X X X X(a) X X Nigeria X X X X XXX X X Norway X X X X XXX X X Oman X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Pakistan X X X X X X Palau Panama X X X X XXX X X

RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Papua New Guinea X X X Paraguay X X X X XXX X X Peru X X X X X X X X X Philippines X X X X XXX X X Poland X X X X XXX X X Portugal X X X X XXX X X Qatar X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Romania X X X X XXX X X Russia X X X X XX X X Rwanda X X X X(a) X(a) X X St. Lucia X X X X X St. Maarten X X St. Vincent & the Gren. X X X X(a) X(a) X X Saudi Arabia X X X X(a) X(a) X X Senegal X X X X XXX X X Serbia X X X X XXX X X Seychelles X X X X XXX X X Sierra Leone X X X XXX X X Singapore X XX X Slovak Republic X X X X XXX X X Slovenia X X X X XXX X X

408 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONAL RELEVANT

Signature Ratification, Ratification Signature Ratification, Signature Ratification, Ratification Ratification Accession (a), or Accession (a) Accession (a) Acceptance (A) Solomon Islands X X X X X Somalia X X X South Africa X X X X(a) X X X X South Sudan X X X Spain X X X X XXX X X Sri Lanka X X X XXX X X Sudan X X(a) X X X X Suriname X(a) X X X X X X Swaziland X X X X(a) X(a) X X Sweden X X X X XXX X X Switzerland X X X X X X X X X Syria X X X X(a) X(a) X X Tajikistan X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Tanzania X X X X(a) X(a) X X Thailand X X X(a) X(a) X X Timor-Leste X(a) X X(a) X(a) X Togo X X X X XXX X X Tonga Trinidad & Tobago X X X X X Tunisia X X X X XXX X X Turkey X X X X XXX X X Turkmenistan X(a) X X(a) X(a) X X Uganda X X X(a) X(a) X X Ukraine X X X X XXX X X United Arab Emirates X(a) X X X United Kingdom X X X X XXX X X United States X X X X XXX X Uruguay X X X X XXX X X Uzbekistan X X X X(a) X(a) X X Venezuela X X X X XXX X X Vietnam X(a) X X XXX X Yemen X X(a) X(a) X X Zambia X(a) X X X X X Zimbabwe X X(a) X X

409 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT: MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Div. A of Pub. L. No. 106-386, § 108, as amended.

(A) Minimum standards June 1, 2005, and the periods afterwards until September 30 of each such year, the Secretary of State For purposes of this chapter, the minimum standards for the may disregard the presumption contained in the elimination of trafficking applicable to the government of a preceding sentence if the government has provided country of origin, transit, or destination for victims of severe some data to the Department of State regarding forms of trafficking are the following: such acts and the Secretary has determined that the (1) The government of the country should prohibit severe government is making a good faith effort to collect forms of trafficking in persons and punish acts of such such data. trafficking. (2) Whether the government of the country protects (2) For the knowing commission of any act of sex victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and trafficking involving force, fraud, coercion, or in which encourages their assistance in the investigation and the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of prosecution of such trafficking, including provisions for giving meaningful consent, or of trafficking which legal alternatives to their removal to countries in which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death, they would face retribution or hardship, and ensures the government of the country should prescribe that victims are not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, or otherwise penalized solely for unlawful acts as a such as forcible sexual assault. direct result of being trafficked, including by providing training to law enforcement and immigration officials (3) For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form regarding the identification and treatment of trafficking of trafficking in persons, the government of the country victims using approaches that focus on the needs of the should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently victims. stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense. (3) Whether the government of the country has adopted measures to prevent severe forms of trafficking in (4) The government of the country should make serious persons, such as measures to inform and educate the and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of public, including potential victims, about the causes trafficking in persons. and consequences of severe forms of trafficking in (B) Criteria persons, measures to establish the identity of local

TRAFFICKING (TVPA) ACT VICTIMS PROTECTION populations, including birth registration, citizenship, In determinations under subsection (a)(4) of this section, the and nationality, measures to ensure that its nationals following factors should be considered as indicia of serious who are deployed abroad as part of a peacekeeping and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate in persons: severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims (1) Whether the government of the country vigorously of such trafficking, and measures to prevent the use of investigates and prosecutes acts of severe forms of forced labor or child labor in violation of international trafficking in persons, and convicts and sentences standards. persons responsible for such acts, that take place wholly (4) Whether the government of the country cooperates or partly within the territory of the country, including, with other governments in the investigation and as appropriate, requiring incarceration of individuals prosecution of severe forms of trafficking in persons. convicted of such acts. For purposes of the preceding (5) Whether the government of the country extradites sentence, suspended or significantly reduced sentences persons charged with acts of severe forms of trafficking for convictions of principal actors in cases of severe in persons on substantially the same terms and to forms of trafficking in persons shall be considered, on substantially the same extent as persons charged with a case-by-case basis, whether to be considered as an other serious crimes (or, to the extent such extradition indicator of serious and sustained efforts to eliminate would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or severe forms of trafficking in persons. After reasonable with international agreements to which the country is a requests from the Department of State for data party, whether the government is taking all appropriate regarding investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so sentences, a government which does not provide such as to permit such extradition). data, consistent with the capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have (6) W hether the government of the country monitors vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, or immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of sentenced such acts. During the periods prior to the severe forms of trafficking in persons and whether law annual report submitted on June 1, 2004, and on enforcement agencies of the country respond to any such evidence in a manner that is consistent with the vigorous investigation and prosecution of acts of such 410 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION VICTIMS ACT TRAFFICKING (TVPA)

trafficking, as well as with the protection of human sentence if the government has provided some data rights of victims and the internationally recognized to the Department of State regarding such acts and human right to leave any country, including one’s own, the Secretary has determined that the government is and to return to one’s own country. making a good faith effort to collect such data. (7) Whether the government of the country vigorously (8) W hether the percentage of victims of severe forms of investigates, prosecutes, convicts, and sentences trafficking in the country that are non-citizens of such public officials who participate in or facilitate severe countries is insignificant. forms of trafficking in persons, including nationals (9) W hether the government of the country, consistent of the country who are deployed abroad as part with the capacity of such government, systematically of a peacekeeping or other similar mission who monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria described engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in in paragraphs (1) through (8) and makes available persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, and publicly a periodic assessment of such efforts. takes all appropriate measures against officials who condone such trafficking. After reasonable requests (10) Whether the government of the country achieves from the Department of State for data regarding appreciable progress in eliminating severe forms of such investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and trafficking when compared to the assessment in the sentences, a government which does not provide such previous year. data consistent with its resources shall be presumed not (11) Whether the government of the country has made to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, serious and sustained efforts to reduce the demand for or sentenced such acts. During the periods prior to the annual report submitted on June 1, 2004, and on June (A) commercial sex acts; and 1, 2005, and the periods afterwards until September (B) participation in international sex tourism by 30 of each such year, the Secretary of State may nationals of the country. disregard the presumption contained in the preceding

Ethiopian migrants wait at a departure center in the western Yemeni town of Haradh, on the border with Saudi Arabia and Yemen, before being returned to their home countries. Many people from the Horn of Africa cross international borders as irregular migrants and embark from points in Djibouti and Somalia to cross the Gulf of Aden. Drawn by the promise of a better life in the Arabian Peninsula, some migrants end up becoming trafficking victims during their journeys.

411 S tOPPING Human Trafficking, Sexual Exploitation, an d Abuse by International Peacekeepers

In response to a Congressional mandate, this section summarizes actions taken by the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to prevent trafficking in persons or the exploitation of victims of trafficking.

UNITED NATIONS (UN)

The United Nations’ 2003 zero-tolerance policy “Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse” (ST/SGB/2003/13), applies to approximately 114,000 uniformed personnel (troops, military observers, and police), international and national staff members, contractors, consultants, and volunteers serving in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions around the world. In 2012, there were 59 allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse lodged against UN peacekeeping personnel. The majority (52 percent) of those allegations were made against staff members, contractors and UN Volunteers, not military or uniformed personnel. Most of the allegations occurred at the UN missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Liberia, Haiti and Sudan. Thirty percent of the allegations involved children under 18 years of age, and in 20 other cases the age of the victims could not be determined. The UN completed 21 investigations of which eight were deemed credible; 37 cases were still under investigation at the end of 2012. No information is available on the number of cases that resulted

INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPERS in disciplinary action such as suspension, dismissal, censure, demotion, and referral to employers. In 2012, the UN reports it followed up 47 times with affected Troop Contributing Countries, and received 27 responses concerning the outcomes of disciplinary actions. All UN Missions have established victim assistance mechanisms and have mapped locally-available services for victims of sexual exploitation and abuse, which can be found at http://cdu.unlb.org/unstrategy/remedialaction.aspx.

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s anti-trafficking policy was adopted in 2004 and updated in 2007 and includes training for personnel of NATO-led missions, support for host country law enforcement in anti-trafficking investigations, guidelines prohibiting contractors from engaging in trafficking, and evaluations of implementation of efforts as part of ongoing reviews. In 2007, NATO established a Senior Coordinator on Counter Trafficking in Human Beings; according to NATO, due to budget constraints, the position has been vacant for two years. No anti-trafficking initiatives or activities were undertaken by NATO at the headquarters level since the departure of NATO’s Counter Trafficking Senior Coordinator. NATO has five ongoing operations involving the deployment more than 105,000 troops. During the reporting period, there were no reports of NATO personnel or units engaging in or facilitating human trafficking.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe’s Code of Conduct for Staff and Mission Members prescribes general conduct of officials and staff while on mission, with specific instruction on not engaging in human trafficking. In a direct response to the OSCE Action Plan, the organization’s human resources department issued guidance reiterating the high standards of behavior expected for all OSCE officials in mission areas, as well as for OSCE staff attending conferences and other official events. During the reporting period there were no reports of OSCE personnel engaging in or facilitating human trafficking.

412 International, Regional and Sub-regional Organizations COM ORGANIZATIONS Combating Trafficking in Persons

Organization Framework Document TIP Focal Point Relevant to TIP

United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Special Rapporteur on Trafficking www.un.org Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and in Persons, Especially Women and www.unodc.org Children, Supplementing the United Nations Children Convention Against Transnational Organized www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/ Special Rapporteur on Crime (A/RES/55/25) (2000) themes.htm Contemporary Forms of Slavery United Nations Global Plan of Action to Special Rapporteur on the sale of Combat Trafficking in Persons children, child prostitution and child (A/RES/64/293) (2010) pornography B ILO Conventions:

www.ilo.org A -C29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ PERSONS IN TRAFFICKING TING ILOPublications/Byregion/Global/lang--en/index. -C105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, htm 1957 -C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 -C189 Domestic Workers Convention, & R201, 2011

African Union (AU) Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat N/A www.africa-union.org/ Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children (2006) AU Commission Initiative against Trafficking Campaign (AU.COMMIT)

Association of Southeast Nations ASEAN Declaration Against Trafficking in N/A (ASEAN) Persons, Particularly Women and Children, www.aseansec.org 2004 www.aseansec.org/4966.htm

Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Cooperation of the CIS N/A (CIS) Member States in Combatting Trafficking in www.cis.minsk.by/ Persons, Human Organs and Tissues, 2005 www.cis.minsk.by/page.php?id=18806 Programme of Cooperation of the Member (in Russian only) States of the Commonwealth of Independent States in combating Human Trafficking, 2011-2013

Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative COMMIT Memorandum of Understanding on UN Inter-Agency Project on Human against Trafficking (COMMIT) Cooperation Against Trafficking in Greater Trafficking (UNIAP) Mekong Sub-Region (2004) www.no-trafficking.org/index.html Second COMMIT Sub-Regional Plan of Action, 2008-2010

Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) A Vision for the Baltic Sea region by 2020, Task Force against Trafficking CBSS Summit 2010 in Human Beings with Focus on www.cbss.org/Civil-Security-and-the-Human- Adults (TF-THB) Dimension/creating-a-safe-and-secure-region Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at www.childcentre.info/egcc/ Risk: Priority paper, 2011 - 2013 Expert Group on Children at Risk

Council of Europe (COE) COE Convention on Action Against Trafficking Group of Experts on Action Against in Human Beings (2005) Trafficking in Human Beings www.coe.int (GRETA) www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/ default_en.asp

413 Organization Framework Document TIP Focal Point Relevant to TIP

Economic Community of West African Declaration on the Fight against Trafficking in Anti-Trafficking Unit States (ECOWAS) Persons, 2001 www.ecowas.int ECOWAS Initial Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons (2002-2003), extended Economic Community of Central African until 2011 States (ECCAS) www.ceeac-eccas.org/ Joint ECOWAS/ECCAS Regional Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (2006-2008)

European Union (EU) Brussels Declaration on Preventing and European Union Anti-Trafficking Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, 2002 Coordinator http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/index.action Directive on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting Victims TING TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS Arab Framework Act on Combating Trafficking N/A

A League of Arab States (LAS) www.arableagueonline.org/las/index.jsp in Persons (2008) B (in Arabic only) Arab Initiative to Combat Trafficking in Persons, 2010

Organization of American States (OAS) Work Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons in Coordinator Against Trafficking the Western Hemisphere 2010-2012 (AG/RES. in Persons www.oas.org/en/default.asp 2551 (XL-O/10) www.oas.org/dsp/english/cpo_trata.asp

Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) Charter of the Organisation of the Islamic N/A Conference, 2008 http://www.comcec.org/TR/Yeni_Site_ Dokumanlar/ana_dokumanlar/IKT_Sarti.pdf

Organization for Security and OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Special Representative and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Human Beings, 2003 Co-ordinator on Trafficking in Human Beings www.osce.org/ Platform for Action Against Human Trafficking, www.osce.org/cthb 2007

ORGANIZATIONS COM Regional Conference on Migration (RCM) Regional Conference on Migration Plan N/A (Puebla Group) of Action www.rcmvs.org/

Southern African Development SADC Regional Plan of Action on Trafficking N/A Community (SADC) in Persons, 2009-2019 www.sadc.int/ www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/531

South Asian Association for Regional SAARC Convention on Preventing and Regional Task Force Cooperation (SAARC) Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, 2002 www.saarc-sec.org/ http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/conv- traffiking.pdf

414 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS GLOSSAR

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes Y

EU European Union / GRETA Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings PHOTO CRE ILO International Labour Organization ILO-IPEC International Labour Organization, International Program for the Elimination of Child Labour INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOM International Organization for Migration NGO Non-Governmental Organization

OAS Organization of American States D I

OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe TS UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2000 UN TIP Protocol Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and (Palermo Protocol) Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime

PHOTO CREDITS

Inside front cover: AP Photo/A.M. Ahad 33 (top): AP Photo/Hussein Malla 3: AP Photo/Rajanish Kakade 33 (bottom left): Courtesy of the Coalition of Immokalee Workers 4: AP Photo/Kevin Frayer 33 (middle right): A walk against Trafficking in Persons organized by 6: Mario Tama/Getty Images World Vision and the Ministry of Gender, Youth, Sports and recreation in 7: The White House Mohale’s Hoek 8: AP Photo/Dmitry Lovetsky 34: © Dan Archer 2013, www.graphicvoices.com 9: Ernest Bell, Fighting the Traffic in Young Girls (Chicago, 1910) 35: AP Photo/Sergey Ponomarev 11: Courtesy of the Coalition of Immokalee Workers 36: REUTERS/Stringer 12: Manuel Pedraza/AFP/Getty Images 37: Kay Chernush © ArtWorks for Freedom 15: © Morgana Wingard 2013 38: AP Photo/Khin Maung Win 16 (top, middle and bottom): AP Photo/A.M. Ahad 40: AP Photo/Muhammed Muheisen 18: Image published in: “Kidnapped Karen Girl Enslaved by Cruel Thai 41: Spencer Platt/Getty Images Couple.” Pattaya Daily News 12 Feb. 2013. Web. 14 June. 2013. 42: REUTERS/Carlos Barria 19: Restavek Freedom Foundation 43: AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha 20 (top left): Gratiane de Moustier 44: Chris Maddaloni/CQ Roll Call 20 (top right): Advertisement circulated in Chow Kit area and 45: AP Photo/Jawed Basharat, File neighboring locations in Malaysia, October 2012. 47: Courtesy of Friends of Maiti Nepal 20 (bottom): Gratiane de Moustier 53 (bottom): AP Photo/Marc Hofer 21: © Morgana Wingard 2013 53 (top left): Yasuyoshi Chiba/AFP/Getty Images 22: AP Photo/Bullit Marquez 53 (top right): AP Photo/USPS 23: Chris Walker/Chicago Tribune/MCT via Getty Images 54: AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe 24: Sandra Laurin, PhotoTravel Online 63: Mario Tama/Getty Images 25: AP Photo/Esteban Felix 65: AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe 27: AP Photo/Lee Jin-man 404: REUTERS/James Akena 28: Kay Chernush © ArtWorks for Freedom 411: AP Photo/Hani Mohammed 31: Sagar Kaul/Barcroft Media Inside back cover: Photographer: John Skalicky Designer: Randy Dunbar 32: Ty Flewelling 33 (bottom right): AP Photo/Aaron Favila 415 A CLOSING NOTE: Lfteryi Ev Voice and Sing

“Because domestic work is carried out enough to find and help them. To ask the hard questions about whether we are condoning, contributing, accepting. These largely behind closed doors, these [workers] images horrify and anger and compel. And they hopefully are particularly vulnerable to hazardous trigger action. and exploitative conditions and are often But these are just snapshots of people at one terrible stage in subject to sexual harassment, and mental their lives. and physical abuse.” There are other images in this Report as well. Of survivors. CLOSING NOTE CLOSING – Secretary of State John F. Kerry Insisting on their rights; insisting on the lives for which they had hoped. Standing with Presidents and Congresswomen. Marching and advocating. Demanding rights for domestic workers in the International Labor Organization and other fora. Helping others who have been through the fire. ach year, this Report takes an unflinching view at human Etrafficking around the world. What governments are doing, Survivors such as the members of the survivors’ caucus and what they are failing to do. And, each year, as a group we pictured on the facing page are proof that when people come select the photographs that accompany the Report. Through out from behind those closed doors they are powerful and these images, readers have had to confront the reality of the capable. That when there are governments who recognize sex trade, the plight of manual laborers, the often hidden them, NGOs who support them, and change in the societies abuse of domestic workers, and the historical legacy of slavery. that tolerate these abuses, survivors’ voices can be heard not None of it is pleasant, but it must be confronted. just in courtrooms and police stations, but in the halls of Congress and parliaments. The testimony of their bodies. Bearing witness to the torture that they withstood, alone and behind closed doors. The You have seen the images. You have read their accounts and amputated fingers of Nour Miyati in the 2006 Report. The the country narratives. In the words of trafficking survivor X-ray of the nails driven into the hands, legs, and forehead Tina Frundt, now executive director of a service provider, of a Sri Lankan maid in 2011. The burns of Siti Hara in the “Now that you have the knowledge, what will you do with it?” 2010 Report. Of Shewaye (suffered at the hands of the Qadafi family) in 2012. And, this year, the unnamed 12 year-old in Thailand, seen only from the back, as police and reporters gaze on her naked and burned body. “I feel like I am powerful in the sense that I We know that these images provoke. They demand that we can be a role model to others. They will see confront what happens in secret. They make us contemplate that, despite what happened to me, because why someone would torture the very person who they trust of my hard work and perseverance, I have to raise their child or clean their home. To understand why experienced anti-trafficking investigators can recognize at a now succeeded in life.” glance the distinctive scars from the point of an iron, a wire hanger, or a pot of boiling water. To wonder whether we did – “Julita”, Survivor of Domestic Servitude

The staff of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons is:

Maria Alejandra Acevedo Dana Dyson Soumya Kantamneni Amy Rofman Adoma Adae Elizabeth Early Kendra L. Kreider Laura Svat Rundlet Sheela Ahluwalia Mary C. Ellison Leonid Lantsman Sean Ruthe Feleke Assefa Marisa Ferri Abraham Lee Amy Rustan Andrea Balint Mark Forstrom Chelsea Lord Chad C. Salitan Shonnie R. Ball Alison Kiehl Friedman Martha Lovejoy Mai Shiozaki Tasha Barlow Sara E. Gilmer Kerry McBride Jane Nady Sigmon Terri Ballard Paula Goode Ericka Moten Cindy J. Smith Madison K. Boggs Caitlin Heidenreich Tim Mulvey Desiree M. Suo Marissa Brescia Veronica Hernandez Kim Marie Natoli Mark B. Taylor Clara Boykin Julie Hicks Elizabeth Norris Adrienne Toumayan Cassidy Bohman Jennifer Koun Hong April Parker Ian A. Tucker Carla M. Bury Stephanie R. Hurter Anna Patrick Natalya J. Wallin Ann Touneh Dandridge Tyra Jackson Jennifer A. Phillips Andrea E. Wilson Luis CdeBaca Maurice W. Johnson Rachel Yousey Raba Zach Winters Sarah Curtis Alexandra Jung Allison Reefer Raquel Zanoni Sonia Helmy-Dentzel Ann M. Karl Amy O’Neill Richard Janet Zinn Jennifer Donnelly Nan Kennelly Le’Shawnda Riley

Special thanks to Lamya S. El-Shacke and the graphic services team at Global Publishing Solutions. 416