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Understanding the Resiliency of the Kalamazoo Mall Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-2020 Understanding the Resiliency of the Kalamazoo Mall Emily Szymanski Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geography Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Szymanski, Emily, "Understanding the Resiliency of the Kalamazoo Mall" (2020). Master's Theses. 5119. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5119 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING THE RESILIENCY OF THE KALAMAZOO MALL by Emily Szymanski A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Geography Western Michigan University April 2020 Thesis Committee: Benjamin Ofori-Amoah, Ph.D., Chair Lisa DeChano-Cook, Ph.D. Rebecca Harvey. Copyright by Emily Szymanski 2020 UNDERSTANDING THE RESILIENCY OF THE KALAMAZOO MALL Emily Szymanski, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2020 The Kalamazoo Mall is the first pedestrian mall in the United States. Since then the Mall has gone through many changes. The Mall was first created to be a completely pedestrian-friendly space closed off to cars and to help revitalize the downtown after suburban mall competition. However, the Mall did not keep people downtown as expected, resulting in the reintroduction of automobile traffic in two of the four blocks of the Mall. In spite of these changes Although there have been several changes, the Mall still exists today while many pedestrian Malls have closed. This thesis seeks to understand the resiliency of the Kalamazoo Mall. People visiting the mall and attending festivals as well as residents of two zip codes in Kalamazoo County, Michigan were surveyed. This study found that support from the community and the services that the Mall provides is the reason for the Mall’s resiliency. Other services to make the Mall even more resilient were also identified. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my friends and family, whom without, I would not have been able to complete this thesis. They have been my outlet to all of my stress and I truly cannot thank them enough. Mom and dad, thank you for your continued support and long phone calls that helped me get through tough times, I love you both so much. To my dear friend Esther, thank you for your immense help throughout the past two years, you are a true friend and I honestly cannot thank you enough. Your friendship will hold near and dear to my heart. I would also like to give a special thanks to my boyfriend, Alec, for motivating me to work hard, for understanding the sacrifices I had to make in order to complete my thesis, and for being my rock throughout this entire journey. To Dr. Ben, Mary-Lou, and Leesa, thank you for keeping me on track, letting me vent, and for being a great support system overall. I would also like to thank my committee members. Dr. Lisa DeChano-Cook and Rebecca Harvey for the advice and suggestions, and for guiding my writing throughout this process. To my dog, Baxter, we did it! Thank you for being the best support dog and for comforting me during the long nights of writing. Finally, I would like to thank Western Michigan University, specifically the Department of Geography and the Lucia Harrison Endowment Fund, for supporting me financially and allowing me to pursue a graduate education. Emily Szymanski ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 Background and Purpose ...........................................................................................1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................2 Methodology .............................................................................................................2 Project Significance ...................................................................................................4 Organization of Thesis ...............................................................................................4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................5 Downtown Revitalization: Its Purpose, Strategies, and Problems ...............................5 Downtown Beautification Projects ....................................................................6 Signage and Directional Assistance ...................................................................7 Historic Preservation ....................................................................................... 11 Attracting Tourists .......................................................................................... 13 Downtown Revitalization Through Retail ................................................................ 16 Main Street Program ....................................................................................... 18 Festival Marketplaces ...................................................................................... 24 vi Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Farmers Markets ............................................................................................. 30 Mixed-use Centers .......................................................................................... 33 Pedestrian Malls ...................................................................................................... 36 Studying Mall Use ................................................................................................... 38 Studying Community Engagement .................................................................. 39 III. THE HISTORY OF KALAMAZOO AND THE KALAMAZOO MALL ................... 41 The City of Kalamazoo, Michigan ........................................................................... 41 Demographics ................................................................................................. 41 Agriculture ...................................................................................................... 42 The Kalamazoo Mall: “The Mall City” .................................................................... 47 Summary ................................................................................................................. 51 IV. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 52 Types of Data and Methods of Data Collection ........................................................ 52 Primary Data ................................................................................................... 52 Secondary Data ............................................................................................... 55 Methods of Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 55 Limitations of Methodology..................................................................................... 57 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................................ 58 V. ANALYSIS, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION ............................................................. 59 vi Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Chi-square Results ................................................................................................... 59 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 61 Festival and Event Attendees Survey Findings ......................................................... 61 Kalamazoo Mall Attendee and Paper Mailing Survey Responses ............................. 65 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................................ 70 VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECCOMENDATIONS ................................... 71 Summary ................................................................................................................. 71 Conclusions from the Kalamazoo Mall Study .......................................................... 73 Recommendations.................................................................................................... 74 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 75 Future Research ....................................................................................................... 75 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDICES A. HSIRB Approval Letter ............................................................................................... 86 B.
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