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Redalyc.Morphology of Oesophagus and Crop of the Partrigde Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences ISSN: 1679-9283 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Rossi, Juliana Regina; Martinez Baraldi-Artoni, Silvana; Oliveira, Daniela; Cruz, Claudinei da; Sagula, Alex; Pacheco, Maria Rita; Lania de Araújo, Marcos Morphology of oesophagus and crop of the partrigde Rhynchotus rufescens (Tiramidae) Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, vol. 28, núm. 2, abril-junio, 2006, pp. 165-168 Universidade Estadual de Maringá .png, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=187115767012 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Morphology of oesophagus and crop of the partrigde Rhynchotus rufescens (Tiramidae) Juliana Regina Rossi 1, Silvana Martinez Baraldi-Artoni 1*, Daniela Oliveira 2, Claudinei da Cruz 1, Alex Sagula 1, Maria Rita Pacheco 1 and Marcos Lania de Araújo 1 1Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rod. Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, km 5, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil. 2Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns (UAG), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Pernambuco, Brasil. *Author for correspondence. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Twenty adult partridges Rhynchotus rufescens were used to study the morphology of oesophagus and crop. Materials to the morphologic study were collected and lengths of the oesophagus and of the crop were measured. For histological study, fragments of the oesophagus and of the crop were stained routinely with Masson’s trichrome stain. Total oesophagus was larger in females. In the entrance of the thorax, its ventral wall is enlarged broadly, forming the crop, which is larger in males. Oesophagus mucosa is constituted by stratified squamous epithelium, with mucous glands and lymphatic tissues. There are three layers of smooth muscle, involved in serosa. The histological structure of the crop is similar to the oesophagus. The mucous glands are reduced in size and the lymphatic tissues are dispersed in the connective tissue. There is a thin stratum of smooth muscle and other two wider layers of longitudinal and circular musculature. Key words: oesophagus, crop, partridge, morphology. RESUMO. Morfologia do esôfago e do papo de perdizes Rhynchotus rufescens (Tiramidae). Vinte exemplares de Rhynchotus rufescens foram utilizadas para estudar a morfologia do esôfago e do papo. O material para o estudo morfológico foi coletado e o comprimento dos órgãos foi avaliado. Para o estudo histológico, as secções histológicas foram coradas com tricromo de Masson, posteriormente analisadas e descritas. O comprimento médio total do esôfago foi maior em fêmeas. Na entrada do tórax, a parede ventral do esôfago se dilata, formando o papo, maior em machos. A mucosa do esôfago é formada por epitélio escamoso estratificado, com glândulas mucosas e nódulos linfáticos. Há três camadas de músculo liso, as quais são envolvidas por serosa. A característica histológica do papo é semelhante à do esôfago. No papo, as glândulas mucosas são menores e os nódulos linfáticos estão dispersos no tecido conjuntivo. Há uma camada delgada de músculo liso e outras duas camadas mais largas de musculaturas longitudinal e circular. Palavras-chave: esôfago, papo, perdiz, morfologia. Introduction length of the female turkey oesophagus. Marsden (1940) verified that the cervical oesophagus is twice White (1968) analyzed the swallowing larger than the thoracic oesophagus. Oesophagus in mechanisms in chicken and described the following: ducks and gooses is described by Das et al. (1965) the food taken by the beak is dislodged by the and Das and Biswal (1967). tongue to the roof of the oral cavity, sticking there The avian oesophagus is on the right side of the through the mucous secretion of the salivary glands; neck (mammals present it on the left side). Sisson by fast rostral and caudal movements, the tongue and Grossman (1986) described chicken rolls the food bolus through its caudal face and the oesophagus. It is placed between the oropharynx and palate until the pharynx. Passing caudally to the the stomach glandular portion; oesophagus has thin tongue, food bolus is moved by movements of the and dilatable walls and it has a diameter relatively larynx prominence. With fast rostral and caudal larger than that of mammals. movements, the larynx prominence rolls the bolus According to Sisson and Grossman (1986), the between its caudal face and the roof of the pharynx. chicken cervical oesophagus is shorter than its Latimer and Rosenbaum (1926) showed the Acta Sci. Biol. Sci. Maringá, v. 28, n. 2, p. 165-168, April/June, 2006 166 Rossi et al. cervical column, not extended, and shaped like an oesophagus. The crop of the pigeon presents “S”. Cranially, it is located in the median line, seromucosa secretion, which can participate in the dorsally to the larynx and trachea, which is pre-digestion of the victuals, especially of starches intimately fixed by a connective tissue. Caudally to (George et al. , 1998). the fifth cervical vertebra, the oesophagus is located The purpose of this paper was to study the on the right side of the neck, among the jugular morphology of the partridge Rhynchotus rufescens vein, the vagus nerve and the thymus, dorsally, and Temminck, 1815 oesophagus and crop. the trachea, ventrally. Immediately cranial to the thoracic entrance, the oesophagus returns to the Material and methods median line and it expands ventrally to form a Twenty adult partridges Rhynchotus rufescens were diverticle, the crop, which is ventral and lateral to used (10 males and 10 females). The fowls were the oesophagus and cranial to the clavicle and breast euthanased with ethyl ether. After the laparotomy muscles. and after uncovering the esternal breastplate, organs Oesophagus and crop internal surfaces present were documented “in loco” and later partial longitudinal folds and they are lined for stratified evisceration of the alimentary tract was made. The squamous epithelium in which several mucous materials destined to the morphologic study were glands open up (Sisson and Grossman, 1986). collected and the lengths of the oesophagus The oesophagus and the crop epithelia in fowl (thoracic and cervical portion) and the crop were are stratified squamous, and in some species such as measured. Afterwards, these organs were fixed in a the pigeon it is extremely keratinized (Banks, 1992). 10% formalin solution. In contrast with mammals, the esophageal glands are For the histological study, fragments of the found in the mucosal layer and not in the oesophagus and the crop were immersed in Bouin submucosa; these are tubular and secrete lubricating for 24 hours and then submitted to the dehydration mucus (George et al., 1998). The lamina propria is process with alcohol and embedded in Paraplast formed by loose connective tissue with diffuse (Merk ®). Histologic sections of 7 µm thick were lymphatic tissues and some lymphatic nodules. obtained and stained routinely with Masson’s Nodular lymphatic tissue is especially evident in the trichrome stain. Later, the sections were crop. The mucosa forms longitudinal folds (Banks, documented in Olympus microscope, model BX50, 1992). analyzed and described histologically. According to George et al. (1998), the muscularis Whenever possible, the anatomical nomenclature mucosae of the fowl oesophagus varies in species, in used was based on Nomina Anatomica Avium number of present layers (one or two) and in (NAA) (Baumel et al. , 1993). orientation of the muscular fibers bunches. Simple After obtaining the data, variance analysis and tubular mucous glands are present in the qui-square test (5% significance) were calculated oesophagus. Outside the muscularis mucosae are the using the software “SAS” (1999) for comparison submucosa and, finally, the tunica muscularis with between the sexes. inner circular and outer longitudinal layers. The latter is covered by the adventitia. Results and discussion The ingluvies or crop is the extensive part of the cranial oesophagus to the entrance of the thorax. Its The oesophagus of the partridge is an organ structure and function vary according to the species located to the right of the fowl body in the cervical and the diet. The crop is absent in the gulls and portion, and it extends from the oropharynx to the penguins, and the food passes directly for the stomach. For this reason, it can be studied in two proventriculus or it is stored in the tubular parts: cervical (Figure 1) and thoracic oesophagus, oesophagus. Nickel (1977) relates the chicken just as observed by Chikilian and De Speroni (1996) oesophagus as unilateral and the pigeon crop is in tinamous, and by Bailey et al. (1997) in bustards. symmetrically bilateral. According to Banks (1992), The cervical part is long, with approximately the epithelium of the crop in general is denser than 11.72 cm of length in the female partridge, and the one of the oesophagus. Simple tubular mucous 11.20 cm of length in the male. It extends from the glands are present in ducks, but they are absent in oropharynx to the crop. The thoracic portion is chickens and pigeons. In pigeons, the superficial placed below the crop, dorsally to the trachea, and it cells of the epithelium suffer a lipid alteration and presents a mean length of 4.50 cm for females and develop into a substance called crop milk. The 4.30 cm for males, extending until the stomach. remaining wall tunics are similar to that of the There was no significant difference between the Acta Sci. Biol. Sci. Maringá, v. 28, n. 2, p. 165-168, April/June, 2006 Oesophagus and crop of partridge 167 sexes in relation to the length of the partridge oesophagus, which shows a contrast to the study of Bailey et al. (1997), who described the esophagi of male bustards as being significantly larger than the S SE female ones.
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