ABBEVILLE COUNTY Abbeville Vicinity were injured. The culprit was not caught, and the Board of Missions for Abbeville President’s Home of Freedmen decided to move the school McGowan-Barksdale Harbison College NR to the town of Irmo. The President’s Highway 20, North of Abbeville Home of Harbison College is the only Servant Houses NR This two-story brick house was 211 North Street remaining building of the Abbeville built in 1907 as a residence for the Two antebellum servant houses are a campus of the college. president of Harbison College, which part of the Abbeville Historic District. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/abbeville/ was established by the Presbyterian These two houses were associated S10817701010 Church in the U.S.A. The college with an earlier main house, which SI: 8-1.4, 8-5.1 was an outgrowth of Ferguson burned in 1887. It is not known if ELA SI: ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, Academy, an African American these houses were homes to slaves or ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1 school established in Abbeville in the SLP: LP-MAJC-1 tenants. SI: 8-4.1 ELA SI: ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1 SLP: LP-MTP-2 11 St. James A.M.E. Church NR 305 Cherry Street According to tradition St. James African Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1867 in a blacksmith shop on Penney Hill. The first pastor was Rev. James T. Baker. The present church building was constructed in 1899; the builder was R.H. Humbert. The brick Gothic Revival building features a square tower topped by an octagonal spire sheathed in patterned metal on the left of the facade. Other distinctive features include lancet windows and brick buttresses. The Aiken Colored Cemetery church is included in the Abbeville Historic District. 1880s. In 1898, Samuel P. Harbison www.nationalregister.sc.gov/abbeville/ of Pennsylvania, a member of the AIKEN COUNTY S10817701004 Presbyterian Church’s Board of Aiken Missions for Freedmen, gave funds SI: 2-4.1, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-1.6 Aiken Colored Cemetery NR STA: TA-MTP-8 for the purchase of property just outside of the town of Abbeville for Florence Street & Hampton Avenue the expansion of Ferguson Academy. Aiken Colored Cemetery, established Second Presbyterian Church NR in 1852 in Aiken, is the principal burial 200 block of Washington Street It was renamed Harbison College for ground for African Americans in the This sanctuary was originally Colored Youth. Harbison and later city. Many of those buried there constructed c. 1906 for Second his widow continued to support were prominent leaders in the city Presbyterian Church and was used by the school financially. In the late and county from the mid-nineteenth that African American congregation nineteenth and early twentieth through the mid-twentieth century. until 1922. Around 1930 it became centuries, the campus was expanded, The cemetery includes the graves the home of Washington Street and several large brick buildings were of slaves, freedmen, Reconstruction Presbyterian Church, another African constructed, including this home politicians and office holders, American congregation. The church for the president. The school was a merchants, bankers, lawyers, doctors, is a brick building with a gable roof. co-educational institution offering a ministers, and educators. It features a square tower on the liberal arts education combined with religious, industrial, and agricultural www.nationalregister.sc.gov/aiken/ right side of the facade and colored S10817702036/index.htm glass windows with diamond-shaped training. In 1910 fires, which were believed to be the work of an arsonist, SI: 1-3.2, 3-3.2, 3-4.1, 3-4.5, 4-6.5, 8-1.4, panes. Second Presbyterian Church 8-4.6, USHC-3.2 is included in the Abbeville Historic destroyed Harbison Hall and damaged ELA SI: ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, District. the rear of the president’s residence. ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1 SI: 2-4.1, 5-4.1 Three students were killed and STA: TA-ANTE-4, TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-6 ELA SI: ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, several other students and a teacher SLP: LP-MAJC-5 ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1 Aiken Colored Cemetery HM Bath Florence Street & Hampton Avenue SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, Jefferson High School HM Front This cemetery, established in 170 Flint Street 1852 as a city cemetery, became Pine 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 Front Jefferson High School opened in Lawn Memorial Gardens in 1988. SLP: LP-MAJC-9 1956 as a junior high and high school The only burial ground for African for African-American students of Americans in Aiken until the mid-20th Schofield School HM Beech Island, Belvedere, Graniteville, century, it was laid out by the City of Jackson, Langley-Bath-Clearwater, and Aiken on 4 acres, and later expanded At the school, 220 Sumter Street NE Front This school was founded North Augusta, with Herman W.W. to its present 9.5 acres. In 1892 the Fennell (1910-1996) as principal. city deeded it to the Aiken Cemetery by the Freedmen’s Bureau shortly after the Civil War to educate After county schools desegregated and Burial Association, helping that in 1970 it became Jefferson Junior association maintain the cemetery. freedmen, women, and children. In 1868 Martha Schofield, a Quaker High School, and in 1980 it became Back Pine Lawn Memorial Gardens Jefferson Elementary School. The earliest graves here are of slaves, from Pennsylvania, came to Aiken free blacks, and freedmen from and began her long career as Back Rev. Austin Jefferson, Sr. the mid-to-late 19th century. Many superintendent. The school soon This was one of three African- 12 African Americans prominent in expanded to this two-block site American schools in Aiken County politics, the law, medicine, religion and combined academics with named for Rev. Austin Jefferson, Sr. and education throughout the 20th instruction in industrial, farming, and (1881-1966), longtime advocate for century are buried. The cemetery homemaking skills. The 1897 Schofield education. In 1944 the Langley-Bath also includes the graves of veterans School bulletin declared, “Character Colored School was renamed Jefferson of American wars from the Civil War building is our most important work.” Grammar School in his honor. The to the present. It was listed in the Back Schofield School educated original portion of this school was built National Register of Historic Places in more than 6000 students by 1898. in 1953 as the Jefferson Elementary 2007. Many graduates became teachers School, with Augustus T. Stephens Sponsored by the Aiken County and department heads here; (1903-1992) as principal. Historical Society, 2014 others became successful business Erected by the Jefferson Alumni owners, professionals, farmers, and Association, 2007 Aiken Graded School HM community leaders. In 1940 alumnus SI: 3-5.5, 3-5.6, 5-5.3, 8-1.4, 8-7.4 Corner of Hampton Avenue & Sanford P. Bradby became its first STA: TA-MAJC-2 Kershaw Street African- American superintendent. At Front This park is the site of Aiken first a private and later a public school, Beech Island Graded School, a two-story brick Schofield has taught children of all Silver Bluff Baptist Church HM school built 1924-25. It was built races and creeds since 1866. The bell 360 Old Jackson Highway for black pupils in grades 1-7 Front This church, and was one of almost 500 S.C. one of the first black schools funded in part by the Julius Baptist churches in Rosenwald Foundation 1917- America, grew out 1932. Black Aiken physician Dr. of regular worship C.C. Johnson raised $3,500 in the services held as early black community toward the total as the 1750s at “Silver cost of $33,500. Black brick mason Bluff,” the plantation Elliott Ball supervised the school’s of Indian trader George construction. (Reverse) The school, Galphin. At first a described as “one of the best in the non-denominational state” when it was being built, had congregation with ten classrooms, a library, and an both white and black auditorium seating 600. It opened in members, it was the fall of 1925, with principal W.D. Silver Bluff Baptist Church formally organized as Drake, nine teachers, and almost 300 Silver Bluff Baptist Church in 1773 students. The school, the only black tower nearby once stood atop Carter with Rev. David George as its first elementary school in Aiken until new Hall, built in 1882. minister. schools began to be built in 1954, Erected by the Aiken County Historical Back The church, dormant for a few closed in 1969. It was demolished in Society and the Martha Schofield years during the American Revolution, 1973. Historic Preservation Committee, 2001 was revived in the 1780s by Rev. Sponsored by the Aiken County SI: 1-2.2, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-5.1, Jesse Peter. The congregation moved Historical Society, 2013 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 from its original site in 1815, again Jacksonville School/ of whom gave lots for new homes in the 1840s, and for the last time Jacksonville Lodge HM here to families displaced by the to the present site in 1866. A large 351 Huber Clay Road flooding. frame sanctuary built in 1873 was Front Jacksonville School, built by the Back Boylan Street here was originally covered in brick veneer in 1920; it Jacksonville Lodge in 1895, taught the named Red Cross Street in recognition was demolished and the present brick black children of this community until of that organization’s aid to the black church was built in 1948. 1936. Grades 1-7, with two teachers, families who had lost their homes Erected by the Congregation, 2001 met in two classrooms on the first on the banks of the Savannah River. SI: 3-4.1, 3-5.5, 4-3.2, 8-1.4 floor, without electricity or running This building, long called “the Society STA: TA-COLR-2 Building,” was built in 1930 for the Young Men’s Union Society, Clearwater Vicinity which later bought Storm Branch the lot from William Baptist Church HM Carpenter. The building At the church, Storm Branch Road has hosted many events Front This church had its origins at or for organizations such near this site in 1772 as a plantation as Simmons Lodge No. 13 chapel, in what was Edgefield District 571, which acquired it until after the Civil War. Reverends in 1988. Sponsored by Iverson L. Brookes and John Trapp, the Heritage Council of prominent ministers in the Savannah Jacksonville School/Jacksonville Lodge North Augusta, 2014. River region, preached here from the water. The Jacksonville Community SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.3, 1830s into the 1860s; Brookes died in Commission acquired and renovated USHC-6.2 1865. the building in 1991-92. Back Jacksonville Lodge The Hamburg Massacre HM This building was constructed in 1895 U.S. Hwy. 1/78/25, under the 5th by the Jacksonville Lodge, Grand Street Bridge on the N. Augusta side United Order of Odd Fellows, a black Front The Hamburg Massacre, fraternal organization. The lodge was which occurred nearby on July 8, led by Rev. Robert L. Mabry (1867- 1876, was one of the most notable 1943), also pastor of nearby Storm incidents of racial and political Branch Baptist Churches 1898-1943. violence in S.C. during Reconstruction. The Odd Fellows met here on the White Democrats across the state second floor for many years. organized “rifle clubs” to intimidate Erected by the Jacksonville black and white Republicans during Community Commission, Inc., in the gubernatorial election of 1876. Memory of Founding President Erwin Clashes between groups of armed M. Robinson, 2005 men were frequent, in some cases even including the militia. SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Storm Branch Baptist Church USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Back After a dispute between whites STA: TA-MTP-7 and a black militia company, about Back Storm Branch Baptist Church 200 men from local rifle clubs tried became a wholly black church in North Augusta to disarm 38 black militiamen and August 1866 when Mrs. Sara Lamar, others barricaded in a warehouse. widow of planter Thomas G. Lamar, Carrsville HM Barton Road & Boylan Street One white was killed and men on each deeded this land to trustee Aleck Front This African-American side were wounded before the blacks Davis. About that same time the first community was established in1930 fled. Two blacks were killed trying to permanent sanctuary was built. Rev. after two floods on the Savannah escape. Whites captured 25-30 blacks Robert L. Mabry, the longest-serving River washed away most of the town and executed four of them. 87 whites minister, preached here from 1898 to of Hamburg. That town had become were charged in the massacre but 1943. a predominantly African-American were never tried for it. Erected by the Congregation, 1997 community after the Civil War. Erected by the Heritage Council of SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.1, 3-5.5, 4-2.2 Carrsville was most likely named for North Augusta, 2010 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Charles W. Carr of the American Red SI: 3-4.5, 4-6.4, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, Cross or for William Carpenter, an 8-4.6, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, USHC. 3.3, USHC-3.4 Langley African-American businessman, both SLP: LP-MAJC-5 ALLENDALE COUNTY book, A Nickel and a Prayer. Vance were among the thirty communities Street is named after the family of fortunate to participate in the Faith Allendale Rev. Augustus Thomas Vance, who Cabin Library program. Faith Cabin Happy Home Baptist Church served as the school trustee. Libraries not only served the schools HM Erected by the National Alumni nearby but also served the larger Memorial Avenue, near Railroad Association, Anderson County African American communities in Avenue West Training School and Riverside School, their area as well. By building free- Front This church, founded soon after 1997 standing libraries, the Faith Cabin the Civil War, held its first services in a SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Library movement provided access brush arbor in the Woods community USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 to library services for the community of what was then Barnwell County. SLP: LP-MAJC-1 completely independent of school It built its first permanent church, a hours. During the transition of certain Faith Cabin Library NR schools to community centers, these frame building, in the Zion Branch at Anderson Training School community near Old Allendale, and libraries remained open to provide The Faith Cabin Library at Anderson access. The building is a one-room log adopted the name Zion Branch Baptist County Training School is significant Church. The church cabin built with donated money and timber from the community. 14 bought this site in 1875, built a new www.nationalregister.sc.gov/anderson/ S10817704022/index.htm frame sanctuary here, and was renamed SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-7.6, USHC-8.1 Happy Home Baptist STA: TA-MAJC-3 Church. Back Rev. Jacob S. "The Hundreds" HM Daniels served the 305 West Queen Street church for almost thirty years, and the Front This area was a hub of African- congregation grew American life from the late-19th to from 86 members mid-20th centuries. Anderson County in 1877 to 258 Training School, built ca. 1922 as a Faith Cabin Library members in 1890. Rosenwald school, closed in 1954 By 1902, his son, Rev. George C. under the equalization program for for its role in African-American black and white schools. It burned in Daniels, succeeded him as pastor, and education and social history in South the church had 379 members. In 1911, the 1960s. The agricultural building is Carolina from ca. 1936, when it now a community center. The Faith during the pastorate of Rev. S.J. Rice, was built, to 1954, when Anderson the church received a state charter Cabin Library, built ca. 1935 by a County Training School closed with program to give black schools their and built its present church, a brick the construction of a new African- Gothic Revival building. own libraries, is one of only two such American “equalization school” libraries still standing in S.C. Erected by the Congregation, 2011 nearby. It is also significant as one Back A frame store built nearby of only two remaining free-standing SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, by Benjamin Horace Keese (1881- Faith Cabin Libraries extant of ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, 1975) and long known as the “Keese ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, the thirty built in South Carolina Barn” was a favorite gathering place 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-1.6 between 1932 and 1943. The Faith for many years. Built ca. 1900 as a Cabin Library at Anderson County grocery store, it was later expanded Training School was a part of the ANDERSON COUNTY and served as a cafe and antiques larger Faith Cabin Library program store/auction house. In 2003 Clemson Pendleton created by Willie Lee Buffington, a University architecture students African American white mill worker who later became dismantled the Keese Barn and reused School Site HM a Methodist minister and college its historic materials to build the North side of Vance Street, near professor, that offered library Memorial Block, to honor the store Broad Street services to rural African Americans and its significance in Pendleton. This one-room frame school, in South Carolina. The segregation organized shortly after the Civil War, laws of the late nineteenth and early Erected by Pendleton Pride in Motion, housed 76 students and 1 teacher by twentieth century barred African 2011 1870. The school term lasted 1 month Americans from using other library SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.1, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, and 10 days. Jane Harris Hunter, facilities beyond what was offered in 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, founder of the Phillis Wheatley Columbia and Charleston. The black 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, centers for working girls, attended 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 community of Pendleton and nearby STA: TA-MAJC-9 the school for 3 years. She wrote the rural communities of Anderson County BAMBERG COUNTY Voorhees College HM petitioned for letters of dismissal At the entrance to the college, from Barnwell Baptist Church to form Denmark Voorhees Road an independent congregation. They Voorhees Colleget Front Voorhees College, founded by purchased an older church building Historic District NR Elizabeth Evelyn Wright in 1897 as that the Barnwell Baptist Church had Voorhees College campus the Denmark Industrial School, was occupied before they constructed a Voorhees College Historic District an effort to emphasize a vocational new building. In 1898 that building includes the older portion of the curriculum for rural African American was demolished and members of the campus and buildings dating from students on the model of the congregation constructed the current 1905 to the mid-1930s. The district Tuskegee Institute. The school, with building using materials from the old is significant for its role as a pioneer funding from philanthropist Ralph church building. The eclectic structure in higher education for African Voorhees, was renamed Voorhees features both Queen Anne and Gothic Americans in the area and for its Industrial School for Colored Youth in Revival elements. The congregation association with Elizabeth Evelyn 1904, Voorhees Normal and Industrial of Bethlehem Baptist Church was Wright. Wright, a graduate of School in 1916, and Voorhees School instrumental in the founding of and Junior College in 1947. Morris College in Sumter and in the establishment of a black high school in Back Voorhees, supported by the 15 Episcopal Church since 1924, changed Barnwell. its mission during the first half of the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/barnwell/ S10817706003/index.htm twentieth century and in 1962 became Voorhees College. In 1967 it became a SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 senior liberal arts college. The historic portion of the campus was listed in Bethlehem Baptist Church HM the National Register of Historic Places At the church, just off Wall Street in 1982 as the Voorhees College Front This church, officially organized Historic District. in 1868, had its origins in the antebellum Barnwell Baptist Church, Wright Hall Voorhees College Erected by Voorhees College, 1998 which was located on this site until Tuskegee Institute, was determined about 1854, when it built a new to establish a school for poor African BARNWELL COUNTY church on another lot. At that time American children. Guided by her Barnwell several free blacks and slaves who mentor Booker T. Washington, Wright were members of Barnwell Baptist founded Voorhees College in 1897 Bethlehem Baptist Church NR Church asked to use the old 1829 177 Wall Street as Denmark Industrial School. It was sanctuary for worship and meetings. The congregation of Bethlehem modeled on her alma mater, Tuskegee The congregation agreed, and the Baptist Church was organized c. 1868 Institute. In 1901, the campus moved group met here informally until 1868. to its current home, and in 1904 the Back In 1868 seven name of the school was changed to black members of Voorhees Industrial School in honor Barnwell Baptist of its benefactors, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Church asked the Voorhees of Clinton, New Jersey. congregation for In the twentieth century the school letters of dismissal, expanded its mission to include the which were granted training of teachers and in the 1940s so that they could it became Voorhees School and formally organize Junior College. In the 1960s it became Bethlehem Baptist Voorhees College. Remaining historic Church. The old buildings and sites on the campus Barnwell Baptist include Booker T. Washington Hall Church sanctuary (1905), Bedford Hall (1912), Menafee served Bethlehem Trades Building (1907), St. Phillip’s Baptist Church until Bethlehem Baptist Church Episcopal Chapel (1935), and the it was demolished gravesite where Elizabeth Evelyn in 1898. Some material was salvaged by African American members of Wright was buried in 1906. to build the present sanctuary, which Barnwell Baptist Church. Both free www.nationalregister.sc.gov/bamberg/ was renovated in 1981. and enslaved African Americans had S10817705009/index.htm Erected by Barnwell Co. Museum and played a role in that congregation Historical Board, 1999 Blackville SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, since the 1830s. After the Civil USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6, USHC-7.6 SLP: LP-MAJC-1 War African American members Blackville The Berean Presbyterian Church was African Americans did the actual constructed c. 1900 and was used construction. During the Civil War, Macedonia Baptist Church HM as an African American Presbyterian these African American members 3572 Dexter Street Church until at least 1924. The formed their own congregation, Front This church, the first African building was purchased from the the First African Baptist Church, American Baptist church in Barnwell synod and became the library for the and continued to worship here. A County, was founded in 1866 when county’s African American residents marble plaque near the entrance to Rev. James T. Tolbert preached in from 1932 to 1965. The Carpenter the church reads: “Presented as a Blackville under a brush arbor; the Gothic building is included in the token of respect by A.D. Deas to the first sanctuary was built in 1868. Beaufort Historic District. first and present pastor, Reverend A. The church hosted the first state Waddell, of the First Baptist Church, convention of black Baptists, held here SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 a native of Savannah, Georgia, who in 1875, and built its second sanctuary ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, became pastor of said church First of by 1887. The present sanctuary was ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, January, 1865.” The deacons of the built here in 1976. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, Baptist Church of Beaufort sold the Back This is the mother church of property to the deacons of the First eight churches founded 1867-1922: Detreville House NR African Baptist Church on January 16 Ebenezer, Frost Branch, Pilgrim Rest, 701 Green Street 20, 1868. First African Baptist was St. Peter, Sunshine, Tabernacle, Shrub Rev. James Graham built this house the home church of Robert Smalls, Branch, and Central. Macedonia c. 1785. It became known as “the Civil War hero and U.S. Congressman Baptist Association, which promoted Mission” during Reconstruction, when during Reconstruction. A monument the education of area blacks, opened Mrs. Rachel C. Mather of Boston to Smalls is located on the church Macedonia School nearby in 1890. occupied the house. She and other grounds. The wood frame Gothic Macedonia High School was built here Baptist missionaries built Mather Revival building is included in in 1954 and taught grades 1-12 until School in Beaufort to educate African Beaufort's Historic District. 1970, when it became Macedonia Americans. The house is included in www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Middle School. the Beaufort Historic District. S10817707001/index.htm Erected by the Barnwell County SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-2.3, 2-1.4, 2-2.3, 2-2.4, SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, Museum and Historical Board, 2002 2-4.3, 5-4.1, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, SLP: LP-CWR-3 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, First African Baptist Church NR 601 New Street First African Baptist Church HM First African Baptist Church is reported 601 New Street BEAUFORT COUNTY to have been erected c. 1861 by the Front This church, founded in 1865, Baptist Church of Beaufort for the grew out of an antebellum praise Beaufort African American members of the house for black members of the Berean Presbyterian Church NR congregation. According to tradition, Baptist Church of Beaufort. During the 602 Carteret Street Civil War, after the Federal occupation of the town, it hosted a school for freedmen. Rev. Arthur Waddell (1821- 1895), its founding pastor, had come to S.C. from Savannah, Ga. In 1867 Rev. Waddell and two black ministers from Savannah formally organized this church. Back In 1885 the congregation, with more than 900 members, built this “handsome and commodious” Carpenter Gothic church. Rev. Waddell continued to serve this church until he retired in 1894. At his death in 1895 First African Baptist was described as “one of the most aristocratic colored churches.” Robert Smalls (1839- 1915), Civil War hero, state legislator, First African Baptist Church and U.S. Congressman, was its most prominent member. David Hunter (1802-1886), who had became a major political figure in Sponsored by the Beaufort County organized the nucleus of the 1st S.C. the South Carolina Lowcountry. He Historical Society, 2013 Volunteers (Colored) in 1862. Robert served in the South Carolina House Smalls (1839-1915), Civil War hero, of Representatives (1868-1970), the Grand Army of the state legislator, militia general, and South Carolina Senate (1870-1875), Republic Hall NR U.S. Congressman, was a post officer. and four terms in the U.S. House 706 Newcastle Street The post hosted annual Decoration of Representatives between 1875 Although Beaufort’s black military Day services at Beaufort National and 1887. As a legislator Smalls companies remained active after Cemetery and the Sons of Union was an outspoken advocate of civil the Civil War, statewide the “Negro Veterans of the Civil War continue rights for African Americans. He militia” rapidly declined during the that tradition. Sponsored by the was also director of the Enterprise nineteenth century. By 1903, the Beaufort County Historical Society, Railroad, and the publisher of the only units left were two companies in 2013 Beaufort Standard. As a delegate to the Constitutional Convention Mather School HM of 1895, Smalls argued against East side of SC Highway 281, 100 the disenfranchisement of African yards south of its intersection with American voters. Between 1889 Reynolds Street and 1913 he served as customs 17 Shortly after the Civil War, Mather collector for Beaufort. Robert Smalls School was founded here by Rachel died in 1915. In 1974 the house Crane Mather of Boston. In 1882 the was designated a National Historic Woman’s American Baptist Home Landmark for its association with Mission Society assumed support of Robert Smalls. the venture, operating it as a normal www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Grand Army of the Republic Hall school for black girls. With some S10817707017/index.htm changes, the school continued until SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Beaufort. Many black Union veterans 1968, when it was closed and sold to USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 lived in the community, and after the the state for the educational benefit STA: TA-CWR-2, TA-CWR-9 war they formed the David Hunter of all races. SLP: LP-CWR-3; LP-MTP-4 Post #9 of the Grand Army of the Erected by the Mather School Alumnae Republic, an organization for veterans Association, 1982 Sons of Beaufort Lodge of the Union Army. Built in 1896, this SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, No. 36 NR meeting hall for the post is believed to USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 607 West Street be the only surviving building in South After the Civil War, fraternal, social, Carolina associated with the Grand Robert Smalls House NR/NHL and benevolent societies became Army of the Republic. It is included in 511 Prince Street important within the Beaufort the Beaufort Historic District. In 1863 Robert Smalls purchased community, and many African www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ this house, which had been built in Americans participated in black S10817707001/ 1843 and was the home of his former chapters of organizations such as the SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-4.4, 3-5.5, 4-6.4, 5-1.4, owner. Smalls and his descendants Masons and International Order of 8-1.4, USHC-3.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 occupied the house for about ninety Odd Fellows. The Sons of Beaufort STA: TA-MTP-7 years. Born a slave in 1839, Smalls was Lodge No. 36 was one of these local hired out by his owner and worked Grand Army of the as a stevedore and harbor Republic Hall HM foreman in Charleston. With 706 Newcastle Street the outbreak of the Civil Front This building was built ca. War, Smalls was employed 1896 by the David Hunter Post No. 9, by the Confederacy as a Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.). pilot on the Planter. In May The G.A.R., founded in 1866, was a 1862 Smalls, other black fraternal society for veterans of the crew members, and his Union army and navy, with white and family stole the ship and black posts. David Hunter Post was delivered it to the Union founded in 1888 by African-American forces. Smalls was made veterans, many of them former slaves a second lieutenant in on Sea Island plantations who had the Union navy and made been soldiers in the United States commander of the Planter. Colored Troops in the Civil War. During Reconstruction he Back The post was named for Gen. returned to Beaufort and Robert Smalls House, 1843 organizations. It included Robert Baptist Church after other members Bluffton Smalls among its members and evacuated the area because of Federal constructed this two-story frame occupation in 1861. The church’s Michael C. Riley Schools HM building c. 1900. The Lodge remains lecture room was used for services Goethe Road active today. The Sons of Beaufort during the war. In 1867 the black Front This is the site of two schools Lodge No. 36 is included in the congregation bought this property that served the black community of Beaufort Historic District. from the Beaufort Baptist Church. southern Beaufort County for most Its present building was dedicated in of the twentieth century. Bluffton SI: K-3.2, 1-4.3, 2-1.3, 3-2.5, 3-4.1, 3-4.4, Graded School, a small frame building 4-6.4,4-6.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 8-3.3, 8-3.4 1894. Many new churches have grown STA: TA-MTP-7 from Tabernacle. constructed about 1900, was followed in 1954 by an elementary and high SLP: LP-CWR-3 Back Robert Smalls school named for Michael C. Riley Born a slave in Beaufort in 1839, (1873-1966), longtime trustee of Tabernacle Baptist Church NR Robert Smalls lived to serve as a Beaufort County School District #2. 907 Craven Street Congressman of the United States. In The Tabernacle, a meeting house and 1862 he commandeered and delivered Back From 1954 to 1970 the lecture room, was built by Beaufort to Union forces the Confederate elementary school educated Bluffton’s Baptist Church in the 1840s. In 1863, gunboat Planter, on which he was a black students in grades 1-8 and 18 Tabernacle Baptist Church was crewman. His career as a freedman the high school educated Bluffton’s organized by Solomon Peck of Boston included service as a delegate to the and Hilton Head’s black students in with most of the 500 African American 1868 and 1895 State Constitutional grades 9-12. After county schools members of the congregation coming Conventions, election to the SC were desegregated in 1970, it was an from Beaufort Baptist Church. The House and Senate, and nine years elementary school for Bluffton’s black new congregation acquired this in Congress. He died in 1915 and is and white students until 1991. A new building for their worship services. buried here. Michael C. Riley Elementary School The church was rebuilt after it was Erected by the Beaufort County opened nearby that same year. damaged by the hurricane of 1893. Council, 1980 Erected by the Michael C. Riley High Tabernacle Baptist Church is included School Alumni Association, 2002 Wesley Methodist Church NR in the Beaufort Historic District. SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Tabby Slave House Ruins/Daufuskie Island www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ 701 West Street USHC-8.1 S10817707001/index.htm Front This church, established in STA: TA-MAJC-2 SI: K-3.2, 1-4.3, 2-1.3, 3-2.5, 3-4.1, 3-4.4, 1833, was the first Methodist church 4-6.4,4-6.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 8-3.3, 8-3.4 in Beaufort and was founded as a Burton SLP: LP-CWR-3 mission to slaves and free blacks here and on the neighboring Sea Islands. Port Royal Agricultural School Tabernacle Baptist Church HM The congregation had both black HM 907 Craven Street, at the church and white members but many more Shanklin Road, NE of intersection Front Tabernacle Church was formed black members in the antebellum with Laural Bay Road by black members of Beaufort era. This church, first built in the Front The Port Royal Agricultural “meeting house” form common to the School, later the Beaufort County Methodist church, was dedicated by Training School, operated nearby Bishop William Capers in 1849. 1901-1955. Offering vocational and Back In 1861, after the Federal academic education for blacks, it was occupation of Beaufort and the Sea founded by Beaufort citizens led by Islands, this church hosted a school Abbie Holmes Christensen (1852- for freedmen and continued to serve 1938). The school was modeled on its black members. After the Civil Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee War, it was formally affiliated with Institute, with his advice and support. the Methodist Episcopal Church, Back Beaufort County Training the Northern methodist church School Booker T. Washington called 1844-1939. Its first black minister it “a model school of its kind” when was appointed in 1873, during he toured it in 1908. It was usually Reconstruction. The church has called “the Shanklin School” for flourished in the years since. Joseph S. Shanklin (1872-1957), Sponsored by the Old Commons Tuskegee alumnus and its principal Neighborhood Association, 2014 1903-1946. His wife India (1876-1939) was its matron, nurse, and a teacher. SI: 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 3-4.4, 3-5.2, 4-6.4, 4-6.5, Renamed Beaufort Co. Training 8-4.4, 8-4.5, 8-4.6, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, School, it became a public school in Tabernacle Baptist Church USHC-3.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4, USHC-3.5 1920 and closed in 1955. Shanklin Elementary School, 2.6 mi. W, opened Society Hall (c. 1890), Mary Field led the expedition. Harriet Tubman, in 1994.Sponsored by Beaufort County, Cemetery, and numerous vernacular already famous for her work with the 2014 houses. Underground Railroad, accompanied www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Montgomery on the raid. SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5,1, S10817707029/ 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, Back Freedom Along the Combahee USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 SI: 2-1.1, 2-3.1, 2-3.4, 2-3.5, 2-4.2, 3-1.1, Union gunboats landed 300 soldiers 3-1.2, 3-1.3, 3-2.5, 4-2.3, 8-1.4, 8-1.5, along the river, and one force came 8-2.4, 8-4.1, USHC-1.1, USHC-3.3, Daufuskie Island USHC-3.4, USHC-7.6 ashore here at Combahee Ferry. Daufuskie Island SLP: LP-MTP-2 Soldiers took livestock and supplies and destroyed houses, barns, and rice Historic District NR at nearby plantations. More than 700 Southwest of Hilton Head Island Daufuskie Island enslaved men, women, and children African American history on Daufuskie Daufuskie Island HM were taken to freedom in perhaps the Island has deep roots. The cotton at the Beaufort County Boat Landing largest emancipation event in wartime trade spurred the growth of the Front This 5,200-acre island lies S.C. Some freedmen soon enlisted in between the Cooper and New Rivers. the U.S. Army. Spanish and English explorers saw Sponsored by the South Carolina it in 1521 and 1663; English arrivals 19 Department of Transportation, 2013 received grants ca. 1700. Indigo was the main crop before the American SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-3.3, 2-2.4, 3-3.4, 4-6.4, Revolution, when most planters here 8-4.5, USHC-3.1, USHC-8.1 were Loyalists. Sea island cotton was ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, the main crop after 1790. In 1861, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 when Union forces captured the sea STA: TA-MAJC-2 islands, planters abandoned Daufuskie Island. Hilton Head Back Freedmen during and Cherry Hill School NR Tabby Slave House Ruins/Daufuskie Island immediately after the Civil War, and 210 Dillon Road then their descendants, made up The Cherry Hill School, built ca. slave population from 1805-1842, almost all of the population here until 1937, is significant as a building and ruins of slave houses and near the end of the 20th century. associated with the development of archaeological sites remain from Many owned small farms or worked African-American education during this period. The island was largely in the oyster industry. The island, segregation in South Carolina. The abandoned during the Civil War, but listed in the National Register of school operated until all African- many former slaves returned during Historic Places in 1982, is also part of American children attended the new Reconstruction, reoccupying slave the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage consolidated elementary school in houses and building churches, schools, Corridor, designated by Congress in 1954. The community that organized, and meeting places. In the early 2006. purchased the property, built, helped twentieth century, the population Sponsored by the South Carolina maintain, and attended the school swelled to almost 1000, with oysters, Society Colonial Dames XVII Century, was comprised of the descendants of logging, and trucking providing jobs. 2013 the former-slave town of Mitchelville, By the 1940s and 1950s, outside the first community to mandate competition had caused many to Gardens Corner Vicinity education in the South. At the time leave the island and search for jobs Combahee River Raid HM of construction of the Cherry Hill elsewhere, leaving the population in at Steel Bridge Landing, U.S. Hwy. 17 School, the island was still an isolated, 1980 at less than seventy-five people. N. on the county line Because of its limited population with Colleton Front and means of access, Daufuskie has On June 1-2, 1863, a retained many of the historic homes, Federal force consisting schools, churches, cemeteries, and of elements of the 2nd archaeological sites that attest to S.C. Volunteer Infantry this once-thriving black community. (an African-American Examples include the ruins of eight unit) and the 3rd tabby slave residences (c. 1805-1842), Rhode Island Artillery First Union African Baptist Church (c. conducted a raid up 1918), Janie Hamilton School (1937), the Confederate-held Mary Field School (c. 1930), the First Combahee River. Col. Union Sisters and Brothers Oyster James Montgomery Cherry Hill School largely undeveloped, unincorporated supplemented teacher salaries. Pocahontas at the same battle. Earlier, portion of Beaufort County. The Cherry Hill School was listed in the General Drayton had married Emma Cherry Hill School is the first and National Register of Historic Places in Catherine Pope, whose parents owned only freestanding, purpose-built 2012. Sponsored by St. James Baptist Fish Hall Plantation. schoolhouse for African-American Church, 2013 Erected by the Beaufort County children on Hilton Head Island. Council, 1985 When the Cherry Hill School was First African Baptist Church HM 70 Beach City Road SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.1, 2-1.3, 2-1.5, 8-4.1 built, there were three other black STA: TA-COL-1, TA-COL-2 elementary schools in privately owned Front This church, organized in buildings serving the various black 1862, was first located in the town of Mitchelville, a freedmen’s village Fort Howell HM neighborhoods on Hilton Head Island. Beach Cit Road, just South West of its established on Hilton Head by the However, none met in buildings junction with Dillon Road United States Army. Rev. Abraham specifically built as schools. The Front This Civil War fort, named for Murchinson, its first pastor, was Cherry Hill School had the smallest Gen. Joshua Blackwood Howell (1806- a former slave. The congregation enrollment of the black elementary 1864), was built by the U.S. Army to numbered about 120 members when schools on the island. The number of defend Hilton Head. children enrolled specifically in the it was organized in August 20 Cherry Hill School numbered from 27- 1862. 32, with one teacher. The building is Back The church moved a simple, gable-front rectangular one- to the Chaplin community room frame and weatherboard-sided after the Civil War and was schoolhouse on an open brick-pier renamed Goodwill Baptist foundation. The interior remains much Church. It moved to this site as it did when the building opened. by 1898 and was renamed While the building was a public Cross Roads Baptist Church elementary school from 1937 to 1954 before retaking its original Mitchelville Houses, 1864 it was owned by the Beaufort County name; it is the mother church School District. The St. James Baptist of five Beaufort County Church purchased the school in 1956. churches. The present Fort Howell The church extended and renovated building was built in 1966. Sponsored by the the building in 1984. Back This fort was an enclosed Congregation, 2012 http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ pentagonal earthwork with a 23’ high beaufort/S10817707071/index.htm SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, parapet and emplacements for up SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 8-1.6 to 27 guns. It was built from August 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, to November 1864 by the 32nd U.S. 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, Colored Infantry and the 144th N.Y. USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 Infantry. Though Fort Howell never Fish Hall Plantation HM saw action, it is significant for its Cherry Hill School HM design and its structural integrity. It 210 Dillon Road Mitchelville Road (County Road 335), adjacent to Barker Field was listed in the National Register of Front This one-room frame school, Historic Places in 2011. built ca. 1937, was the first separate Front This plantation was part of a 1717 Proprietary landgrant of 500 Erected by the Hilton Head Island school building constructed for Land Trust, Inc., 2011 African-American students on Hilton acres to Col. John Barnwell. Later owners included members of the SI: 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 3-4.4, 4-2.2, 8-3.1 Head Island. It replaced an earlier STA: TA-CWR-11 Cherry Hill School, which had held Green, Ellis, and Pope families. Nearby tabby ruins are remains of fire places its classes in the parsonage of St. Mitchelville (Fish Haul) James Baptist Church. After the black of slave cabins. Graves of blacks, who community on the island raised funds made up most of the island population Archaeological Site NR Slaves poured onto Hilton Head to buy this tract, Beaufort County until after the 1950s, are in nearby Island after its fall to Union forces in agreed to build this school. Drayton Cemetery. November 1861. The community of Back This was an elementary school Back Thomas Fenwick Drayton Mitchelville was one of the attempts with one teacher, with an average Confederate Brig. Gen. Thomas F. of the Union Army to provide housing of about 30 students. It had grades Drayton was in command of this for them. Mitchelville, which was 1-5 when it opened in 1937, adding area at the time of the nearby battle named in honor of its designer, grade 6 the next school year. The of Port Royal, November 7, 1861. General O.M. Mitchel, was designed black community helped pay for A brother, Capt. Percival Drayton, to help the former slaves “learn what maintenance of the school and also commanded the Union warship freedom means by experience of third to serve this congregation. It was Port Royal self-dependence.” It was developed built in 1972 and renovated in 2005. Camp Saxton NR as an actual town with streets, lot Erected by the Congregation, 2011 divisions, a town government, and Ribaut Street on the US Naval SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, Hospital Grounds laws. This self-governed village was USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 one of the first South Carolina towns The Camp Saxton Site on the Beaufort River is nationally important to have a compulsory education law. William Simmons House HM In the 1870s, as African Americans as an intact portion of the camp Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, occupied from early November lost political and legal rights, the 187 Gumtree Drive community declined. Archaeological 1862 to late January 1863 by the Front This house, built in 1930, is investigation of the site of the village 1st South Carolina Volunteers, the typical in materials and methods of has the potential to increase our first black regiment mustered into construction regular service in the United States of those built Army during the Civil War. It is also on the S.C. Sea significant as the site of the elaborate Islands from ceremonies held here on New Year’s the end of the Day 1863 which formally announced Civil War to and celebrated the enactment of the 21 the mid-20th Emancipation Proclamation freeing century. It was all slaves in areas then “in rebellion” built on land against the United States. Because bought after the South Carolina Sea Islands had 1865 by William been captured by Union forces, the Simmons (ca. Emancipation Proclamation could 1835-1922). actually take effect here before the Simmons, born Mitchelville Houses, 1864 end of the Civil War. The celebration a slave, had at Camp Saxton heralded freedom to served in the U.S. Army during the understanding of the transition of thousands of black inhabitants of the war, enlisting in the 21st U.S. Colored African American culture from slavery sea islands. Infantry as Ira Sherman. to freedom. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Back William Simmons’s grand- S10817707057/index.htm S10817707033/index.htm daughter Georgianna Jones Bryan SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.5, 4-6.4 (1900-1989) built this house in 1930 SI: 1-1.2, 3-2.5, 3-4.6, 3-4.7, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, 8-4.6, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 for her brother, William “Duey” ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Simmons (1901-1966). It illustrates ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 SLP: LP-CWR-4 Mitchelville Site HM everyday life and the persistence of Beach City Road (County Road 333), Gullah culture in an northeast of its intersection with African-American farm Dillon Road (County Road 334) community until after In 1862, after Hilton Head’s fall to a bridge was Hamlin Union forces in 1861, this town, Beach community. planned for the area’s former slaves White and black and named for General Ormsby M. descendants Mitchel, began. still live here today. Erected by the Town of Hilton Head Built from the main- Island and the Chicora Foundation, land in 1956. It was Inc., 1995 renovated in 2010-11 as the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head St. James Baptist Church HM Camp Saxon Site 209 Dillon Road Island. This church, founded in 1886 by Sponsored by the Christ Church Parish Emancipation Day HM former members of First African Preservation Society 2011. Erected by On the banks of the Beaufort River Baptist Church, is one of the oldest the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head at the US Naval Hospital, Beaufort surviving institutions remaining from Island, 2011 Front On New Year’s Day 1863 this the town of Mitchelville, a freedmen’s SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, plantation owned by John Joyner village established here by the United USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Smith was the scene of elaborate States Army in 1862. The present brick ceremonies celebrating the enactment sanctuary, covered in stucco, is the of the Emancipation Proclamation. Hundreds of freedmen and women 1881, graduated from Penn School order to carry on the experiment with came from Port Royal, Beaufort, and Hampton Institute and studied free labor. and the sea islands to join Federal medicine at Howard University. He www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ military and civil authorities and returned to the island in 1906 to S10817707023/index.htm others in marking the event. After the practice medicine. During his tenure SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.1, 2-1.3, 2-1.5, 8-4.1 proclamation was read, the 1st South as the island’s only resident doctor, STA: TA-ANTE-2 Carolina Volunteers (Colored), the first he was often paid with livestock or SLP: LP-MTP-2 black regiment formed produce. His career is frequently cited Back Camp Saxton Site as an example of the success of Penn Eddings Point Community for regular service in the U.S. Army School, and the York W. Bailey Cultural Praise House NR during the Civil War, received its Center and Museum at Penn Center is Secondary Road 183, 0.1 mile north national and regimental colors. Col. named for him. of its junction with Secondary Thomas W. Higginson of the regiment www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Road 74 wrote, “Just think of it! — the first S10817707035/index.htm The Eddings Point Praise House was day they had seen which promised SI: 1-1.1, 1-2.3, 2-1.4, 2-2.3, 2-4.3, 5-4.1, built c. 1900. The small wood frame anything to their people.” This USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4, USHC-3.5, building is a rare example of a praise plantation was also the site of Camp USHC-4.6 house, a vernacular architectural 22 Saxton, where the regiment (later the form that has survived 33rd U.S. Colored Troops) organized since the antebellum and trained from late 1862 to early era. Praise houses are 1863. a phenomenon of the Erected by Penn Center and the South Carolina Sea Michigan Support Group, 1996 Islands. They were first established on SI: 4-6.4 St. Helena plantations as slaves used small St. Helena Island frame houses or other Dr. York Bailey House NR buildings as places to US Highway 21 meet and worship. This house was built c. 1915 for Dr. After emancipation, the York Bailey, St. Helena Island’s first Coffin Point Plantation freedmen built praise African American doctor and its only houses on or near the physician for more than fifty years. Coffin Point Plantation NR old plantations. They were often Bailey ordered the parts for the Seaside Road named for the former plantations house from a mail-order catalog and Coffin Point Plantation, a prosperous or plantation owners. Since there they were shipped to Beaufort, then sea island cotton plantation, became were few formal church buildings brought across to the island by boat a hub of activity when St. Helena on St. Helena Island, most islanders and assembled. The house is a good Island was captured by Union troops could only walk or ride to the main example of the vernacular American in 1861. With the Union occupation church on Sunday mornings. For Foursquare house form, which of the island, the Coffin family fled other meetings or services, praise was popular in the early twentieth and 260 slaves were found living on houses were built in each of the century. Bailey, born on St. Helena in the plantation. The United States communities created by the former government developed a plan to train plantations, and services were held on and educate the newly released slaves on the South Carolina Sea Islands in order to prove their effectiveness as free laborers. This effort, beginning in March 1862, became known as the Port Royal Experiment. Colonel William H. Noble, one of the cotton agents sent to the sea islands for the experiment, used the house at Coffin Point Plantation (c. 1801) as his headquarters. Edward S. Philbrick of Massachusetts served as a teacher and labor superintendent at Coffin Point. He bought acreage at Coffin Dr. York Bailey, Physician Point and several other plantations in Eddings Point Community Praise House Sunday night and some weeknights. enlarged the Frogmore Plantation A typical service might consist of house and lived there until their singing, prayer, perhaps a member’s deaths in 1900 and 1908. testimony, and almost always ended www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ with a “shout.” This was an a cappella S10817707051/index.htm song, most often a call from the leader SI: 3-4.1, 3-4.6 with a response from the members, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, beginning slowly, and building to an ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 emotional peak accompanied with SLP: LP-MTP-2 hand-clapping and dancing. Praise houses also served as centers of The Green NR Knights of Wise Men Lodge Hall information; community meetings Intersection of US Highway 21 and members. The lodge is still used were often held in them in addition to Lands End Road during times of celebration, both as a religious services. There were as many The Green is an open plot of land that dance hall and as a temporary jail for as twenty-five praise houses on St. measures 167 feet by 230 feet, near overenthusiastic celebrants. Helena Island as recently as 1932, but the center of St. Helena Island. The only four remain today. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Penn School built Darrah Hall on this S10817707058/index.htm 23 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ site c. 1885, but in 1893, refugees S10817707047/index.htm SI: 2-1.1, 2-2.4, USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 left homeless by a hurricane crowded STA: TA-MTP-7 SI: 3-4.1 into the building seeking shelter. A ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, cooking fire got out of control and ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Mary Jenkins Community ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 destroyed the building. The Green has long served as a meeting place Praise House NR and celebration site for St. Helena Secondary Road 74, approximately Island’s African American residents. 2 miles north of its junction with US Such activities as Emancipation Day, Highway 21 celebrating the adoption of the Mary Jenkins Community Praise House Emancipation Proclamation in 1863; is one of only four praise houses the annual Farmers Fair; Labor Day remaining on St. Helena Island. The celebrations; and community sings small wood frame building, which was were held all or in part at the Green. built c. 1900 by Kit Chaplin, represents The Green is also now known as a vernacular architectural form that Martin Luther King, Jr. Park. has survived since the plantation era. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ Paris Capers, born in 1863, was one of S10817707040/index.htm the early elders. As a place of religious SI: 2-1.1, 2-2.4 worship as well as community Frogmore Plantation meetings, this praise house is an Knights of Wise Men important reminder of St. Helena Island’s African American heritage. Frogmore Plantation Lodge Hall NR For more information about praise Complex NR Martin Luther King Drive houses see the description section of Off Secondary Road 77, near its The Knights of Wise Men Lodge was the nomination for the Eddings Point junction with Secondary Road 35 organized in 1870 to provide financial Community Praise House, also on St. The main house and tabby barn at and farming assistance to the families Helena Island. Frogmore Plantation Complex were of its members in times of sickness built c. 1810, probably by John and www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ and death. The Knights purchased S10817707048/index.htm Elizabeth Stapleton. In 1868 Laura this property at the rear of The Green Towne and Ellen Murray, teachers in 1889 for eight dollars and built a SI: 2-1.2, 2-3.1, 2-4.4, 8-5.1 and members of the Pennsylvania two-story wood frame Freedmen’s Relief Association, building, which burned purchased Frogmore for their in 1940. The current residence. Towne and Murray were concrete building was two of the first Northern missionaries constructed shortly who arrived on St. Helena Island thereafter by local in March 1862 after its capture by masons. It is similar Union troops. They began classes for in fashion to the the African American residents of earlier building. At its the island, which led to the founding height in the 1920s, of Penn School. Towne and Murray the Knights of Wise Men had some 350 Mary Jenkins Community Praise House t The Oaks NR Penn Center Cedar Cottage (1907), Jasmine On unpaved road 0.3 mile west of Historic District NR/NHL Cottage (1911), Cope Industrial Shop Secondary Road 165 Highway 37, south of Frogmore (1912), the Cafeteria (1917), Pine The house at the Oaks was built c. Penn School was founded in 1862 Cottage (1921), Lathers Hall (1922), 1855 by John Jeremiah Theus Pope by northern missionaries and Frissell Memorial Community Center and his wife. The family fled St. Helena abolitionists who came to South (1925), Butler Building (1931), Arnett Island after it was captured by Union Carolina after troops in 1861. Edward L. Pierce, the capture of one of the leaders of the Port Royal the Sea Islands Experiment, chose the Oaks as his by Union headquarters, and it remained the St. troops. Laura Helena headquarters throughout the Towne and Civil War. The Port Royal Experiment Ellen Murray was a program of the United States from the government designed to train and Pennsylvania educate the newly released slaves on Freedmen’s the South Carolina sea islands in order 24 Relief to prove their effectiveness as free Association laborers. Supplies were sent to the were among Oaks to be sorted and repacked for those who Brick Church/Penn Center Historic District distribution to other plantations and began classes for the freed slaves, which for a House (1937), the Potato House time were held in Brick Church, built (1938), Orchard Cottage (1942), by Baptist planters in 1855. During and the Cannery (1946). The school Reconstruction, Brick Church, which closed in 1948, and a non-profit is included in the historic district, organization was created to continue served as church, meeting hall, and the community service and cultural school for freedmen and northern preservation activities. During the missionaries. In 1864 the Pennsylvania 1960s Penn Center supported school Freedmen’s Relief Association sent a desegregation and voter registration. schoolhouse, ready to be assembled, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. held to St. Helena. The school, which meetings at Penn Center prior to was erected near Brick Church, was the March on Washington in 1963. Today the mission of Penn Center is The Oaks called Penn School. In the early twentieth century the school was to promote and preserve the history then to the freedmen. The house also incorporated and became Penn and culture of the Sea Islands. The served as a hotel for superintendents, Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural organization also acts as a catalyst teachers, and military personnel School. It provided practical vocational for the development of programs from Port Royal. In June 1862 Ellen training for its students as well as for self-sufficiency. Penn Center Murray and Laura M. Towne from services to the community. Many sponsors public programs, operates the Pennsylvania Freedmen’s Relief of the trustees, including George a conference center and the York Association opened a school for Peabody, were philanthropists from W. Bailey Museum and Gift Shop, freedmen in a back room of the the North, and a new campus was and maintains the Laura M. Towne house. Murray and Towne came not created with numerous buildings. At Archives and Library. In 1974 Penn only to teach the freedmen — both a time when public education was Center Historic District was designated adults and children — but to help poor, Penn School graduates made a National Historic Landmark. them adjust to their freedom in all important contributions to the local For more information, visit www. aspects of their lives. The school was community, and the school gained a penncenter.com/. soon too large for its small room national reputation. Penn School also www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ and was moved to Brick Church near preserved manuscripts, oral history, beaufort/S10817707020/index.htm the center of the island. Murray and musical recordings, and handicrafts SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, 5-1.2, 5-5.3, Towne lived at the Oaks until 1864. documenting the cultural heritage of 8-5.1, 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ the sea islands. Buildings in the Penn STA: TA-CWR-7, TA-MTP-14 SLP: LP-CWR-4 S10817707042/index.htm Center Historic District illustrate the SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, history of Penn School in the early Penn School HM USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 twentieth century. These include STA: TA-ANTE-2 Lands End Road (County Road 45), Darrah Hall (1882), Hampton House in front of Cope Administration (c. 1904), Benezet House (1905), Building, Penn Center Royal Experiment, a program of the Sheldon Community Front After Union occupation of the United States government designed sea islands in 1861, two northerners, to train and educate the newly Sheldon Union Academy HM Laura Towne and Ellen Murray, came released slaves on the South Carolina US Highway 21 to help the freed blacks of this area, sea islands in order to prove their Front Sheldon Union Academy, later establishing Penn School here in 1862. effectiveness as free laborers. The Sheldon School, opened in 1893 The earliest known black teacher was house itself served as a residence for on this site and educated the black Charlotte Forten, who traveled all the a number of missionaries, teachers, children of rural Sheldon community way from Massachusetts to help her and administrators associated with for almost fifty years. The original people. the Port Royal Experiment. These Sheldon Union Academy board, which founded and governed the school Back One of the first schools for included Charles Ware of Boston, from 1893 to 1918, included S.T. blacks in the South, Penn School a labor superintendent for Seaside Beaubien, M.W. Brown, P.R. Chisolm, opened in 1862 and was reorganized Plantation; Richard Soule, General H.L. Jones, S.W. Ladson, F.S. Mitchell, as Penn Normal, Industrial and Superintendent of the Port Royal and N.D. Mitchell. Agricultural School in 1901. As a result Experiment for St. Helena Island and of this change, which incorporated Ladies Island; and Charlotte Forten, Back Sheldon School missionary, teacher, and member Sheldon Union Academy, founded by of a prominent African American an independent group of community 25 abolitionist family in Philadelphia. leaders, was a private school until www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ 1918. That year its board deeded the S10817707027/index.htm property to Beaufort County, which SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 2-2.5, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, 5-1.2, built a new public school on this site. 5-5.3, 8-5.1, 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Sheldon School, which taught grades STA: TA-ANTE-2; SLP: LP-MTP-2 1-7, closed in 1942 when the county consolidated its rural black schools. Robert Simmons House NR Erected by the Committee for the On unpaved road, 0.5 mile south of Preservation of African American US Highway 21 Landmarks, 2001 This house was built c. 1910 by Robert SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, 5-1.2, 5-5.3, Simmons, an African American farmer. 8-5.1, 8-5.2 Hampton House/Penn Center Historic District The house is a rare surviving example of a double pen house, a vernacular principles of education found at both architectural form once common on BERKELEY COUNTY Tuskegee and Hampton Institutes, St. Helena Island. Double pen houses Cainhoy Penn became an international model. had two rooms side-by-side, each Its program was removed to the Cainhoy Historic District NR usually measuring approximately On the North side of the Wando River Beaufort County school system in sixteen by sixteen feet. The house has 1948. at the South end of County Road been enlarged, but the original core is S-8-26 Erected by the Penn Club and the S.C. still distinguishable. Department of Parks, Recreation, and The Cainhoy Historic District, while www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/ listed for its collection of buildings Tourism, 1981 S10817707044/index.htm that date from the 18th to the 20th SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, 5-1.2, 5-5.3, SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 centuries, it also derives significance 8-5.1, 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 SLP: LP-MTP-4

Seaside Plantation NR Off County Road 77 (Seaside Road) near its junction with Secondary Road 37 The house at Seaside Plantation was built c. 1795 for the Fripp family. By 1850 the plantation produced 22,000 pounds of Sea Island cotton annually through the work of 120 slaves. With the impending conquest of St. Helena Island by Union troops, the Fripp family fled the island. Beginning in 1862, Seaside Plantation became a center of activity for the Port Seaside Plantation from its association with black history (Old Moncks Corner Road) and 176 This area became an African American and Reconstruction politics. During (State Road) HM farming community for many years. the heated gubernatorial election Front Abraham Fleury, sometimes Dogwood Park was created here of 1876, which eventually led to the called Abraham Fleury Sieur De La by the Goose Creek Recreation end of Reconstruction, a political Plaine, settled here about 1680. Commission in 1990. meeting between blacks and whites He was one of the first French Erected by the Goose Creek Recreation dissolved into violence resulting in Huguenot planters in Carolina. The Commission, 2007 the Cainhoy massacre. Seven men Huguenots, Protestants who escaped SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 8-5.2 were killed and 16 wounded in the the persecution of Catholic France, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, conflict. This incident was unusual immigrated with encouragement from ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, among Reconstruction-era racial ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 the Lords Proprietors, who promised SLP: LP-MTP-2 confrontations in South Carolina them opportunity and religious because the black group won. freedom. They later assimilated into Howe Hall Plantation HM www.nationalregister.sc.gov/berkeley/ the predominantly Anglican society of S10817708003/index.htm at the Howe Hall AIMS Elementary the lowcountry. School, 115 Howe Hall Road SI: 2-1.2, 2-3.1, 2-4.4, 8-5.1, USHC-3.3, Back Freedman's Plantation Front Howe Hall Plantation was USHC-3.4 This tract was often called Cherry 26 STA: TA-MTP-5 established here by Robert Howe Hill after it was merged into that about 1683 and passed to his son plantation before the Revolution. In Job Howe (d. 1706), Speaker of the Goose Creek 1858 freedman and planter Lamb Commons House of Assembly 1700- Casey (Caice) HM Stevens (1766?-1868) added it to his 05. Later owned by such prominent At the intersection of SC Highways 52 extensive holdings. Stevens, born into lowcountry families as the Middletons (Old Moncks Corner Road) and 176 slavery in N.C., later purchased his and Smiths, it was owned by James (State Road) freedom and moved to S.C. He owned Vidal before the Civil War. During Front This African-American as many as 30 slaves, some of them Reconstruction Vidal sold parcels community grew up around a relatives he bought in order to protect to African American societies and Methodist church founded during them and their families. Lamb died in individual freedmen for small farms. Reconstruction by a freedman named 1868 at the age of 102. Back Howe Hall Elementary School Casey or Caice. Its early services were Erected by the City of Goose Creek, Howe Hall became an African under a tent, but a log cabin served 2010 American community made up of as its first permanent church. In 1868 SI: 2-1.3, 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 3-4.4, 4-2.2, 8-3.1 small family farms in the 1870s. It T.W. Lewis and other trustees bought was nicknamed “Hog Hall” by locals a 25-acre tract between S.C. Hwys. Howe Hall Plantation HM who belittled the area’s lower status 176 and 52. After a frame church at Dogwood Park, 460 Liberty Hill when compared to the old plantation. replaced the cabin, Rev. William Road Howe Hall Elementary School, serving Evans (1822-1887) became the first Front Howe Hall Plantation, an inland grades 1-8, consolidated several local permanent ordained minister at Casey rice plantation, was established black schools and was built here in Methodist Church. here by Robert Howe, who came 1954. Integrated in 1967, it has been Back Casey Methodist Church was to S.C. in 1683. His first house here Howe Hall AIMS (Arts Infused Magnet destroyed by arson in 1977; the was later described as “tolerable.” adjacent cemetery is all that remains. Howe’s son Job (d. 1706) built a brick Casey School, a three-room frame plantation house here once described school built next to the church in the as “commodious” but spent most of 1930s, taught area children in grades his time in Charleston. Howe served 1-7 until it burned in 1966. The Goose in the Commons House of Assembly Creek Branch of the Berkeley County 1696-1706 and was Speaker 1700-05. Public Library was built on the site He died yellow fever in 1706. in 1991. The Casey Fellowship Hall, Back Howe Hall across Moncks Corner Road from the Howe Hall Plantation was later church, was also a vital institution in purchased by several planters, the Casey community for many years. including Thomas Middleton in 1719 Erected by the City of Goose Creek, and Benjamin Smith in 1769. By 2006 the late antebellum period James SI: 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, 8-5.2 Vidal owned it and other nearby plantations. During Reconstruction French Huguenot Plantation Vidal sold parcels to African American At the intersection of SC Highways 52 societies and to individual freedmen. Howe Hall Plantation School) Elementary since 2002. and as a church for the Cherry Hill plantation system possible. Historic Erected by the City of Goose Creek, community. A one-room school for buildings and landscape features 2007 grades 1-6 with Aaron Cooper and St. such as rice fields, roads, avenues, SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 8-5.2 Julian Middleton as its first teachers, and cemeteries are tangible evidence ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, it became a public school within the of the rice plantation economy and ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Berkeley County school district in the the work of thousands of slaves ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 early 20th century. who provided the labor force for STA: TA-MAJC-2 Back By the 1920s attendance here the plantations. In addition, the had grown enough to require a one- archaeological evidence of slave Moncks Corner room addition, which was built on houses, streets, and settlements has Berkeley Training High School land donated by Mary Ann Cooper. the potential to provide new insights HM Daisy Pasley and Pansy Cooper were into the lifeways of enslaved African 320 No. Live Oak Drive the first teachers in the expanded Americans. Front Berkeley Training High School, school. The school closed after the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/berkeley/ located here from 1955 to 1970, 1954-55 school year, when many S10817708004/index.htm replaced a four-room wood frame rural schools in Berkeley County were SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.2, 2-3.1, 2-4.4, 8-5.1 school 1 mi. South at Main St. and consolidated. It was rededicated as ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Cherry Hill Community Center in 2011. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, 27 Old U.S. Hwy. 52. That school, built ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 in 1918-1920 at a cost of $6,700, had Sponsored by Cherry Hill Community Center, 2014 been partially funded by the Julius Dixie Training School HM Rosenwald Foundation. The new brick SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5,1, Intersection of Main Street and old school, built here in 1955 at a cost 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, US Highway 52 North of almost $400,000, opened with an USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 Front Berkeley Training High School, enrollment of more than first called Dixie 500 students in grades Training School, stood 8-12. here from 1920 until Back Joseph H. the 1980s. The first Jefferson, Sr. (1919- public school for blacks 1983) was the only in Moncks Corner was principal of Berkeley founded in 1880. It held Training High School at classes in local churches this location, from 1955 until its first school to 1970. By the 1964-65 was built in 1900. The school year this school three-room school reached its peak of built here 1918-1920 723 students in grades at a cost of $6,700 was 8-12. Its enrollment was one of almost 500 in reduced to grades 9-12 S.C. funded in part by in 1965-66 and then to Flooding a Rice Field at High Tide the Julius Rosenwald grades 10-12 in 1968-69. Foundation 1917-1932. Berkeley Training High School closed Cooper River Back Berkeley Training High School in 1970 after the desegregation of Historic District NR Rev. James Van Wright led a local Berkeley County schools. Along the East and West branches of effort to fund and build the school, Erected by the Berkeley Training High the Cooper River with its slogan “A Dollar or A Day.” School Alumni Association, 2010 The Cooper River Historic District Rev. Harleston, the first principal, SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, includes approximately 30,020 acres was succeeded in 1921 by R.A. Ready USHC-8.2 along the East and West branches of (d. 1952), principal for 29 years. The ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, the River. The district is significant ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, school, at first including grades 1-11, for its association with the African ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 became Berkeley Training High School American experience in lowcountry in the 1930s. It moved into a new Cherry Hill Classroom South Carolina. Slaves cleared school on U.S. Hwy. 17 in 1955 and forests to carve plantations out of closed in 1970 when county schools Historic District HM the wilderness; grew, harvested, and 1386 Cherry Hill Road desegregated. processed cash and subsistence crops Front This school was built ca. 1876 Erected by the Alumni and Friends of and raised livestock; and performed on land donated by John Campbell for Berkeley Training High School, 2006 countless domestic services for a building that would serve as both a SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 their masters, all of which made the school for African American students STA: TA-MAJC-2 CALHOUN COUNTY materials. Although relatively few Foundation operates the complex as burial goods are visible on the surface, a museum. For more information, Fort Motte Vicinity archaeological investigations have see www.historiccharleston.org/ Mount Pleasant shown that they are found slightly experience/arh. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ HM below grade, having been covered Baptist Church S10817710004/index.htm At the church, SC Highway 419, by recent buildup of soils. During the Fort Motte spring the cemetery is dominated SI: 1-1.1, 1-2.3, 2-1.4, 2-2.3, 2-4.3, 5-4.1 Front The first church built by by massive banks of daffodils and SLP: LP-MTP-2 snowflakes with yucca plants marking African Americans at Fort Motte t grew out of services held by slaves individual graves. Avery Institute NR 125 Bull Street at nearby Bellville, Goshen, Lang www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ S10817710169/index.htm Avery Institute originated in the Syne, and Oakland plantations. It was Saxton School, which was founded formally organized in 1867 by Caleb SI: 1-1.1, 1-2.3, 2-1.4, 2-2.3, 2-4.3, 5-4.1 by Francis L. Cardoza in 1865 as a Bartley, Israel Cheeseborough, Cudjo STA: TA-MTP-6 school for African American students. Cunningham, Anderson Keitt, William Cardoza was born free in Charleston McCrae, John Spann, and Harry Stuart. Charleston in 1837 and earned a four-year degree 28 Back Rev. S.A. Evans, the first Aiken-Rhett House t at the University of Glasgow. He minister, was succeeded by Rev. Slave Quarters NR continued his studies at seminaries in Henry Duncan, who served until his 48 Elizabeth Street Edinburgh and London. After serving death in 1905. The sanctuary, built in The Aiken-Rhett House was briefly as a Presbyterian pastor, 1869 on land donated by Augustus originally constructed c. 1817. In the Cardoza volunteered his services to T. and Louisa McCord Smythe, 1830s William Aiken Jr., a wealthy the American Missionary Association was remodeled in the 1970s and rice planter, and his wife Harriet as a teacher. In response to Cardoza’s the 1990s. Mount Pleasant School remodeled the main residence and appeal for a secondary school for educated students here from the enlarged the outbuildings. By the advanced students, the American 1870s into the 1920s. 1850s Aiken owned more than 700 Missionary Association purchased a Erected by the Congregation and the slaves on his rice plantation while United Family Reunion, 2002 approximately 12 highly SI: 1-1.1, 1-2.3, 2-1.4, 2-2.3, 2-4.3, 5-4.1 skilled slaves maintained this mansion in the city. CHARLESTON The enslaved African Americans at the Aiken- COUNTY Rhett House included Adams Run Vicinity Ann Greggs and her son Henry; Sambo and Dorcas King Cemetery NR Richardson and their Near junction of US Highway 17 and children; Charles; Rachael; S-19-38 Victoria; Elizabeth and The King Cemetery, which was Julia; Charles Jackson; named for a nineteenth century Anthony Barnwell; and plantation owner, is thought to have Avery Institute, 1879 two carpenters, Will been used by the area’s African and Jacob. They included household American community since at lot on Bull Street and constructed this servants — the butler, maids, nurses, least the late antebellum period. It three-story brick building c. 1868. The chambermaids, and cooks — and contains at least 183 graves. Oral Freedman’s Bureau and the estate those who labored in the work history documents the extensive use of northern philanthropist Charles yard — carriage drivers, gardeners, of the graveyard during slavery and Avery also contributed to the school. carpenters, and stablemen. They continuing into the first half of the By 1880 Avery Institute had almost lived and worked in the back lot twentieth century. The cemetery is 500 students who were taught by of the house, which still includes a a good example of the Lowcountry an integrated staff including both paved work yard, a carriage house, African American cemetery, typically Charlestonians and northerners. a kitchen, privies, and second floor associated with a plantation and The training of teachers was one of slave quarters. The slaves slept in reflecting the continuation of burial the main goals of the school, which rooms arranged dormitory style above rituals and patterns originating in achieved a reputation of academic the kitchen and stable and probably slavery. Distinctive characteristics excellence. Many of South Carolina’s ate communally in the kitchen. The include the placing of grave goods most prominent African American Aiken-Rhett House is listed individually — personal items of the deceased leaders received their education here. and is included in the Charleston — on graves and the use of plant By 1947 Avery became a public school, Historic District. Historic Charleston which closed its doors in 1954. Avery Institute is included in the Charleston Front This church, located on Hospital. The old hospital here was Historic District. Today, the building Beaufain Street for 91 years, was torn down in 1961; the new hospital houses the Avery Research Center for organized in 1847 to give free blacks closed at the end of 1976 and was African American History and Culture. and slaves in antebellum Charleston torn down in 2004. Based at the College of Charleston, it a separate Episcopal congregation of Erected by the Waring Historical is an archives, research center, and their own. The Rev. Paul Trapier was Library, Medical University of South museum. Learn more about the Avery its first minister, and the church met Carolina, and the Avery Research Research Center by visiting, http:// in the St. Philip’s Episcopal Church Center for African American History avery.cofc.edu. parsonage, then in Temperance Hall, and Culture, College of Charleston, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ before acquiring a lot at the corner of 2010 S10817710004/index.htm Beaufain and Wilson Streets. SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.2, 4-6.4, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, 5-1.2, 5-5.3, Back A stuccoed brick church on 5-3.2, 8-4.6, 8-4.6, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-5.1, 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Beaufain Street was completed USHC. 3.3, USHC-3.4 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, and consecrated in 1849. In 1940 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Charleston Housing Authority bought Centenary United Methodist SLP: LP-MTP-4 the historic church and lot to build Church NR the Robert Mills Manor housing 60 Wentworth Street 29 Burke High School HM project. The congregation bought Centenary United Methodist Church 144 President Street this lot on Line Street from the city was built in 1842 and was originally Front This school, founded in 1910, and dedicated this sanctuary in 1942. the home of the Second Baptist was the first public high school for Three African-American cemeteries Church. In 1866, the African American African-Americans in Charleston. It have been on this site: one “Colored,” members of Trinity Methodist Church succeeded the Charleston Normal & one Baptist, and Calvary Episcopal. left that church and purchased Industrial School, a private school at Erected by the Congregation, 2010 this building from the Baptists for Bogard & Kracke Streets, which had SI: 3-2.5 $20,000 in gold. The Centenary been founded in 1894 by Rev. John ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, congregation included many L. Dart. The new Charleston Colored ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, members of Charleston’s African & Industrial School, built here at ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 American upper class including the President and Fishburne Streets by the Westons, Wilsons, Johnsons, Millses, City of Charleston, opened in January Cannon Street Hospital HM Browns, Sasportases, Hamptons, 1911 with 375 students. 135 Cannon Street McKinlays, Ransiers, Holloways, Back David Hill became the first Front Cannon Street Hospital, Ryans, and Wigfalls. These were African-American principal in 1919. established here in 1897, served the among the wealthiest black families in The school was renamed Burke African-American community of Charleston. In the twentieth century Industrial School in 1921 in memory of Charleston until 1959. Officially the Septima Poinsett Clark, prominent J.E. Burke, vice chairman of the public Hospital and Training school board. By 1930 Burke, with School for Nurses, it 1,000 students, had a full elementary occupied a three-story and high school curriculum in addition brick building to its vocational curriculum. Burke constructed ca. merged with Avery High School 1800. Dr. Alonzo C. in 1954, was accredited, and was McClennan (1855- renamed Burke High School, in a new 1912), then one of only complex on this site. It was rebuilt in six black physicians in 2005. http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/ Charleston, was one of exhibits/show/history_burke_high_ its founders and also school/. edited The Hospital Erected by the Burke High School erald 1898-1900. Centenary United Methodist Church, 1842 Foundation, Inc., 2010 Back McClennan- Banks Memorial SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, African American educator and USHC-8.1 Hospital By 1956 Dr. Thomas C. leader in the National Association ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, McFall, director of the Cannon for the Advancement of Colored ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Street Hospital, led a campaign to People (N.A.A.C.P.), was a member of ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 build a new hospital. McClennan- Centenary United Methodist Church. SLP: LP-MTP-4 Banks Memorial Hospital, which STA: TA-MAJC-13 She later directed citizenship schools opened on Courtenay Street in 1959, for Dr. Martin Luther King’s Southern was named for Dr. McClennan and Christian Leadership Conference. The Calvary Episcopal Church HM Anna DeCosta Banks (1869-1930), 104-106 Line Street church is included in the Charleston first head nurse of the Cannon Street Historic District. S10817710097/index.htm Revival building with a tall steeple was www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, constructed in 1891. Emanuel A.M.E. S10817710004/index.htm USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 Church is included in the Charleston SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Historic District. USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 Emanuel A.M.E. Church NR SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 STA: TA-MTP-2 SLP: LP-CWR-2 110 Calhoun Street STA: TA-MTP-2, TA-MTP-8 The congregation of Emanuel African SLP: LP-CWR-2 Central Baptist Church NR Methodist Episcopal Church was 26 Radcliffe Street organized c. 1865 with Rev. Richard Cigar Factory HM Central Baptist Church is said to be the H. Cain as its first pastor. The church 701 East Bay Street first church in Charleston designed, was built on the legacy of an African Front This five-story commercial built, and paid for solely by African Methodist Church, which had thrived building, built ca. 1882 as a textile in the early nineteenth century, but mill, was known as the Charleston had been banned after the Denmark Manufacturing Company, then Vesey conspiracy. Cain, who had Charleston Cotton Mills, in its early grown up in Ohio and been ordained years. Leased to the American a bishop in the A.M.E. Church in 1859, Tobacco Company in 1903, the plant 30 came to South Carolina as a missionary was sold to that company in 1912. in 1865. In addition to his work with Popularly called “the Cigar Factory,” the A.M.E. Church, Cain held several it produced cigars such as Cremo political offices including serving two and Roi-Tan until it closed in 1973. terms in Congress (1873-1875 and The Cigar Factory was listed in the 1877-1879). Under Cain’s leadership National Register of Historic Places in the Emanuel A.M.E. congregation 1980. purchased this lot on Calhoun Street Back “We Shall Overcome” and constructed a wooden building on By the end of World War II the the property. The church flourished factory employed 1,400 workers, 900 and by 1883 it had almost 4,000 of them black women. In October members. Charleston’s two other 1945, 1,200 workers walked out over major A.M.E. churches — Morris discrimination and low wages. Strikers Central Baptist Church Brown A.M.E. Church and Mt. Zion sang the gospel hymn “I’ll Overcome A.M.E. Church — were organized from Someday.” Later revised as “We Shall Americans. It was designed by John Emanuel. After the wooden church Overcome,” it would become the P. Hutchinson and built in 1891 by was damaged in the earthquake anthem of the Civil Rights Movement. members of the congregation, which of 1886, this stuccoed brick Gothic The strike ended in March 1946 with was organized by a group from Morris a settlement giving workers raises and Street Baptist Church. The wood promising better treatment. frame church is an example of the Sponsored by the Preservation Society Carpenter Gothic style of architecture, of Charleston, 2013 which features a square tower topped SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, by an octagonal belfry. The interior 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 5-4.6, 5-4.7, 8-5,1, is distinguished by folk art murals 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, depicting the life of Christ. The murals USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 were painted between 1912 and STA: TA-CRM-6, TA-ARTS-6, TA-ARTS-7 1915 by Amohamed Milai, a native of India. A member of the congregation met Milai, who was working in Harleston-Boags Washington, D.C., at a church Funeral Home NR convention in Greenville. The murals 121 Calhoun Street depict the Procession to Golgotha, Captain Edwin G. Harleston, a former the Crucifixion, the burial scene, Mary sea captain, constructed this building Magdalene at the sepulchre, Peter and c. 1915 for the family undertaking the other disciple, the empty tomb, business. The three-story wood and Cleopas and another disciple on building included offices, showroom, the road to Emmaus. The altarpiece morgue, embalming room, and a depicts the Baptism of Christ, while in large chapel. Apartments for family the apse is the Ascension, and in the members were on the third floor. Harleston’s son, Edwin A. Harleston — gable above is the Resurrection. Emanuel A.M.E. Church www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ an artist who was educated at Morehouse College and the Boston Little League in S.C. and played games single house at 221 Calhoun Street c. Museum of Fine Arts — returned at Harmon Field. In 1955 the Cannon 1814. About the same time he built to Charleston to become a painter St. YMCA entered a team in the state the similar house at 96 Smith Street. and help in the family business. He Little League tournament. Rather than The house at 72 Pitt Street was and his wife, the photographer Elise integrate, white teams boycotted and constructed by Holloway around 1827. Forrest Harleston, also established the Cannon St. All-Stars were state The houses, which display Holloway’s the Harleston Studio in the building champions by forfeit. The All-Stars skill as a designer and builder, are and lived here after 1920. In 1917 were invited to the Little League included in the Charleston Historic Harleston organized the first branch World Series, but not allowed to District. compete. SI: 8-4.2, 8-7.2 Sponsored by the City of Charleston, STA: TA-ANTE-3 2014 SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 8-6.2, USHC 6.1 Holy Trinity Reformed STA: TA-CRM-7 Episcopal Church NR 51 Bull Street Richard Holloway Houses NR Holy Trinity Reformed Episcopal 221 Calhoun Street, 96 Smith Street, Church is a simple wooden building, 31 and 72 Pitt Street which was constructed c. 1880. The Richard Holloway was a prominent congregation was formed in 1875 member of Charleston’s large free by members who withdrew from African American population in the Calvary Protestant Episcopal Church, early nineteenth century. Holloway which was a mission of the Protestant was a highly skilled carpenter and Episcopal Diocese and directed by a landlord who lived on Beaufain white deacon. The group wanted to Harleston-Boags Funeral Home Street but owned more than twenty form its own church and decided to houses around the city when he apply for admission to the Reformed of the National Association for the died in 1823. He was also a member Episcopal denomination. The Advancement of Colored People of the elite Brown Fellowship Society congregation worshiped in several (N.A.A.C.P.) in Charleston, and many and a founder of the Minor’s Moralist locations before constructing this meetings were held in this building. Society, organized to educate poor building. The Reformed Episcopal Prominent African American leaders or orphaned black children. Holloway Church had been organized in New who visited here included W.E.B. was a lay preacher in the Methodist York City in 1873 by a bishop who DuBois, James Weldon Johnson, and Episcopal Church and traveled as withdrew from the Protestant Mary McLeod Bethune. The Harleston- far as Savannah preaching to slaves. Episcopal Church after a dispute over Boags Funeral Home is included in the Several of the houses constructed and ritual and doctrine. The denomination Charleston Historic District. owned by Holloway remain standing appealed to some African Americans SI: 8-4.2, 8-7.2 in the city including the houses at 221 in the South who had become STA: TA-MAJC-8, TA-MTP-7, TA-ARTS-12 Calhoun Street, 96 Smith Street, and frustrated with their treatment by 72 Pitt Street. He built the Charleston the Protestant Episcopal Church. Holy Harmon Field HM Trinity President Street at Fishburne Street Reformed Front Harmon Field, established in Episcopal 1927, was one of many parks across Church is the country created with support included from the Harmon Foundation, a in the national philanthropic organization. Charleston Though dedicated to the “Recreation Historic of All,” state law mandated the District. racial segregation of public parks SI: K-1.1, and Harmon Field remained a facility K-2.2, 3-5.5, for African Americans until it was 5-1.4, 8-1.4 desegregated in 1964. Among other SLP: LP- uses, the park was a venue for games CWR-2 played by amateur and semi-pro baseball teams. Back Cannon Street All-Stars In 1953 the Cannon St. YMCA established the first African American Cannon Street All-Stars, 1955 Hospital Strike of 1969 HM of Charleston, 2013 so much that it became too large for Ashley Avenue SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, one minister. The pastor, Rev. Norman Front Civil rights marches on Ashley 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, Bascom Sterrett, developed a plan to Ave. and elsewhere occurred during USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 divide the congregation, and the old SLP: LP-MTP-4 strikes at two hospitals from March Glebe Street Presbyterian Church 20 to July 18, 1969. Workers, mostly property was purchased for the new black women, cited unequal treatment Maryville HM church. In 1882 the Mt. Zion A.M.E. and pay when they organized and At Emmanuel A.M.E. Church, corner Church was formed. Mt. Zion A.M.E. walked out of the Medical College of SC Highway 61 and 5th Avenue Church is included in the Charleston Hospital (MCH) on Doughty St. and The town of Maryville, chartered Historic District. Charleston County Hospital (CCH) in 1886, included the site of the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ on Calhoun St. Some picketers were original English settlement in S.C. and S10817710004/index.htm arrested, the state of S.C. refused to the plantation owned by the Lords SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 sanction a union, and talks stalled. Proprietors 1670-99. When the old STA: TA-MTP-8 Back The Southern Christian plantation was subdivided into lots Leadership Conference joined the and sold to local blacks in the 1880s, Old Bethel United strike in its first major campaign since they established a town named for NR 32 Methodist Church the death of Martin Luther King, Jr. educator and community leader 222 Calhoun Street Protests were marred by violence, Mary Mathews Just (d. 1902). Though This church building was begun and Gov. Robert McNair called out Maryville was widely seen as a model the National Guard and set a curfew. of black “self-government,” the S.C. In May King’s widow Coretta Scott General Assembly revoked the town King led 5,000 marchers down Ashley charter in 1936. Ave. A settlement at MCH in June and Erected by the City of Charleston, CCH in July gave workers raises and 1999 promised better treatment. SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 Sponsored by the Preservation Society of Charleston, 2013 Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church NR 7 Glebe Street SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 8-6.2, USHC 6.1 Designed by Edward C. Jones, this building was constructed in 1848 Kress Building HM for the Glebe Street Presbyterian 281 King Street congregation. In the 1880s the Front This three-story Art Deco building became the home of building, built in 1930-31 was a 5- and the Mt. Zion African Methodist 10-cent store owned by S.H. Kress Episcopal congregation, which was an & Co. until 1980. Kress, with about Old Bethel United Methodist Church outgrowth of Emanuel A.M.E. Church. 400 American stores, designed its By the early 1880s the congregation own buildings. This store features a c. 1798. Originally it was home to of Emanuel A.M.E. Church had grown yellow brick facade with colorful and Bethel Methodist Church, which decorative glazed terracotta details included white members and black typical of Kress’s Art Deco designs. members, who led their own class A 1941 two-story addition faces meetings. In 1817 black members Wentworth Street. McCrory Stores left, and with Morris Brown as their bought this building in 1980, operating leader, formed Charleston’s first it under the Kress name until 1992. African Methodist congregation. Back Civil Rights Sit-Ins Denmark Vesey, a free African On April 1, 1960, the lunch counter American who had been a class leader here and those at the Woolworth’s at Bethel, became a member of the and W.T. Grant’s stores on King St. new church. Following the arrest of were the targets of the city’s first civil Vesey in 1822 for plotting a slave rights “sit-in.” Black students from insurrection, the African Methodist Burke High School were denied service church was forcibly disbanded and but refused to leave. Arrested for many African Americans returned to trespassing, they were later convicted Bethel. Members of the Charleston and fined. This youth-led protest was aristocracy blamed the insurrection the beginning of a broader civil rights on the opportunities that Bethel had provided for African Americans. In movement in Charleston. Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church Sponsored by the Preservation Society 1852 when the congregation decided to build a larger church on the site, established by Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins the building was moved to the west for African American children side of the lot and only used for who were orphans or had poor or African American class meetings. In disabled parents. Enrollment at the 1876 the building was donated to the orphanage grew to include over 500 black congregation, and in 1880 it children. In addition to this building, was moved across Calhoun Street and the orphanage included a 100-acre named Old Bethel Methodist Church. farm, a print shop, and a shoe repair The church was originally a simple shop. The Jenkins Orphanage Band, meeting house; a portico supported wearing uniforms discarded by the by columns was later added to the Citadel, performed throughout the front. Bishop Francis Asbury preached country and in England raising money in the church several times in the to support the orphanage. In 1973 the Old Slave Mart late eighteenth and early nineteenth Old Marine Hospital was designated t centuries. a National Historic Landmark as an Old Slave Mart NR 6 Chalmers Street www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ outstanding example of the work of After an 1856 Charleston ordinance S10817710089/index.htm Robert Mills. ended the public sale of slaves, a 33 SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 4-3.2, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 SI: 2-1.1, 2-1.4, 3-4.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1 number of sales rooms, yards, or SLP: LP-CWR-2 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, marts were created along Chalmers, Old Bethel Methodist Church ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 State, and Queen streets. Z.B. Oakes purchased this property in 1859 222 Calhoun Street STA: TA-ARTS-4, TA-ARTS-5 HM and constructed a shed with a roof Front This church, built in 1797 in the Old Plymouth supported by octagonal pillars for the meetinghouse form, was dedicated in sale of slaves. The shed was part of 1798 and completed in 1809. It is the Congregational Church NR 41-43 Pitt Street Ryan’s Mart, a complex of buildings oldest Methodist church standing in The Old Plymouth Congregational that included a yard enclosed by Charleston. Originally at the corner Church is a Greek Revival style a brick wall, a jail, a kitchen, and a of Pitt and Calhoun Streets, Bethel wooden building reminiscent of a New morgue. The auction of slaves at the Methodist Church was a congregation England meeting house. The church Old Slave Mart ended in 1863. In the of white and black members, both was constructed in 1872 by a group 1870s the shed was altered for use as free blacks and slaves. Many blacks of African American worshipers who a tenement for black families and later left the church in 1833 during a had left the Circular Congregational an auto repair shop. From 1938 to the dispute over seating. Though some Church. By 1867 they had formed the 1980s the building housed a privately later returned, many did not. Plymouth Congregational Church, which owned museum of African and African Back In 1852 the congregation moved received support from the American American arts and crafts. The City of this building west to face Calhoun Missionary Association. Led by white Charleston acquired the property in Street, to make room for a new brick missionaries, the congregation didn’t 1988. The building is being renovated church, completed the next year. This flourish in Charleston; by 1876 there for a museum that will tell the story of church, called “Old Bethel,” was used were only 198 members. Old Plymouth Charleston’s role in the slave trade. for Sunday school before its black Congregational Church is included in the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ members acquired it in 1876. They Charleston Historic District. S10817710090 index.htm kept the name Old Bethel and moved SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 the church to this location in 1882. Old STA: TA-ANTE-3, Bethel Methodist Church was listed in TA-CWR-1 the National Register of Historic Places SLP: LP-MTP-2 in 1975. Erected by the Congregation, 2011

Old Marine Hospital/ Jenkins Orphanage NR/NHL 20 Franklin Street This building, which was designed by Robert Mills, was constructed in 1833 for the care of sick and disabled seamen. After the Civil War, it became a school for African American children. From 1895 to 1939 the building was the home of Jenkins Orphanage, Jenkins Orphanage Band, c. 1900 The Parsonage/ visited in 1925, and Paul Robeson, windows with richly ornamented Miss Izard’s School HM a singer and activist, stayed here stained glass. St. Mark’s Episcopal 5 and 7 President’s Place while campaigning for presidential Church is included in the Charleston Front “The Parsonage,” the home candidate Henry Wallace in 1948. In Historic District. of Rev. James B. Middleton (1839- 1957 the congregation moved to a SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, 1918), stood here at 5 Short Court new location one mile north on Spring USHC-3.3 (now President’s Place) until 1916. Street. SLP: LP-CWR-2 Middleton and his siblings, born Sponsored by the Avery Research slaves, were taught to read and Center for African American History John Schnierle Jr./Alonzo J. write by their father, Rev. James C. and Culture, 2014 Ransier House NR Middleton (1790-1889). After the Civil SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-4.1, 8-5.1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 33 Pitt Street War the elder Middleton, his son Rev. 8-6.2, USHC 3.4, USHC 3.5 This house was constructed by John Abram Middleton (1827-1901), and Schnierle Jr. c. 1849. Schnierle, a lumber Rev. James B. Middleton organized Saint Mark’s merchant, was elected Charleston’s and served as pastors of many Episcopal Church NR second German mayor. He lived in the Methodist churches in the lowcountry. 16 Thomas Street house until his death in 1869. In 1869, St. Mark’s Protestant Episcopal 33 Pitt Street became the home of 34 Back This house, the home of the Church was organized in 1865 Alonzo J. Ransier, who served in the Frazer and Izard families, was built at state legislature (1868- 7 Short Court (now President’s Place) 1870), as lieutenant by 1872. Anna Eliza Izard (1850- governor (1872), and 1945), niece of Revs. James B. and in the U.S. House Abram Middleton, was a graduate of Representatives of the Avery Normal Institute and (1873-1875). Ransier, taught school here for many years. who may have been Mamie Garvin Fields (1888-1987), a the son of Haitian Middleton descendant, described life immigrants, was born a at 5 & 7 Short Court in Lemon Swamp free African American and Other Places (1983). in Charleston in 1834. Erected by the Avery Research Center Before the Civil War he for African American History and worked as a shipping Culture, 2004 clerk. As a politician SI: 2-1.1, 2-1.4, 3-4.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1 during Reconstruction, Ransier argued that HM Plymouth Church Saint Mark’s Episcopal Church the Republican party 41 Pitt Street, near intersection with could meld an alliance Bull Street by Charlestonians who had been between blacks and poor whites, Front In 1867 over 100 African members of the free black elite of the and criticized railroad subsidies and Americans, most former members antebellum period. The congregation political corruption. In addition to of the Circular Church, founded included some of Charleston’s most holding political offices, Ransier was the Plymouth Church, among the oldest prominent African American families associate editor of the South Carolina black Congregational Churches in the including the Walls, Maxwells, Leader and the secretary of the black- South. Plymouth is an example of the Mushingtons, Kinlochs, Elfes, Leslies, owned Enterprise Railroad. He was independent black churches formed Dacostas, Greggs, Houstons, and also a member of the Amateur Literary at the dawn of emancipation. Early Bosemans. The first ministers were and Fraternal Association. Tragically, pastor Francis L. Cardozo was also white men, but the Rev.Thaddeus Ransier’s fortunes declined in the late involved in the operation of Avery Saltus, an African American assistant 1870s with the end of Reconstruction, Normal Institute, a school for black minister at St. Mark’s, was ordained and by 1880 he was living in a students. This Gothic Revival church to the priesthood in 1881. He was boardinghouse and working as a day building was completed in 1872. the first African American in South laborer. The house is included in the Back Plymouth Parsonage Carolina to be ordained in the Charleston Historic District. Plymouth parsonage, built in 1886, Protestant Episcopal Church. The SI: 8-4.2, 8-7.2, USHC-4.5 was home to church leaders. Pastors present church building was designed who lived here were active in anti- by Charleston architect Louis J. Barbot The Seizure of the Planter HM lynching and equal rights campaigns. and constructed in 1878. The temple- Plymouth also hosted a number of 40 East Bay Street, Historic form structure features a pedimented Charleston Foundation prominent black figures. W.E.B. Du portico with four Corinthian columns. Bois, a founding NAACP member, Front Early on May 13, 1862, Robert The church also features ten large Smalls, an enslaved harbor pilot including this one. here before three judges on May 28- Back Desegregation of Charleston 29, 1951. Schools In 1960 nine parents, with Back Briggs V. Elliott support from the NAACP, applied Thurgood Marshall and other for their children’s transfer to four NAACP Legal Defense Fund lawyers white schools, including James Simons represented Harry and Eliza Briggs Elementary School. Denied by the and 19 other courageous parents board and on appeal, they sued in from Clarendon County. In a bold federal court in 1962 and won their and vigorous dissent opposing the case the next year. On September prevailing doctrine of separate 3, 1963, eleven black students but equal, Waring declared that entered this school and Memminger segregation “must go and must go Elementary School and Charleston and now. Segregation is per se inequality.” Rivers High Schools. The U.S. Supreme Court followed Sponsored by the Preservation Society his analysis as a central part of its of Charleston, 2013 groundbreaking decision in Brown v. Robert Smalls SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, Board of Education (1954). aboard the Planter, seized the 149-ft. 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, Sponsored by the Charleston County 35 Confederate transport from a wharf 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, Bar Association, 2014 just east of here. He and six enslaved USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 SI: 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1, 8.2 crewmen took the vessel before dawn, when its captain, pilot, and Denmark Vesey House NR/NHL engineer were ashore. Smalls guided 56 Bull Street the ship through the channel, past Raised in slavery in the Virgin Islands, Fort Sumter, and out to sea, delivering Denmark Vesey settled with his it to the Federal fleet which was master, a slave trader, in Charleston, blockading the harbor. where he purchased his freedom Back Northern and Southern and moved to Bull Street, working as newspapers called this feat “bold”and a carpenter and living among other “daring.” Smalls and his crew, a crew- free blacks. Beginning in December man on another ship, and eight other 1821, Vesey and other free blacks enslaved persons including Smalls’s met in his home on Sunday evenings, wife, Hannah, and three children, won when blacks were allowed to gather their freedom by it. Smalls (1839- for religious services. Vesey and 1915) was appointed captain of the his friends, however, were not U.S.S. Planter by a U.S. Army contract worshipping, but were instead in 1863. A native of Beaufort, he was planning a rebellion for the summer later a state legislator and then a five- of 1822. As the date for the rebellion term U.S. Congressman. grew closer, one slave who heard of Sponsored by Historic Charleston the plot reported it to his master. Foundation and the African American Historical Alliance, 2012 SI: 1-3.3, 3-3.4, 4-6.4, 8-4.5, USHC-3.1 U.S. Courthouse and Post Office James Simons Elementary U.S. Courthouse and Post HM School Office HM 741 King Street U.S. Courthouse, 83 Broad Street Front This school, built in 1919 Front This Renaissance Revival and designed by local architects building, opened in 1896, is notable Benson & Barbot, was the fifth public for its association with U.S. District elementary school in the city. It Judge J. Waties Waring (1880-1968). opened for the 1919-1920 school year Waring, a Charleston native who with an enrollment of 600. In 1955 served here 1942 to 1952, issued the Charleston Branch of the National some of the most important civil rights Association for the Advancement of rulings of the era. Briggs v. Elliott, the Colored People (NAACP) petitioned first suit to challenge public school the Charleston school board to segregation in the U.S., was heard Denmark Vesey House desegregate all public city schools, Several leaders of the rebellion were Edisto Island on Edisto Island after the Civil War. arrested, and three men testified Hutchinson was born a slave in 1860. against Vesey as the organizer in Edisto Island Baptist Church NR According to local tradition, he built exchange for promises of immunity. 1813 SC Highway 174 and operated, from c. 1900 to c. Vesey and more than thirty others The original core of Edisto Island 1920, the first cotton gin owned by were executed for their roles in the Baptist Church was built in 1818 to an African American on the island. conspiracy. Several important actors serve the island’s white planters. Hutchinson lived in this house until his in the Denmark Vesey insurrection and Enslaved African Americans attended death in 1940. the church with their owners, and the trial, both white and black, lived on www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ original slave gallery still lines both or near Bull Street. Although it is not S10817710151/ sides of the sanctuary. After Edisto SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 known exactly where on Bull Street Island was occupied by Union troops Denmark Vesey lived and worked, the during the Civil War, most of the white Point of Pines Plantation NR house at 56 Bull Street was listed as plantation families left the island. In a National Historic Landmark in 1976. Point of Pines Road 1865 the trustees of the church turned Point of Pines Plantation, owned by Subsequent research has revealed that it over to the black members. Edisto this was not his residence. the Grimball family, includes one of the few remaining slave cabins 36 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ charleston/S10817710094/index. on Edisto Island. This one- htm story, weatherboard structure SI: 8-4.2, 8-7.2 dates from the first half of the STA: TA-MTP-3 nineteenth century and was SLP: LP-ANTE-1 originally in a group of houses on a slave street. Tax records Jonathan Jasper Wright from 1807 show that the Law Office HM island’s population included 84 Queen Street over 2600 slaves. Front Jonathan Jasper www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Wright (1840-1885), the first charleston/S10817710144/ African American in the U.S. SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 to sit as a justice on a state Edisto Island Baptist Church STA: TA-ANTE-2 supreme court, practiced SLP: LP-MTP-2 Island Baptist Church has operated as law here from 1877 until his death an African American church since that in 1885. Wright, a native of Pa., was Seaside School NR time. Soon after 1865 an addition was 1097 SC Highway 174 educated at Lancasterian Academy made to the front of the church that Seaside School, which was built c. in Ithaca, N.Y. He came to S.C. in doubled its size. Around 1880 a two- 1931, is reported to be the oldest 1865 as a teacher for the American story portico and a small square belfry African American school remaining Missionary Association and was later were added to the front of the church. on Edisto Island. This is at least the a legal advisor to freedmen for the The grounds of the church also include second building for Seaside School. In Freedmen’s Bureau. an octagonal, subterranean baptismal the first half of the twentieth century Back Wright wrote that he hoped pool made of tabby, which may date per-pupil expenditures in South to “vindicate the cause of the to 1818. Tabby is an early building Carolina were considerably lower downtrodden.” He was a delegate to material used primarily in coastal for blacks than whites. In 1922 J.B. the S.C. constitutional convention of Georgia and South Carolina consisting 1868 and a state senator 1868-70. of sand, lime, oyster shells, and water. Wright, elected to the S.C. Supreme The foundation of the original core of Court in 1870, resigned in 1877 due the church is of tabby construction. to political pressure. After he left the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ bench he practiced law, helped Claflin S10817710117/index.htm College found its Law Department, and became its Chair in Law. He died SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 of tuberculosis in 1885. Hutchinson House NR Sponsored by the S.C. Black Lawyers Point of Pines Road Association, 2013 Built by Henry Hutchinson around the SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, time of his marriage to Rosa Swinton 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, in 1885, the Hutchinson House is the USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 oldest intact house identified with the African American community Hutchinson House Felton, State Supervisor for Colored were the 55th Massachusetts, made (Colored) and the 55th Massachusetts Schools, found that “only about ten up largely of free blacks, and the 1st Volunteer Infantry (Colored). percent of colored schoolhouses are North Carolina, made up of former Archaeological excavations have slaves. revealed the remains of fortifications Back A cemetery and remarkably preserved artifacts was laid out nearby and features associated with daily for soldiers in Wild’s military life on the island. Brigade who died www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ here in 1863-64. S10817710172/index.htm Most graves were SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 removed after the war. In 1987 relic hunters discovered James Island additional graves McLeod Plantation NR of U.S. Colored 325 Country Club Road Troops. In 1987- Seaside School McLeod Plantation includes a 88 archaeologists plantation house, built around 37 respectable.” Like so many in South removed 19 burials and published 1856 for William Wallace McLeod, Carolina the African American schools their findings. These soldiers were and one of the most intact rows of on Edisto Island were overcrowded. In reburied with full military honors at slave houses in the state. In 1860 1930 the Edisto Island school district Beaufort National Cemetery in May seventy-four slaves lived in twenty- was authorized to consolidate the 1989. six cabins on the cotton plantation. Seaside and Central African American Erected by The Friends of the 55th Five of these slave cabins, which line schools and erect a four-room Massachusetts, 2010 the main drive, remain today. The Rosenwald building, based on an SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-3.4, 4-6.4, 8-1.4 wood frame cabins measure about agreement that the “colored people ELA SI: ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, twenty feet by twenty feet and have would raise the money for the lot ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1 exterior end chimneys. During the and as much as they could for desks SLP: LP-CWR-4 Civil War the McLeod family left to equip the building.” Coming in the the plantation, and it served as unit Great Depression, this requirement Folly North Site NR headquarters, a commissary, and a was beyond the capacity of the The Folly North Site (38CH1213) is field hospital for Confederate forces. community. Seaside and Central were nationally significant. Confederate When Confederate forces evacuated not consolidated, and the new Seaside forces held the 75-acre tract from the Charleston in February 1865, School is a simple two-room building, beginning of the war to the spring of Union troops used the plantation constructed in accordance with 1863, but Federal forces occupied it as a field hospital and officers’ Clemson’s Extension Service Standards for the remainder of the war and built quarters. Among the units camped of 1907 and 1917. From 1931 until earthen fortifications as part of the on the property were the 54th and the construction of a consolidated effort to capture Charleston. Federal 55th Massachusetts Volunteer school in 1954, black residents of troops on the island included the 54th Regiments, which were composed Edisto Island received their primary Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry education in this building. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ S10817710157/index.htm SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-6.1 Folly Beach Camp of Wild’s "African Bridage," 1863-1864 HM Folly Beach Community Center, 55 Center Street Front Folly Island was occupied by Union troops April 1863-February 1865. Gen. Edward A. Wild’s “African Brigade” camped nearby from November 1863 to February 1864. Hutchinson House The two regiments in Wild’s brigade McLeod Plantation, Slave Cabins of African American soldiers. During who were also members of several South. Reconstruction the McLeod Plantation local churches. The Hall provided a www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ House served as headquarters for meeting place during the week, where S10817710183/index.htm the Freedmen’s Bureau for the James prayer, songs, and preaching provided SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.1, 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, Island district. alternatives to the more formal church 8-5.1, USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6, USHC-8.1 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ services on Sundays and provided ELA SI: I 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, S10817710081/ opportunities for leadership within ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 SI: 2-1.3, 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 3-4.4, 4-2.2, 8-3.1 the African American community. In STA: TA-ANTE-2, TA-CWR-8 the 1940s, the building served as the The Progressive Club HM SLP: LP-MTP-2 meeting place for the Progressive River Road and Royal Oak Drive Club, which sought to register African Front The Progressive Club, built in Seashore Farmers’ Lodge Americans to vote. In the 1960s, the 1962-63, was a store and community No. 767 NR Hall was associated with the rise of NE corner of Sol Legare & Old Sol the Moving Star Singers, a folk group center for Johns Island and other Sea Legare Roads which recorded three albums and Islands until it was badly damaged by The Seashore Farmers’ Lodge No. enhanced appreciation for the music Hurricane Hugo in 1989. The club had 767 (circa 1915) is significant as an of the Sea Islands. been founded in 1948 by civil rights 38 illustration of the importance of www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ fraternal orders in the cultural life S10817710118/indes.htm of the lowcountry African American SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, community in the early twentieth USHC-6.1 century. The Lodge provided, as STA: TA-MTP-7 its creed mandated, support for its members and a celebration of life with The Progressive Club NR music and recreation. Lodge members 3377 River Road were small farmers, bound together The Progressive Club on Johns Island by familial and community ties. in Charleston County was listed in www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ the National Register on October 24, S10817710181/index.htm 2007. The Progressive Club Sea Island The Progressive Club SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Center is significant for its association USHC-6.1 with events and persons important in activist Esau Jenkins (1910-1972), STA: TA-MTP-7 the Civil Rights Movement, beginning who worked to improve educational, with the building’s construction in political, economic, and other 1963 until the death of the Club’s John’s Island opportunities for blacks on the island founder Esau Jenkins in 1972. It served Moving Star Hall NR as a vital community center, providing and in the lowcountry. River Road a home for the Progressive Club’s Back Jenkins, Septima Clark (1898- The Moving Star Young Association legal and financial assistance program, 1987), and Bernice Robinson (1914- was founded as a mutual aid and adult education program, dormitory 1994) founded the first Citizenship burial society to provide assistance for lodging, and as a community School in 1957 to encourage literacy its members in times of sickness and recreational, childcare, meeting place and voter registration. Its success death. The Moving Star Hall was built and grocery store. The building is led to many similar schools across in 1917 to provide a meeting place the only remaining structure of the the South, called “the base on which and praise house for its members, era in South Carolina built to house the whole civil rights movement was a “Citizenship built.” The Progressive Club was listed School” where in the National Register of Historic adult education Places in 2007. classes and workshops Sponsored by the Preservation Society of Charleston, 2013 enabled African American citizens to register to vote, McClellanville and become aware Bethel A.M.E. Church NR of the political 369 Drayton Street processes of their Bethel African Methodist Episcopal communities. It Church, built c. 1872, is associated became a model with the growth of the African Moving Star Hall for similar efforts Methodist Episcopal Church during throughout the Reconstruction. The church was probably constructed by Samuel which was essentially rebuilt. Later Mount Pleasant Drayton (a carpenter and former renovations, including the application Presbyterian Church HM slave) who is thought to have built of a brick veneer in 1961 during the At the church, 302 Hibben Street other churches in the area. Bethel pastorate of Rev. J.A. Sabb, Jr., gave (corner of Church and Hibben Streets) A.M.E. was the first separate the church its present appearance. Erected about 1854 and originally church for African Americans in the Friendship A.M.E. Church also hosted a Congregational Church affiliated McClellanville area and represents a the graduation exercises of nearby with Old Wappetaw Church, founded way that freed slaves expressed their Laing School for many years until the about 1699. Served as a Confederate new found freedom. Bethel A.M.E. school closed in 1953. hospital during the Civil War, then Church is also an excellent example Erected by the Congregation, 2001 briefly housed the Laing School for of late-nineteenth century vernacular SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, freedmen during Reconstruction. Was church architecture. The church was USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 accepted into Charleston Presbytery built in the Gothic Revival style and is STA: TA-MTP-8 as a mission church and renamed sided with cypress fish-scale shingles. Mount Pleasant Presbyterian Church It also features blind pointed Gothic Laing School HM in 1870. King Street and Royall Avenue, arches with chevron wooden panels Erected by the Congregation, 1996 over each window. Front Laing School, located here www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ from 1868 to 1953, was founded in SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 8-1.4, 39 S10817710173/index.htm 1866 by Cornelia Hancock, a Quaker USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, who had served USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 as a nurse with STA: TA-MTP-8 the Union Army during the Civil Mount Pleasant War. First housed Friendship A.M.E. Church HM in Mount Pleasant 204 Royall Avenue Presbyterian Front This church, founded during Church, Laing Reconstruction, has been at this site Industrial School since 1890. The first sanctuary serving was named for this congregation was located on Henry M. Laing Hibben St. and built on a lot leased of the Friends’ from the town of Mount Pleasant in Association for the 1877. After moving here and building Aid and Elevation a new church under the pastorate of Freedmen. of Rev. F.E. Rivers in 1890, the The 1868 school, A Sweetgrass Artist congregation grew so quickly that it destroyed by the built its third sanctuary, a large frame Charleston earthquake of 1886, was Sweetgrass Baskets HM church, by 1895. replaced by a school which stood here US Highway 17 North at Hamlin Back A 1911 storm during the until 1954. Road pastorate of Rev. Frank Woodbury Back Early instruction at Laing, with Coil baskets of native sweetgrass nearly destroyed the sanctuary, its motto, “Try To Excel,” combined and pine needles sewn with strips of academics with instruction in palmetto leaf have been displayed for industrial, farming, and homemaking sale on stands along Highway 17 near skills. A new Laing Elementary opened Mount Pleasant since the 1930s. This at King & Greenwich Streets in 1945; craft, handed down in certain families the high school remained here until a since the 1700s, originally was used on new Laing High opened on U.S. Hwy. plantations in rice production. Unique 17 North in 1953. Laing High closed in to the lowcountry, it represents one 1970 with the desegregation of county of the oldest West African art forms in schools. That building later housed America. Laing Middle School when it opened Erected by the Original Sweetgrass in 1974. Market Place Coalition and the Christ Erected by the Laing School Alumni Church Parish Preservation Society, Association, 2002 1997 SI: 2-1.1, 2-1.4, 3-4.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.2, 2-1.3, 3-4.5 USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 ELA SI: I 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, STA: TA-MAJC-2; SLP: LP-MTP-4 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Bethel A.M.E. Church ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 STA: TA-ARTS-8, TA-ARTS-9, TA-ARTS-10 t Boone Hall Plantation NR lots from the Hamlins and founded the by 1877. 1235 Long Point Road Hamlin Beach community. White and Erected by the City of North Nine slave houses still remain at black descendants still live here today. Charleston and the North Charleston Boone Hall and form one of the few http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Heritage Corridor, 2002 remaining slave streets in the state. charleston/S10817710171/index.htm SI: 2-1.3, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, USHC-3.3, The houses date from 1790 to 1810, Sponsored by the Christ Church Parish USHC-3.4 and two of them display exceptional Preservation Society, 2011 brickwork and feature diamond SI: 1-3.2, 3-3.2, 3-4.1, 8-1.4, 8-4.6 Union Heights HM shaped patterns unusual in South STA: TA-COLR-4; TA-MAJC-11 Meeting Street, just South of Beech Carolina. The nine slave houses are Avenue survivors of approximately twenty- North Charleston Front This community, subdivided seven slave houses at Boone Hall, and into lots in 1919, was named for the nine survivors are believed to have Inland Rice Fields, ca. 1701- the nearby union station of three been for house servants. Tours of the 1865 HM railroads. It had been part of Belmont slave houses are available at Boone Palmetto Commerce Parkway, North Plantation from the colonial period Hall Plantation and Gardens. West of Ashley Phospahte Road to the mid-19th century and became For more information visit Front Embankments and ditches an African-American community after 40 www.boonehallplantation.com/. dating from the early 18th century the Civil War. Union Heights, a thriving www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ are still visible here and show the neighborhood of houses, churches, S10817710135/index.htm elaborate layout of rice fields that and shops, grew with the dramatic were part of Windsor Hill and SI: 2-1.3, 3-4.2, 8-4.1 expansion of the Charleston Navy Yard STA: TA-COL-1, TA-ANTE-2, TA-ANTE-3 Woodlands plantations. from 1935 through World War II and SLP: LP-MTP-2 Before the American Revolution, low- into the 1960s. country planters grew rice in inland Back Howard Heights Cook’s Old Field Cemetery HM fields that did not use the tides for This community, subdivided into just North of Rifle Range Road, flood waters. residential lots for African Americans Mount Pleasant vicinity Back Windsor Hill was established in 1943, was named for Howard Front This plantation cemetery pre- ca. 1701 by Joseph Child (d. 1717), University. It had been part of and Woodlands was Windsor Plantation in the early established ca. 1800 by 19th century, then was part of the Thomas Parker (d. 1821). phosphate operations of the Virginia- The remnants of these Carolina Chemical Co. The Charleston rice fields are a tangible Housing Authority developed this area reminder of the skill and with federal funding during World labor of the enslaved War II. Though smaller than Union people who constructed Heights, Howard Heights flourished them, many of whom from 1943 into the 1960s. had been rice farmers in Sponsored by the Union Heights Africa. Community Council, 2014 Sponsored by Charleston SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-4.7, 8-5.5, 8-7.1, County, 2012 USHC-7.6, USHC-8.1, USHC-8.2 Slave Cabins/Boone Hall Plantation SI: 3-1.3, 3-2.5, 4-6.4, 8-1.4 dates the American Revolution. It was Rantowles Vicinity established by early members of the Liberty Hill HM Stono River Slave Rebellion Hamlin, Hibben and Leland families. At the Felix Pinckney Community James Hibben (d. 1835), one of the Center Site NR/NHL North side of US Highway 17 and the founders of Mount Pleasant, is buried Liberty Hill, established in 1871, is westbank of Wallace River here. Generations of both white and the oldest community in what is now On September 9-10, 1739, an Angolan black families are interred here. In North Charleston. By 1864 Paul and slave named Jemmy led a slave 2003 this cemetery was listed in the Harriet Trescot, free blacks living in rebellion involving some 80 slaves National Register of Historic Places. Charleston, owned 112 acres here. enlisted from area plantations. After Back Copahee Plantation and Hamlin The Trescots sold 2 acres to St. Peter’s attacking a warehouse and seizing Beach Thomas Hamlin established A.M.E. Church shortly afterwards and weapons, the slaves marched toward Copahee Plantation here in 1696. sold the remaining 110 acres in 1871 Spanish Florida, burning homes and Later divided into Copahee and to Ishmael Grant, Plenty and William buildings and killing whites. The Contentment Cottage, it is now known Lecque, and Aaron Middleton to found militia apprehended the group, and as Hamlin Farms. In 1881 African a freedmen’s village. Liberty Hill was almost forty slaves were killed in the American farmers bought 31 ten-acre divided into lots, with the last lot sold resulting fighting. This slave rebellion CHEROKEE COUNTY Erected by Chester Middle School played directly into the fears of the Junior Beta Club, 1997 white population and led to the Gaffney SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, passage of the most comprehensive Granard Graded And High USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 slave codes in the English colonies, School HM STA: TA-MAJC-2 which remained in place until the Granard Street (U.S. Highway 29) end of the Civil War. The Stono River Front This is the original location of Kumler Hall, Slave Rebellion Site was designated a Granard Graded and High School, Brainerd Institute NR National Historic Landmark in 1974. also known as Granard Street School. Lancaster and Cemetery Streets www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/ It was built here between 1905 and Kumler Hall, a two-story boys’ S10817710075/index.htm 1914 and included the first black dormitory constructed c. 1916, SI: 8-1.4 high school in Gaffney. The first high is the last remaining building of STA: TA-COLR-2, TA-COLR-3, TA-MTP-3 school graduating class numbered two Brainerd Institute. Brainerd was students in 1923. J.E. Gaffney served established after the Civil War to Stono Rebellion (1739) HM as Granard’s principal for more than educate freedmen by the Board of 4246 Savannah Highway thirty years. A new Granard High, a Missions, Freedmen’s Division, of (US Highway 17) brick building, was built on Rutledge the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Front The Stono Rebellion, the largest Avenue in 1937. The Board of Missions continued 41 slave insurrection in British North Back Granard High School to operate the school until it closed America, began nearby on September The 1937 Granard High School between 1939 and 1941. Brainerd included grades 1-11 until 1947, then was named for David Brainerd, an added grade 12. Standard courses early Presbyterian missionary among for grades 8-11 were supplemented the Indians in Massachusetts. The by industrial and home economics school offered vocational, industrial, courses, sports, music, art, and mechanical, classical, college other activities. Granard High School preparatory, and teacher training organized its first sports team in at a time when public education 1928 and its first band and chorus for local African American children in 1947. The school closed in 1968 was deficient or nonexistent. From when Cherokee County schools were its founding until the turn of the desegregated. twentieth century Brainerd was the Erected by the Cherokee Historical only school available for African Stono Rebellion Historic Marker Unveiling and Preservation Society and the American children in Chester, and Cherokee County African-American it provided the only high school 9, 1739. About 20 Africans raided a Heritage Committee, 2007 education until the 1920s. Brainerd store near Wallace Creek, a branch SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, was accredited by the state and its of the Stono River. Taking guns and USHC-8.1 standards were so much higher than other weapons, they killed two STA: TA-MAJC-2 any of the public schools that most of shopkeepers. The rebels marched its graduates were certified to teach south toward promised freedom in public school. Spanish Florida, waving flags, beating CHESTER COUNTY www.nationalregister.sc.gov/chester/ drums, and shouting “Liberty!” Chester S10817712013/index.htm Back The rebels were joined by 40 to SI: 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, 5-1.2, 5-5.3, Brainerd Institute HM 60 more during their 15-mile march. 8-5.1, 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4, Lancaster Street They killed at least 20 whites, but USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 This institute grew out of an 1866 spared others. The rebellion ended STA: TA-MAJC-2 school for freedmen; it became late that afternoon when the militia Brainerd Institute in 1868 when the caught the rebels, killing at least 34 Board of Missions of the Presbyterian of them. Most who escaped were Church in New York appointed Rev. captured and executed; any forced to Samuel Loomis to help establish join the rebels were released. The S.C. churches and schools among the assembly soon enacted a harsh slave blacks near Chester. At first an code, in force until 1865. elementary school, Brainerd grew Erected by the Sea Island Farmers to ten grades by 1913 and was a Cooperative, 2006 four-year high school by the 1930s. Renamed Brainerd Junior College about 1935, it emphasized teacher training until it closed in 1939. Kumler Hall, Brainerd Institute Metropolitan A.M.E. Zion Academy National Alumni Association, in 1912. 1991 Church NR Back The present brick church, 182 York Street SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, replacing the original one destroyed Built from 1912 to 1914 by members USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 by the tornado, was built in 1912 of the congregation under the during the pastorate of Rev. Isaiah direction of self-trained architect Fred Dizzy Gillespie Birthplace HM Williams. Three ministers have served Landers, the Metropolitan A.M.E. Huger Street Zion Church is a historic property Front John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie was in the Chester Historic District. The born in a house on this site on Oct. congregation was organized in 1866 21, 1917. His family lived here until at Mt. Zion Church and was one of the they moved to Philadelphia in 1935. first African Methodist Episcopal Zion A founder of modern jazz, Gillespie Churches organized in South Carolina was an innovative trumpeter and after the Civil War. bandleader known for his bent horn, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/chester/ bulging cheeks, sense of humor, S10817712006/index.htm and showmanship. In the 1950s he became a good will ambassador for 42 SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 the U.S. State Dept., playing concerts around the world. Back Gillespie was invited to perform Dizzy Gillespie performs for the SC Legislature, 1976 at the White House by eight presidents from Pee Dee Union Baptist Church for Eisenhower to George twenty years or more: Rev. F.W. Bush. He received the Prince, who served here from 1915 to National Medal of Arts, 1940; Rev. J.C. Levy, who served here the highest prize awarded from 1953 to 1974; and Rev. Thomas to an American artist, Dawkins, who served here from 1974 in 1989 and received to 1999. the Kennedy Center Erected by the Congregation, 2003 Honors in 1990 for his SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, lifetime contributions to USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 American culture. Among his best-known songs Robert Smalls School NR were “A Night in Tunisia” 316 Front Street and “Salt Peanuts.” He Robert Smalls School, completed Metropolitan A.M.E. Zion Church died in New Jersey Jan. 6, in 1953, is significant in the area of 1993. education for its association with the Erected by the Pee Dee Committee, South Carolina “Equalization School” CHESTERFIELD Colonial Dames of America in the COUNTY State of South Carolina, 2001 SI: K-3.3, 2-1.4, 5-4.1, USHC-6.1 Cheraw STA: TA-MAJC-1, TA-MAJC-6, TA-ARTS-1 Coulter Memorial Academy TA-ARTS-2, TA-ARTS-3 Site HM Second Street, between Powe and Pee Dee Union Baptist Kershaw Streets Church HM Organized in 1881, this Negro 92 Chestnut Street Presbyterian (USA) school was Front This church, formally organized founded by the Rev. J.P. Crawford in 1867, had its origins in Cheraw Baptist Church, founded in 1837. with support from Mrs. C.E. Coulter Robert Smalls School from whom it received its name. Shortly after the Civil War 285 black The Rev. G.W. Long was academy members there received permission building program, a state initiative in president from 1908 until 1943, and to organize a separate church. Rev. the early 1950s to make schools for Coulter offered junior college credit, Wisdom London, the first pastor here, black children “separate but equal” 1933-1947. The academy merged with preached from a platform erected on to their white counterparts and in the public school system, 1949. this site until a new sanctuary was support of the practice of segregation. Erected by the Coulter Memorial built. The first church here, a frame It served as an African-American building, was destroyed by a tornado school until it was desegregated in 1971. It is in fact, the only remaining nearby brush arbor. In 1881 church Trinity A.M.E. Church HM example of the "separate but equal" trustees purchased a one-half acre lot 39 West Rigby Street schools in the Cheraw area, and here from Dr. J.G. Dinkins for $35.00. Front This church was founded soon indeed the only school building The present church, built in 1901, was after the Civil War by 50 freedmen and that predates 1965 remaining in described as “enlarged and beautified women who held their first services the town of Cheraw. Robert Smalls on a very modern style” when two in a stable donated to them by S.A. School is also significant in the area towers, a gallery, and anterooms were Rigby. In 1869 the church trustees of Architecture as an example of added in 1912. bought a half-acre lot for a school, and the architectural vision of Cheraw, Back This was one of several churches in 1870 they bought a one-acre lot Incorporated, a group of local leaders in Clarendon County to host meetings for “the African Methodist Episcopal who sought to maintain Cheraw’s between 1949 and 1954 on the Church of Manning” on what is now historic architecture and ensure that desegregation of public schools. On Rigby Street, named for Rigby. The new designs were compatible, in the April 20, 1949, plaintiffs in the suit first church here, a frame building, “colonial” or “ante-bellum” style, and that became Briggs v. Elliott met was completed in 1874. according to plans prepared by the here. That case was later part of the Back The congregation, first called Florence, South Carolina, architectural landmark decision in Brown v. Board simply “Our Church” by its members, firm of Hopkins, Baker & Gill. The work of Education (1954). By late 2009 Rev. was renamed Trinity A.M.E. Church 43 of Cheraw, Incorporated, was one of George P. Windley, Sr. was Ebenezer’s when its first building was completed the earliest attempts in inland South longesttenured pastor, serving more in 1874. That building was replaced by Carolina to preserve “a sense of place” than 30 years. a larger frame church, which burned in a historic community. When it was Erected by the Congregation, 2010 in 1895. The present church, also a constructed Robert Smalls School SI: 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-1.6 frame building, was built that year and housed grades one through six. It was covered in brick veneer in 1914. The used as a school until new elementary Central S.C. Conference of the A.M.E. and primary schools were constructed Church was organized here in 1921. in the 1990s. Erected by the Congregation, 2006 SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, USHC-3.4 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, SLP: LP-MTP-5 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 STA: TA-CRM-8 STA: TA-MTP-8 Chesterfield St. Paul Vicinity Mount Tabor United Liberty Hill Church HM Methodist Church NR 2310 Liberty Hill Road 510 West Boulevard Front In 1867, five years after the Constructed in 1878 by freedmen, the Emancipation Proclamation, Thomas Mt. Tabor Church is included in the and Margaret Briggs gave four acres West Main Street Historic District. The of land to this African Methodist wood frame church features a bell Episcopal church. The present tower on the left side of the facade. building, completed in 1905, has been www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ brick veneered. Meetings held here in chesterfield/S10817713008/index.htm the 1940s and 1950s led to local court SI: K-1.1, K-1.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, Mt. Tabor United Methodist Church cases, which helped bring about the 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-3.4, USHC-3.4 U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Manning Vicinity ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Pleasant Grove School HM US Highway 301, 2 miles north of its CLARENDON intersection with County Road 123 Black institution built soon after COUNTY school district purchased the land Manning 1933. School closed 1953 with Ebenezer Baptist Church HM 5 teachers/159 students. Now a 105 Dinkins Street community center. Front This church was founded about Erected by the Pleasant Grove School 1869 by Mary Scott “Aunt Mary” Committee, 1993 Harvin, and held its first services in a SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 Trinity A.M.E. Church desegregating public schools. Carolina, Kansas, Virginia, the District 1948 to 1954 on the desegregation of Back Pioneers in Desegregation of Columbia, and Delaware, cases the public schools, and member Levi Nineteen members of this that had been consolidated for joint Pearson was the plaintiff in Pearson congregation were plaintiffs in the argument before the Supreme Court. v. County Board of Education (1948), case of Harry Briggs, Jr., vs. R.W. Summerton High School is the only which led to the landmark decision in Elliott, heard in U.S. District Court, school still standing of the five schools Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Charleston, in 1952. Although this named in the original 1949 petition Erected by the Congregation, 1999 court refused to abolish racial which became the basis for Briggs SI: 2-1.4, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, segregation in S.C. schools, this case, v. Elliott, the South Carolina case. USHC-8.1 with others, led to the U.S. Supreme Summerton High School was one of STA: TA-MTP-2, TA-MTP-8 Court’s 1954 landmark decision two white schools that were targeted desegregating public schools. by those who sought to end legal Erected by the Congregation, 1985 segregation in Clarendon County. SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, The petition detailed the obvious 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 differences in expenditures, buildings, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, and services available for white and ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, black students in the school district. 44 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, It observed that Summerton High STA: TA-MTP-2 SLP: LP-CRM-1; LP-MTP-4v School was “modern, safe, sanitary, well equipped, lighted and healthy . . . uncrowded, and maintained in first Summerton class condition” in contrast to the Summerton High School NR schools for African American children, South Church Street which were “inadequate . . . unhealthy Summerton High School was built . . . old and overcrowded and in a Taw Caw Church in 1936 for white students. It is dilapidated condition.” important for its close association www.nationalregister.sc.gov/clarendon/ Taw Caw Church HM with the landmark 1954 Supreme S10817714006/index.htm At the church, on US Highway 301, Court decision in Brown v. the Board SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, just east of Summerton town limits of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 8-5.6, 8-7.4, USHC-8.1 In 1885 this black baptist church a decision that struck down the ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, bought the building here, said built segregation of public education ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, about 1860, from white Taw Caw ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, in the United States. This decision STA: TA-MAJC-2 church, now Summerton. Building also overturned the Court’s earlier SLP: LP-CRM-1; LP-MTP-4 additions have been made over the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson years. (1896), which held that separate Summerton Vicinity Erected by the Congregation, 1992 public facilities were constitutional SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1 as long as those separate facilities Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church HM were equal, a doctrine that had At the church, River Road since formed the cornerstone of Front This church, organized about COLLETON COUNTY legal segregation. The Brown case 1865, held its early services in a Walterboro was actually five cases from South nearby brush arbor but built a permanent sanctuary here Church of the Atonement NR soon afterwards. Rev. Daniel 207 Chaplin Street Humphries, its first pastor, The African American congregation served both Mt. Zion and its of the Church of the Atonement sister church St. James 1865- was formed in 1892 as a mission of 1879. The original sanctuary St. Jude’s Episcopal Church, a white was torn down in 1918 and the congregation. The rector of St. Jude’s present sanctuary was built supplied services for the Church of that year with lumber from the the Atonement. This distinctive Gothic old sanctuary. Revival church was built in 1896. The wood frame building features Back Mt. Zion School, once a steep gable roof. A tower on the located here, served the front, which contains a Gothic-arched community for many years entrance, is decorated with fish- with church member I.S. Hilton scale shingles and topped with an as principal. Mt. Zion A.M.E. open belfry and steeple. The Church Summerton High School hosted several meetings from of the Atonement is included in the Walterboro Historic District. Training The Tuskegee Brockington Road www.nationalregister.sc.gov/colleton/ HM Front Henry “Dad” Brown (1830- S10817715007/index.htm Airmen 1447 Mighty Cougar Drive, 1907), a black veteran of the Mexican, SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Walterboro, near the Colleton County Civil, and Spanish-American Wars, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, High School student parking lot is buried 75’N with his wife Laura. ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3 Variously said to have been born free Front Graduates of the Tuskegee or born as a slave who purchased his St. Peter’s A.M.E. Church NR Army Flying School, who belonged and Laura’s freedom, he was born 302 Fishburne Street to the first African-American units in near Camden. Brown, a brickmason, The congregation of St. Peter’s African the U.S. Army Air Corps, took further joined the Confederate army in May Methodist Episcopal Church was combat flight training at Walterboro 1861 as a drummer in the “Darlington formed in 1867 under the leadership Army Air Field from May 1944 to Grays,” Co. F, 8th S.C. Infantry. of Rev. James Nesbitt, who Back Brown enlisted as a preached to the newly drummer in Co. H, 21st S.C. emancipated African Americans Infantry in July 1861 and in the Colleton County area. He served for the rest of the was the first pastor of St. Peter’s war. He “captured” a pair of 45 A.M.E. Church and St. John Union drumsticks in battle. A.M.E. Church in Walterboro He was also a member of the and Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church in “Darlington Guards” 1878- the Round O area of the county. 1907. Described as “a man This Gothic Revival building was of rare true worth” at his constructed c. 1870. The wood death in 1907, Brown was frame church features Gothic honored shortly afterwards Taw Caw Church windows and a tower with by Darlington citizens who an open belfry and steeple. St. Peter’s A. M. E. Church erected the monument St. Peter’s A.M.E. Church is nearby. October 1945. Many of the first included in the Walterboro Historic Erected by the City of Darlington “Tuskegee Airmen” had already won District. Historical Landmarks Commission, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/colleton/ distinction and fame in missions over 2000 S10817715007/index.htm North Africa, Sicily, and Italy in 1943- 44, and several of them were assigned SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, 4-6.4 SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, USHC-3.3 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAR 12-12.1 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, here as combat flight instructors. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Back Trainees here flew the P-39, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, Darlington Memorial STA: TA-MTP-8 P-47, and P-40 fighter planes and the B-25 bomber. The officers’ quarters Cemetery NR Avenue D and Friendship Street and enlisted men’s barracks stood The Darlington Memorial Cemetery just east and just west of this spot, was the first cemetery created for respectively. Segregation on American military posts, in place until 1948, was made worse by the fact that German POWs held here could use “White” facilities but the “Colored” officers and men of the U.S. Army Air Corps could not. Erected by the Hiram E. Mann Chapter, Tuskegee SI: 5-5.3, 8-7.1, USHC-8.1 SLP: LP-MAJC-6, LP-MAJC-7 Darlington Memorial Cemetery DARLINGTON the African American community in Darlington. It began in 1890 as COUNTY a five-acre cemetery established Darlington by members of Macedonia Baptist Henry “Dad” Brown HM Church and other African American citizens of Darlington. In 1946 both Church of the Atonement Corner of US Highway 52 and Bethel A.M.E. Church and St. James Methodist Church established Erected by the Darlington Memorial Macedonia Church HM cemeteries adjacent to the Macedonia Cemetery Association, 2006 At the church, 400 South Main Street Baptist Church Cemetery. Today the Front Tradition says first meetings three cemeteries are collectively Edmund H. Deas House NR of this Baptist church were held in known as the Darlington Memorial 229 Avenue E the home of Laura Brown. A house Cemetery. The cemetery reflects the Edmund Deas moved to Darlington of worship was constructed on the gravestone art of the late nineteenth from Stateburg in the 1870s and N.E. corner of present S. Main and through the twentieth centuries became active in Republican politics. Hampton Streets on land purchased and includes the graves of many He served as the county chairman of during 1866-1874. The present site prominent African American citizens the Republican party in 1884 and 1888 was acquired in 1922 and the building of the town. These include Rev. Isaac and was a delegate to the Republican occupied Feb. 3, 1935. National Conventions of 1888, P. Brockenton, D.D. (1828-1908), Back This Baptist Church was 1896, 1900, and 1908. The “Duke of minister and public servant; James constituted when a group of black Darlington,” as he became known, Lawrence Cain (1871-1944), principal members led by the Rev. Isaac purchased this house in Darlington in of Mayo Graded School and Mayo Brockenton withdrew from the 1905, where he lived until his death at High School; Edmund H. Deas (1855- Darlington Baptist Church on Feb. 11, age 60 in 1915. 1915), a politician prominent in the 1866. Brockenton became the first 46 Pee Dee region and the state in the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/darlington/ S10817716019/index.htm pastor and served until his death in 1880s and 90s; Lawrence Reese 1908. The first trustees were Evans (1864-1915), merchant and self-taught SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-3.3, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-5.6, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Bell, Peter Dargan, Lazarus Ervin, designer and master craftsman; and Antrum McIver, Samuel McIver, Dr. Mable K. Howard, educator. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Samuel Orr, and Samuel Parnell. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/darlington/ ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, Erected by the Darlington County S10817716049/index.htm SLP: LP-CWR-1 Bicentennial Commission for Ethnic SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 4-6.4 Participation, 1977 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Edmund H. Deas HM ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, At the Deas house, 2nd block of SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 USHC-3.3 STA: TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-6 Avenue E off South Main Street ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, After moving to Darlington County in ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Darlington Memorial the 1870s, Edmund H. Deas served as ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 county chairman of the Republican HM Cemetery Party for a number of years and was a Lawrence Reese (1864-1915) Avenue D and Friendship Street delegate to four national conventions. Front This cemetery, established in HM A black candidate for Congress in 1884 In front of the Belk Funeral Home, 1890, was originally a five-acre tract and 1890, Deas was Deputy Collector 229 West Broad Street when it was laid out as the cemetery of Internal Revenue in S.C., 1889-94 Front West Broad Street features for the nearby Macedonia Baptist several late-19th to early-20th Church. The first African American century residences designed and cemetery in Darlington, it includes built by Lawrence Reese (1864- about 1,900 graves dating from the 1915), a native of Marlboro late 19th century to the present. County who came to Darlington In 1946 Bethel A.M.E. Church and as a merchant by 1887. Reese, St. James Methodist Church, both who had no formal training in nearby, established their own architecture, was a self-taught cemeteries here as well. master craftsman and designer. Back Among the prominent The Belk Funeral Home, at 229 persons buried here are Rev. West Broad, was built ca. 1900 as Isaac Brockenton (1829-1908), a residence for Abraham Hyman the founding pastor of Macedonia and was Reese’s own favorite of Baptist Church; Edmund H. Edmund H. Deas House the several houses he designed Deas (1855-1915), prominent here. Darlington County politician; and and 1897-1901. This house was his Back The West Broad Street Historic Lawrence Reese (1864-1915), a self- residence at his death in 1915. District, listed in the National Register taught designer and master craftsman Erected by the Darlington County of Historic Places in 1988, features who designed and built several houses Bicentennial Commission for Ethnic 14 houses designed and built by on West Broad Street. This cemetery Participation, 1977 Lawrence Reese between ca. 1890 and was listed in the National Register of ca. 1910, most of them with elaborate Historic Places in 2005. Eastlake, Queen Anne, and other Victorian era architectural elements. they had taken from nearby St. John’s Darlington Vicinity Reese also designed and built the Academy. South Carolina Western Railway Erected by the Congregation, 1976 Flat Creek Baptist Church HM Station on Russell Street, built in 1911 1369 Society Hill Road SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, Front This African-American church and also listed in the National Register USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 in 1988. was founded in 1877, with Rev. Daniel Erected by the St. John’s Heritage West Broad Street Jesse as its first pastor. It held its first Foundation, 2000 Historic District NR services in a brush arbor, and acquired West Broad Street a site about 2 mi. SE on Flat Creek Rd. SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, in 1881, building a frame sanctuary ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, The West Broad Street Historic District ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, is a collection of houses built between there. The church, known through USHC-3.5 1890 and 1928. Fourteen houses in the years as Simmons’ Flat, Summer’s this district are attributed to Lawrence House, the Grove, and Marggie South Carolina Western Reese. Reese, an African American Branch, was renamed Flat Creek Railway Station NR Baptist Church by 1927. 129 Russell Street Back In 1913 Rev. Henry Hannibal The South Carolina Butler (1887-1948), newly ordained, Western Railway came to Flat Creek Baptist Church as 47 Station (now known his first pastorate. Butler, principal as the Seaboard Air of Darlington Co. Training School / Line Railroad Station) Butler School in Hartsville (renamed is significant for its for him in 1939), was later president association with several of the S.C. State Baptist Convention railway companies that and president of Morris College. The played major roles in congregation moved here and built Darlington’s economy the present brick church in in the first half of the 2000. twentieth century. South Carolina Western Railway Station Erected by the Congregation, 2011 The South Carolina carpenter, moved to Darlington from Western Railway was chartered in Bennettsville around 1887 and quickly SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, Darlington on August 26, 1910. The USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 obtained a reputation as a master STA: TA-CWR-10 rail line from McBee to Darlington was builder and carpenter. He trained his open to service on May 15, 1911, and two sons Harry and Larry in the trade the passenger station was completed as well, earning his family a prominent Dovesville Vicinity shortly thereafter. Lawrence Reese, a position in the Darlington community. Mt. Zion Baptist Church HM black master carpenter who designed The houses built by Reese include 23, 3208 North Governor Williams Hwy. and constructed many houses in 229, 232, 235, 241, 242, 245, 258, Front This church, founded in 1869, Darlington, particularly those that 368, 375, 379, 389, 393, and 395 West was organized by 36 black members contribute to the West Broad Street Broad Street. of nearby Black Creek Baptist Church, Historic District, built this station. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/darlington/ who received letters of dismissal www.nationalregister.sc.gov/darlington/ S10817716025/index.htm to form their own congregation. S10817716024/index.htm SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, Rev. William Hart, its first minister, SI: K-4.2, K-4.3, K-4.4, 1-1.4, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, USHC-3.5 served until his death in 1872. He 3-5.2, 5-6.6, 8-5.8, USHC-2.3, USHC-6.1 was succeeded by his son, Rev. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Alfred Hart, who ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 served here 1872-79, after representing St. James Church HM Darlington County in 312 Pearl Street the S.C. House 1870- This United Methodist Church 72. was originally named Pearl Street Back The church held Methodist Episcopal Church. The first its first services in a trustees were Henry Brown, Abner brush arbor on this Black, Wesley Dargan, Zeddidiah site, which its trustees Dargan, January Felder, Randolph bought from James C. Hart and Rev. B. Frank Whittemore. McCallman in 1872. Tradition says Federal occupation After worshipping troops supplied the church bell, which 375 West Broad Street under a frame shelter for several years, Mt. Zion built its first permanent Rev. James’s family later donated this in a brush arbor. In 1871 Mrs. Lottie sanctuary, a frame building, in 1890. property to the city for Pride Park, Cosom donated an acre on this site, The congregation grew enough to established in 1986. later expanded to four acres for the build a second frame church in 1908. Sponsored by the South Carolina church and cemetery. New Hopewell The present brick sanctuary was African American Heritage built its first permanent church here in dedicated in 1979. Commission, 2012 1886, renovated in 1887 and 1917-18. Erected by the Darlington County The present sanctuary was built in SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 1962. Historical Commission, 2011 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, SI: 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-1.6 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, Sponsored by the Darlington County USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 Historical Commission, 2013 STA: TA-MAJC-15 Hartsville SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, Butler School HM Jerusalem Baptist Church HM At the school, Sixth Street 6th Street and Lamar Avenue USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 Butler School, located on this site Front This church, organized soon since 1921, was the second school to after the Civil War, is one of the Lamar serve Hartsville’s black community oldest African-American churches John Wesley Methodist 48 and operated for over sixty years. in Darlington County. It held its first Church HM Known as the Darlington Co. Training services a few miles E under a brush 304 East Main Street School until 1939, it was renamed arbor on Snake Branch, a creek near Front This church, founded about for Rev. Henry H. Butler, its principal E. Carolina Ave. The first permanent 1865, is the first African-American 1909-1946. The first building on this church, a log building, was built there. church in Lamar and was long known site burned in 1961; extant buildings Trustees acquired this site in 1898, as Lamar Colored Methodist Episcopal date from 1936 to the mid-1960s. built the present church in 1907, and Church. It was organized by Rev. Butler School was a junior high and chartered the congregation in 1908. John Boston, a former slave who was high school when it closed in 1982. Back This church, built in 1907 as its first minister, serving here 1865- Erected by the Hartsville Centennial a frame building, was described as 67. Boston, who also represented Commission, 1996 “a splendid achievement” when Darlington Co. in the S.C. House it was covered in brick veneer 1868-70 and 1872-74, is buried in SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, the church cemetery. The old Boston USHC-3.5 and rededicated in 1939. It had a ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, congregation of more than 350 during Township was named for him. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, the Depression. Rev. Henry H. Butler Back The church held its first services ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 (1887-1948), pastor from 1932 until in a brush arbor, but completed a STA: TA-MAJC-2 his death, was also for many years the frame sanctuary here about 1866. principal of the Darlington Co. Training That church burned in 1906 and Hartsville Graded School HM School/Butler School and later was replaced later that year by the 630 South 6th Street president of Morris College. present frame sanctuary, a Gothic Front The first public school for the Sponsored by the Darlington County Revival building. In 1916 trustees black children of Hartsville and vicinity Historical Commission, 2014 donated a half-acree for the Lamar operated on this site from about 1900 SI: 3-2.5, 8-1.4 Colored School, later Spaulding High to 1921. It was renamed Darlington ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, School. Electricity replaced gas lights County Training School in 1918. A new ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, in 1935 and the exterior was covered school was built on 6th St. south of ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 in brick veneer in the 1950s. Erected this site in 1921. Rev. Henry H. Butler SLP: LP-CWR-5 by the Darlington County Historical (1887-1948) was principal at both sites Commission, 2011 for a combined 37 years. The 1921 Hartsville Vicinity school was renamed Butler School in New Hopewell Baptist Church SI: 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-1.6 Butler’s honor in 1939. MT. PISGAH HM NURSERY SCHOOL 3500 New Hopewell Road Society Hill Back Mt. Pisgah Nursery School Front This church was formally Lawrence Faulkner HM Mt. Pisgah Presbyterian Church grew organized soon after the Civil War. It Main Street out of a Sunday school started on was founded by 20 black members of Front Born c. 1840 and a resident of this site by Rev. T.J. James in 1922. Antioch Baptist Church, who received Darlington County by 1871, Lawrence The church was organized that same letters of dismissal to form their own Faulkner was a black school teacher, year, and a new church building was congregation in 1869. Slaves and later merchant, and Society Hill’s erected nearby in 1926. Rev. James free blacks had belonged to Antioch postmaster from 1877 to 1889. A also founded Mt. Pisgah Nursery Baptist Church since its organization trustee of nearby Union Baptist School, which operated in the old in 1830. Church, Faulkner died in 1898. His graded school here for many years. Back This church held its first services store and dwelling were located on this site. Back Simon Brown and was commissioned captain in was in Marion County before Dillon A former slave from Virginia, Brown the National Guard by Gov. Wade County was created in 1910. At first lived in Society Hill around 1900 and Hampton in 1877. He taught at nearby on S.C. Hwy. 34, the church acquired for years was employed by Lawrence Waddell School and later served as this site in 1891 when Alfred Franklin Faulkner’s widow to work on her Society Hill Postmaster, 1897-1904. He Page (1863-1929) and his wife Laura farm. His small house was adjacent died in 1920 and is buried about 1/3 Willis Page (1886-1963) donated 1.97 to the Faulkner house on this site. A mile northeast. acres here. The congregation built a gifted story-teller of black folk tales, Erected by the Darlington County new Pine Hill A.M.E. Church shortly Brown’s allegories were posthumously Bicentennial Commission for Ethnic afterwards. This sanctuary was built recorded by the Smithsonian Participation, 1979 in 1977. Institution. SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, Back Pine Hill Rosenwald School Erected by the Darlington County USHC-3.3 Pine Hill Rosenwald School, one of Historical Commission, 1989 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, the first ten Rosenwald schools in SI: K-4.1, K-4.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, the state, was built here in 1917-18. 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-5.6, USHC-3.3 One of 500 rural black schools in S.C. Rosenwald funded in part by the Julius Rosenwald Foundation 1917-1932, it was a frame 49 Consolidated two-room school. With two to four School HM teachers, it reached a peak of 208 508 Church Street students in grades 1-7 in 1938-39. The Front The Julius school closed in 1957 and burned in Rosenwald Consolidated 1977. School, built in 1930, was Erected by the Congregation, 2011 a combined elementary and high school until SI: 2-1.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-1.6 1953 and a high school SLP: LP-MTP-3; STA: TA-MAJC-14 until 1982. It brought Selkirk Farm in African-American DORCHESTER students from three rural schools in DILLON COUNTY COUNTY and near Society Hill. A brick school Harleyville Vicinity built at a cost of $11,150, it was one Bingham Vicinity of almost 500 in S.C. funded in part St. Paul Camp Ground NR by the Julius Rosenwald Foundation Selkirk Farm NR 940 St. Paul Road Old Cashua Ferry Road, 3.5 miles east 1917-1932. Arthur A. Prince was its St. Paul Camp Ground was established of Bingham first principal. Back Rosenwald High by members of St. Paul African Selkirk Farm was the home of the Rev. School Methodist Episcopal Church and was James Cousar. Cousar’s slave Case The school opened with pupils in one of two African American religious built the original portion of the house grades 1-10; grade 11 was added in campgrounds in Dorchester County. in the 1850s. Rev. Cousar served as 1939 and grade 12 in 1948. A frame In 1880 the trustees of St. Paul A.M.E. the minister of several Presbyterian industrial education building was built Church purchased 113 acres on which churches in the area and also became in 1936. The school, accredited after to build this campground. The St. a prosperous cotton planter. Both World War II, became Rosenwald High Paul Camp Ground is typical of the before and after the Civil War, he was School, though it continued to include Methodist camp meeting grounds that active in the organization of African elementary pupils until 1954, when became popular in the nineteenth American congregations. He donated a new Rosenwald Elementary School century. The camp meeting ground land for two African American was built in Society Hill. The high is in the shape of a flattened circle churches, one in Bishopville and one school closed in 1982. on his own property. Sponsored by the Rosenwald School www.nationalregister.sc.gov/dillon/ Reunion, 2014 S10817717014/index.htm SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.1, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 8-4.1, 8-4.6 SLP: LP-MTP-2 Zachariah W. Wines HM Cheraw Street Latta Black merchant and educator Pine Hill A.M.E. Church HM Zachariah Wines was born in 1847 in 2258 Centerville Road Society Hill, represented Darlington Front This church, founded in 1876, County in the S.C. House 1876-78, St. Paul Camp Ground enclosed by a road. The tabernacle, with an eighteenth and nineteenth St. George Vicinity where the worship services were century plantation. It also includes held, is near the center of the circle. several structures and sites associated Shady Grove Camp Ground It has an earthen floor, open rafters, with the heritage of African Americans off U.S. Hwy. 178, just Southeast of and unplastered walls. During camp who lived on the plantation. The the Orangeburg County/Dorechester meeting week worshipers stayed in plantation chapel, a room above the County line HM simple cabins, called tents, which line spring house dairy, was used by slaves Front This camp ground, established the circle. The property also includes as a house of worship. Archaeological about 1870, is the largest of two stores, a storage building, and remains, oral tradition, and mid- 4 Methodist camp grounds in privies behind some of the tents. St. nineteenth century markers provide Dorchester County. Tradition holds Paul Camp Ground is still used for evidence that the area above the that Caesar Wolfe and a group of camp meetings for a week in October rice millpond and adjacent to the former slaves, caught in a storm, each year. In addition to St. Paul stable yards was once a cemetery for stopped in a grove here for shelter. A.M.E. Church, the camp meetings enslaved Africans. Eliza’s House is a Rice planter S.M. Knight asked them draw from churches in Harleyville, small frame building named for Eliza to help harvest his fields, and after St. George, Ridgeville, and other parts Leach (1891-1986), who worked at they did so he gave them this spot as a of Dorchester County. Middleton Place for over forty years place of worship. They named it Shady 50 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/dorchester/ and was the last person to live in the Grove. S10817718008/index.htm house. The original occupants of the Back The group first met under a SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.1, 2-4.2, 2-4.3, house are not known, but in the 1880s brush arbor but later built “tents,” the 3-5.6, 4-6.4, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 8-4.6, it was apparently the home of Ned rough-hewn cabins typical of church 8-5.3, 8-5.4, USHC. 3.3, USHC-3.4 and Chloe, former slaves of Williams camp grounds. The first tents burned ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, in 1958 and were replaced; fires also ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, and Susan Middleton, who worked ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 on Middleton Place. The plantation occurred in 1969 and St. Paul Camp Ground HM 1976. The 940 St. Paul Road “tabernacle” Front This Methodist camp ground, here is the one of four in Dorchester County, was centrally- established in 1880. African-American located shelter freedmen in this area held services where services in a brush arbor at the “Old Prayer are in session Ground” nearby as early as 1869. ending the By 1873 they acquired two acres fourth Sunday nearby and founded St. Paul A.M.E. in October. A Church, building their first permanent trumpet call on sanctuary just southwest. a ceremonial Back In 1880 four community leaders horn opens the purchased 113 acres here and deeded meeting. it to trustees for a new St. Paul Camp Erected by Ground. “Tents,” or roughhewn Middleton Place the Upper cabins, form a circle around the Dorchester also includes a demonstration rice “tabernacle,” the open-sided shelter County Historical Society, 2010 field where Carolina Gold rice is where services are held. This camp being grown in an original nineteenth SI: 4-6.4, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 8-4.6, 8-5.3, ground, in session the week ending century field. Middleton Place, which 8-5.4, USHC. 3.3, USHC-3.4 the third Sunday in October, was listed is operated by a nonprofit foundation, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, in the National Register of Historic ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, is open to the public. For more Places in 1998. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 information about Middleton Place, STA: TA-MTP-11 Erected by the Upper Dorchester see www.middletonplace.org/. County Historical Society, 2011 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/dorchester/ S10817718005/index.htm Summerville Rural Dorchester County Alston Graded School HM t SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, 3-2.5, 3-4.1, Middleton Place NR/NHL 3-4.3, 4-2.3, 4-2.4, 7-1.5, 8-1.4, 8-4.1 At the school site, corner of Cedar Ashley River Road ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, and 1st North Streets Middleton Place, which was ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Front Alston Graded School, one of designated a National Historic ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, the first African American schools STA: TA-ANTE-2, TA-MTP-6 founded in Dorchester County, stood Landmark in 1971, features a house, SLP: LP-MTP-2 gardens, and stable yards associated here from 1910 to 1954. Named for its founder, Dr. J.H. Alston, it included grades 1-11 until 1949 and African American Baptist churches in the 1950s, was located about 1 1/2 1-12 afterwards. The two-story wood in the area. In 1881, the Association miles southeast. frame school, which was designed purchased land to build a school Erected by the Mt. Canaan by architects Burden and Walker of for African American children. Educational and Missionary Charleston and built by N.A. Lee, was The curriculum at Bettis Academy Association, 1979 moved to Bryan Street in 1953. included — in addition to the standard Back Alston High School academic subjects — Mt. Canaan Baptist Church Alston High School, located on Bryan religious instruction, teacher training, HM Street from 1953 to 1970, included and instruction in farming and home US Highway 25, south of Trenton grades 1-12. A new one-story brick economics. Between 1900 and 1945, Front This church, founded in 1868, school built on the new site in 1953 Bettis Academy expanded its student was one of the first black Baptist was constructed for about $200,000. It churches in this area. closed in 1970 after the desegregation Alexander Bettis (1836- of county schools. The present Alston 1895), a former slave, Middle School, on Bryan Street, established this church with includes grades 6-8. the assistance of three white Erected by the Alston Heritage ministers after the local 51 Foundation, 2000 Baptist association refused SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 8-5.5 to ordain him. Mt. Canaan ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, grew from seventeen charter ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, members to more than 2,000 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 members in only three years. STA: TA-MAJC-2 Back This was the first Biddle Hall/Bettis Academy of forty churches Rev. EDGEFIELD COUNTY Alexander Bettis organized Trenton Vicinity body to more than 1,000 students, in Edgefield and Aiken Counties. He its campus to fourteen buildings also founded Bettis Academy in 1881. Bettis Academy and Junior on 350 acres, and its curriculum to t He served Mt. Canaan and three other College NR include instruction from first grade area churches until his death in 1895, Bettis Academy Road and Nicholson through junior college level. Bettis and is buried here. Early services were Road Academy and Junior College, which held in a brush arbor. The original Three buildings remain on what was closed in 1952, played an important frame sanctuary was replaced by the once the campus of Bettis Academy role in the education of African present brick sanctuary in 1961. and Junior College. These include American students in what are now Erected by the Congregation, 2004 the Alexander Bettis Community Edgefield, Aiken, Greenwood, and Library, constructed in 1938 by SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Saluda counties at a time when public ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, students; the Classroom Building, education failed to adequately serve ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, constructed c. 1935 by students; them. 8-5.2 and Biddle Hall, constructed in 1942 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/edgefield/ for a home economics unit. Bettis S10817719001/index.htm Academy was named for Alexander SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.6, FAIRFIELD COUNTY Bettis (1836-1895), who was born a 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-5.1, 8-5.2, 8-5.6 slave on a nearby plantation. Bettis ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Ridgeway Vicinity became a Baptist minister and helped ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Camp Welfare NR organize the Mt. Canaan Educational East side of County Road 234, 4 miles Association with representatives of southwest of County Road 55 Bettis Academy HM US Highway 25 at Bettis Academy Camp Welfare was founded soon Road (County Road 37) after the Civil War by the African Established as a result of the Methodist Episcopal Church and has inspiration and efforts of the Reverend been located on its present site since Alexander Bettis, this educational at least 1876. The camp includes institution was incorporated in 1889 simple cabins, called tents, arranged and provided elementary, high school, in a U-shape. The tents were designed and junior college training for blacks. for sleeping only; cooking was done A.W. Nicholson succeeded Bettis as outdoors, and there were community president and served for about fifty bath houses. The older tents, probably years. The school, which was closed constructed around 1900, are wood Alexander Bettis Library/Bettis Academy frame. Some of the newer tents are constructed of concrete blocks. The about 1930), an open-air arbor, and a Erected by the Congregation, 1995 focal point of the camp is the arbor, cemetery. Camp Welfare was listed in SI: 2-1.4, 3-4.6, USHC-3.4 a rough gable-roofed wooden shelter the National Register of Historic Places with benches where worship services in 1984. were held. Camp meetings were Erected by the Fairfield County FLORENCE COUNTY held during the last week of August Historical Society, 2002 each year. Religious services held Effingham Vicinity each day in the arbor were the focal Winnsboro The Assassination Of point of camp meeting week, but also Fairfield Institute HM Rep. Alfred Rush HM important was fellowship with family Congress Street between Moultrie S.C. Secondary Roads 35 and 848 and friends. Many of the families and Palmer Streets Front Alfred Rush (d. 1876), a have continued to attend through Front This grade school and normal black state representative for two several generations, passing their institute for blacks was founded in 1869 terms during Reconstruction, was tents down through the family. during Reconstruction by the Northern assassinated near here, about 1/2 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/fairfield/ Presbyterian Church. The Reverend mi. from his home, on May 13, 1876. S10817720006/index.htm Willard Richardson was principal. In Rush, who represented what was SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 52 1880, one hundred of its students were then Darlington County in the S.C. 3-5.5, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-5.6, studying to be teachers and twenty USHC-3.3 House 1868-70 and 1874-76, was also ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, others to enter the ministry. The school a deacon at Savannah Grove Baptist ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, closed in 1888 to merge with Brainerd Church. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Institute in Chester. The site is located Back Rush and his wife, returning one block west. from a picnic at Mt. Carmel Church Back Kelly Miller near Timmonsville, were ambushed Born in Fairfield by an unknown gunman. Alfred Rush County, this renowned was killed instantly. Several black black educator Darlington County officials wrote Gov. attended Fairfield D.H. Chamberlain, “this was a cold Institute, 1878-1880, blooded murder and our people are and won a scholarship very much excited over it.” to Howard University, Erected by the Florence County from which he Historical Commission, 2006 graduated in 1886. SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.2, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, After graduate work at 8-5.3, USHC-3.3 Johns Hopkins, Miller ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Camp Welfare received his A.M. and L.L.D. degrees (1901 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 STA: TA-CWR-3, TA-MTP-5 Camp Welfare HM and 1903) and was for many years SC Secondary Road 234, Mitford professor and dean at Howard. His Florence vicinity writings on race problems were widely Front This camp ground, described read and used in major universities. Wilson School HM by one journalist as “picturesque, Erected by the Fairfield County corner of Palmetto & Dargan Streets rugged, simple, with an overhanging Historical Society, 1985 Front Wilson School, later Wilson air of festivity,” has hosted an annual SI: K-4.1, 3-4.6, 5-1.3, 8-5.5, USHC-3.4 High School, was the first public school camp meeting since 1876; slaves had in Florence, and stood here from worshipped here since before the St. Paul Baptist Church HM 1866 to 1906. At first a private school Civil War. The site was purchased in At the church, 207 North Garden for black children, it was established 1879 by trustees Carter Beaty, Charles Street by the New England Branch of the Green, Jeff Gaither, Henry Hall, and This African American church was Freedmen’s Union Commission and John Hall. It was deeded to Camp organized in 1873 by Simon McIntosh, operated by the Freedmen’s Bureau. Wellfair A.M.E. Zion Church in 1925. Henry Golden, Lily Yarborough, Francis Thomas C. Cox, its first principal, later served as Darlington County sheriff. Back The small wood-frame or Kelly, Lizzie Hart, and others. The first pastor, Rev. Daniel Golden, served The school became a public school cinder-block houses at Camp Welfare after the S.C. Constitution of 1868 are typical of “tents” at church camp 1873-1891. The first sanctuary was built in 1876. The present sanctuary authorized a system of free public grounds. An early 20th century one- schools. room school stood here until it closed was built in 1893 and remodeled in 1955. The site also includes Camp during the pastorate of Rev. C.L. Back Wilson High School Wellfair A.M.E. Zion Church (built McMillian, who served 1958-1989. Rev. Joshua E. Wilson (1844-1915), a Methodist minister, was an early principal of what was long called by the Brockinton, Bacot, and Clarke Joshua Braveboy Plantation “the Colored Graded School.” It was families from the 1820s through the Ron E. McNair Boulevard, (U.S. Hwy most likely named Wilson School for Civil War. A 1200-acre plantation, it 52) at Lynches Lake Bridge HM him. The school on this site, a frame had more than 100 slaves living and This site was part of the 150-acre building, was torn down in 1906 to planting cotton here by 1850. plantation of Joshua Braveboy (1740- make was for Central School. A new Back Clarke Cemetery fl. 1820), a free black who served in Wilson School was built on Athens This cemetery is sometimes called the S.C. militia during the American Street. Wilson High School was on “the Clarke Cemetery” after the Revolution. Braveboy, a native of N.C., Athens Street 1906-1956 and on North family that owned Roseville from came to S.C. in 1771 and received a Irby Street 1956-1982. It has been on Reconstruction until 1948. It is about grant on Two Mile Branch at Lynches Old Marion Highway since 1982. 150 ft. square, and though it contains Creek. He served under Gen. Francis Erected by the Wilson High School relatively few gravemarkers it includes Marion in 1780-81, and in another Alumni Association, Inc., 2010 at least 150 and as many as 250 or militia unit in 1782. He spent the SI: 1-2.2, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-8.1, more graves. Slaves, freedmen, and rest of his life here, in what was then 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 their descendants were buried here Williamsburg Co. STA: TA-MTP-10 for two hundred years, from the 1770s Sponsored by the Florence County to the 1970s. Historical Commission, 2013 53 Florence Vicinity Erected by the Roseville Slave Cemetery Committee, 2004 SI: 2-4.3, 4-2.1, 4-2.3, 4-2.4, 8-2.4, William H. Johnson Birthplace USHC 3.4 SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 1-4.1, 2-4.2, 3-2.5, HM 3-4.1, 4-2.3, 4-2.4, 4-3.4, 8-1.4 Palmetto Street ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, The Lynching of Frazier Baker Front William Henry Johnson (1901- ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, corner of Deep river Street and 1970), one of the most important ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, Church Street HM African-American artists of the 20th STA: TA-COLR-1, TA-MTP-6, TA-ARTS-11 SLP: LP-MTP-2 Front In 1898 a building here was century, was born nearby on Cox the scene of a lynching that sparked Street. His family later lived on the Lake City outrage across the nation. Frazier corner of Cheves and Kemp Streets. In Baker, an African American who had 1918, at the age of 17, Johnson moved Greater St. James A.M.E. recently been appointed postmaster to New York City. Johnson studied Church HM of Effingham, was appointed at the National Academy of Design Moore Street postmaster of Lake City in 1897. and the Cape Cod School of Art, won Front This church was founded in Whites who resented Baker harassed several prizes, and studied art in 1883 by a Rev. Hill and twenty-five him, even burning the post office in Europe 1926-29. charter members. Early services were an attempt to make him resign and Back Johnson, back in America in held in a member’s house on E. Main leave town. An old school on this site 1929-31, had paintings in several Street. The congregation purchased became a temporary post office and exhibitions and a one-day show a lot at the corner of Lake and North Baker’s home. at the Florence Y.M.C.A. Visits to Church Streets in 1885 and built its Back On the night of Feb. 21-22, Florence inspired paintings of local first sanctuary, a frame building, that 1898, a mob set the house on fire and people and places. In 1931 he married year. That church was renovated shot Baker and his family when they Danish artist Holcha Krake, living in and enlarged in 1917. It was further ran out. Baker and a baby daughter Europe before returning to New York renovated, adding a steeple, in 1948- were killed, his wife and three of in 1938. After Johnson’s wife died 50. their children were wounded, and an in 1944 his health declined; he was Back In 1951 Rev. J.A. DeLaine (1898- editorial called it “the most horrible institutionalized in New York in 1947 1974) was transferred from Pine crime ever committed” in S.C. Local and died there in 1970. Grove A.M.E. Church in Summerton and state officials did nothing. Eleven Erected by the Florence City Council after playing a leading role in Briggs men were tried in federal court in and the Florence County Council, v. Elliott, the Clarendon County 1899, but a hung jury resulted in a 2006 school desegregation case that led to mistrial. SI: 2-4.3, 5-4.1, USHC-6.1 Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Sponsored by the Town of Lake City, STA: TA-MAJC-5 Unknown persons burned the church 2013 in October 1955. Rev. G. Lee Baylor Roseville Plantation Slave was the pastor when a new sanctuary, SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, named Greater St. James, was ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, and Freedman’s Cemetery HM ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.43-4.6, off North Williston Road dedicated here in 1957. 8-5.2 Front This was originally the slave Erected by the Congregation, 2004 STA: TA-MAJC-16, TA-MAJC-17 cemetery for Roseville Plantation. SI: K-3.3, K-4.1, 2-4.2, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, Roseville, established about 1771 by USHC-8.1 the Dewitt family, was later owned STA: TA-MTP-2, TA-MTP-8 Mars Bluff floors. They were enlarged Gregg-Wallace Farm after the Civil Tenant House NR War. Freedmen 310 Price Road and later tenant The original section of the Gregg- farmers lived in Wallace Farm Tenant House was built these houses c. 1890 by Walter Gregg. Additions until the 1950s. were made around 1910, 1920, Relocated 1957, and 1967, bringing the present several times, structure to five rooms. People who one cabin was lived in the house included Otis moved to this Waiters, Peter Frazier, Ruth Martin, site in 1980, and Mattie Smalls Gregg. The tenant the other in house is a reminder of the cultural 1990. They pattern that existed from 1865 to Gregg-Wallace Farm Tenant House were listed in World War II when most African the National 54 Americans in the rural South lived houses on plantations and farms in Register of Historic Places in 1974. in tenant houses. The house also the post-Civil War South. Like the Erected by Francis Marion University, represents a particular aspect of families who lived here, most tenants 2002 tenant farming that was found in Mars were African American. SI: K-4.1, 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-4.1, 3-4.5, Bluff. Landowners in the community Back From 1890 to 1999 members of 3-4.7, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-4.1, 8-4.6, exercised control for a longer period the Williams, Waiters, Frazier, Martin, USHC-3.3 through the use of a cartel that and Gregg families lived here, working SLP: LP-MTP-2 trapped African Americans in their as wage laborers or sharecroppers, on tenant houses and in wage labor. land owned by the Gregg and Wallace Jamestown HM www.nationalregister.sc.gov/florence/ families. This tenant house was listed Jamestown Cemetery Road S10817721008/index.htm in the National Register of Historic Front This African American SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, K-4.1, 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-4.1, Places in 2002. community, which flourished here 3-4.5, 3-4.6, 3-5.5, 5-1.2, 8-4.1, 8-4.6, for 70 years, has its origins in a 105- USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 t Hewn-Timber Cabins HM acre tract bought in 1870 by former US Highway 301/76 at Wallace slave Ervin James (1815-1872). Gregg-Wallace Farm Woods Road, Francis Marion James, determined to own his own Tenant House HM University campus farm instead of being dependent on 310 Price Road Front The African Americans who sharecropping or tenant farming, Front This house, built as a one- built the two hewn-timber cabins that bought the tract from Eli McKissick room tenant house ca. 1890 and later stand 200 yds. S on Wallace Woods and Mary Poston. His five sons and a enlarged several times, features a Road were brought to Mars Bluff as son-in-law later divided the tract into slaves in 1836. individual farms. They lived in Back Between 1870 and 1940 Ervin these cabins James’s descendants and other area on the cotton families purchased additional land, plantation of J. Eli Gregg, in what was then Marion District. These cabins are the last two of eight that originally stood in a cotton field at what is now the center of the university Hewn-Timber Cabin campus. narrow front porch and rear shed Back The cabins, built of 4”x9” hand-hewn timbers, feature precise addition typical of many tenant Jamestown Cemetery Marker full-dovetail joints and pine plank creating a rural community of about 250 residents. Among its institutions were the Jamestown Cemetery, dating from its earliest days; the Summerville Methodist Church (renamed Bowers Chapel), established about 1880; and the Summerville Elementary School, built in 1926. Erected by the Jamestown Reunion Committee, 2006 SI: K-4.1, 3-4.1, 3-4.5, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-4.1, USHC-3.4

Mt. Zion Methodist Church HM 5040 Liberty Chapel Road Front This church, founded in 1868 Mt. Zion Rosenwald School with Rev. James Wesley Johnson as its first minister, held its early services Rosenwald Fund helped construct school built by Mt. Zion Methodist 55 in a brush arbor. In 1870 trustees over 5,300 school buildings across Church in 1870, burned in the early purchased this 1 3/4 acre tract to build the South, including about 500 in 1920s. Mt. Zion Rosenwald School a “Negro Schoolhouse” sponsored by South Carolina. The construction of usually operated on a four- or five- the church, the first in the Mars Bluff Mt. Zion Rosenwald School marked month calendar in which two or community. This sanctuary, originally a major change in the educational three teachers taught grades 1-6. a frame building, was built in 1875 on opportunities for students in the It closed in 1952 when a new Mars a tract purchased from the school. Mars Bluff area. An earlier school, Bluff Consolidated School opened. Back The sanctuary was extensively sponsored by Mt. Zion Methodist This school was listed in the National remodeled and covered in brick Church, was held in a building that had Register of Historic Places in 2001. veneer in 1970. The cemetery nearby, burned in the early 1920s. The Mt. Erected by Mt. Zion United Methodist established in 1876, includes the Zion Rosenwald School, constructed Church, 2002 according to plans developed by graves of such early church leaders Slave Houses, Gregg as Anthony H. Howard (1840-1908), the Rosenwald Fund, was soundly built with large windows to bring in Plantation (Hewn-Timber a former slave who served in the t S.C. House of Representatives during light. It served the rural community Cabins) NR Reconstruction. Howard was also one of Mars Bluff until 1952 when Mars Francis Marion University Campus of several black farmers who grew rice Bluff School, a consolidated school for These two one-story log houses were here after the Civil War. African American students in the area, built in the 1830s to house enslaved Erected by the Congregation, 2004 opened. African Americans on the J. Eli Gregg www.nationalregister.sc.gov/florence/ Plantation, which is now the campus SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 1-4.1, 2-4.3, S10817721020/index.htm of Francis Marion University. The 2-4.2, 3-4.1, 3-4.6, 5-1.3, 8-5.4 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-4.1, 2-2.4, 2-4.2, buildings were part of a group of ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, 2-4.3, 3-4.1, 5-1.3, 8-5.4 seven houses placed on either side ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, of a “street” leading to the main STA: TA-CWR-4, TA-MTP-2, TA-MTP-4, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 plantation house. The houses have TA-MTP-6 been moved several times, but have SLP: LP-MAJC-3 SLP: LP-MAJC-3 Mt. Zion Rosenwald School HM Mt. Zion Rosenwald School NR 5040 Liberty Chapel Road Liberty Chapel Road Mt. Zion Rosenwald School was built Front This school, built in 1925, was in 1925 as an elementary school the first public school for African for African American children. American students in the Mars Bluff The school was constructed with community. One of more than 5000 matching funds from the Julius schools in the South funded in part Rosenwald Fund, created by the chief by the Julius Rosenwald Foundation, executive officer of Sears, Roebuck, it features a standard two-classroom and Company to improve education plan typical of the rural schools built for African American children in by the foundation between 1917 and the South. Rosenwald funds were 1932. matched by donations from the local Back The first school here, a private Slave House/Gregg Plantation community. From 1917 to 1932, the remained on what was the Gregg politics serving as an alderman and a Erected by the Georgetown Chapter of Plantation property. Before 1870, the commissioner of elections. He served Delta Sigma Theta, 1988 houses were moved several hundred three terms in the South Carolina yards to form a new community. House of Representatives from 1884- Bethesda Baptist Church HM Occupied until the early 1950s, the 1889, after most African Americans At the church, Wood Street houses were again moved in 1971 for had lost their seats with the end of Organized shortly after the Civil the construction of the Francis Marion Reconstruction. The house is included War with Rev. Edward Rhue as Library. One of the buildings was in the Georgetown Historic District. its first pastor, Bethesda Baptist Church purchased this site by 1867. brought to the current site in 1980, SI: 3-4.3, 5-1.3, 8-4.6, 8-5.3, USHC-2.3 the other in 1990. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/florence/ Bethel A.M.E. Church NR S10817721015/index.htm 417 Broad Street SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, 2-4.2, The congregation of Bethel African 3-4.1, 3-4.5, 3-4.7, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-4.1, Methodist Episcopal Church was 8-4.6, USHC-3.3 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, organized c. 1865. Its first pastor ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, was Rev. Augustus Z. Carr. The 56 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 present church building is located SLP: LP-MTP-2 approximately 100 feet from the original site. This church building was constructed in 1882 of wood. It was GEORGETOWN substantially remodeled and took COUNTY its present appearance in 1908. The brick Gothic Revival building features Bethel A.M.E. Church Georgetown two square crenellated towers on the Jonathan A. Baxter House NR front and gothic-arched window and Construction of this sanctuary began 932 Duke Street door openings. It is included in the in 1922 during the pastorate of Rev. Georgetown A.W. Puller and was completed and Historic District. dedicated during the pastorate of Rev. SI: K-4.1, 2-4.2, G. Going Daniels in 1927. Rev. W.A. 5-1.2 Johnson served as Bethesda’s pastor STA: TA-MTP-8 from 1956 until his death in 1995. Bethel Erected by the Georgetown Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta, 1996 Church HM Corner of Duke SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 8-5.4 and Broad Streets James A. Bowley House NR This African 231 King Street Methodist This house, which was built c. Episcopal 1890, was the home of James A. church was the Bowley, a teacher, editor, legislator, first separate and judge. Bowley, who was born black church free in Maryland c. 1844, came to in Georgetown Georgetown County as a teacher County. It was in 1867. During Reconstruction, he established by served in the South Carolina House the Rev. A.T. of Representatives (1869-1874), as Carr shortly county school commissioner (1869), as county commissioner (1874) and Johnathan A. Baxter House after the 1863 Emancipation as a probate judge. He was also the This house, built c. 1890, was the Proclamation, which freed the slaves. editor of the Georgetown Planet, a home of Jonathan Alexander Baxter The church purchased this property local newspaper. In the 1870s, Bowley (1854-1927). Baxter was born free in Jan. 15, 1866, and remodeled the developed a political rivalry with Charleston to a shoemaker and his present building in 1908 when the William H. Jones, another African wife. His family moved to Georgetown Rev. R.W. Mance was minister. The American leader in Georgetown, when Jonathan was an infant. He educational building was built in which erupted in violence. The house was educated in the public schools in 1949 under the pastorate of Rev. H.B. is included in the Georgetown Historic Georgetown and became a teacher. In Butler, Jr. District. the 1870s Baxter became involved in SI: 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 8-5.3, USHC-3.3 Fannie Carolina House NR before moving to Washington, D.C. Corner of High Market and Wood SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, In 1886 he returned to Georgetown ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, where he died in this house in Streets ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3 This residence, which is included in 1887. The Joseph H. Rainey House the Georgetown Historic District, was was designated a National Historic Joseph H. Rainey House NR/NHL Landmark in 1984. The Rice Museum the home of Mrs. Fannie Carolina, 909 Prince Street in Georgetown has recently installed founder and owner of the Fan-O-Lin According to local tradition, Joseph an exhibit interpreting the life of Beauty School. The Beauty School was H. Rainey was born in this house in Rainey. For information about visiting one of the first in South Carolina. Mrs. 1832 and lived here until the family the Rice Museum see www.ego.com/ Carolina also produced “Fan-O-Lin,” a moved to Charleston in 1846. Rainey’s popular hair pomade. us/sc/myr/rice/. SI: 2-4.3, USHC-3.3

Howard School HM Corner of Duke and King Streets After purchasing this land January 1, 1866, Georgetown Colored Academy built a school here. By 1908 the old 57 building had been torn down and a new school built, its name changed to Howard. The elementary department moved into a new structure on Kaminski Street in 1938; the high school followed in 1949. After the 1984 graduation, predominantly black Howard merged with mostly white Winyah School to form Georgetown High School. Erected by the Georgetown Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta, 1986 SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 8-7.2, USHC-7.6 Joseph Hayne Rainey House STA: TA-MAJC-2 father was a slave who had purchased www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Mt. Olive Baptist Church HM georgetown/S10817722018/index.htm Duke Street his freedom and the freedom of his family. Joseph H. Rainey worked SI: K-3.3, 3-4.6, 8-5.3, USHC-3.4 Front This church was founded in 1866 SLP: LP-CWR-1 by Rev. James Smalls, its pastor for as a barber in Charleston before the Civil War. Early in the war he many years. The congregation, which HM was drafted by the Confederacy, Joseph Hayne Rainey built its sanctuary here on land owned At the Rainey House, 909 Prince but he and his wife Susan escaped by the Gospel Harp Society, grew to Street to Bermuda. Rainey returned to more than one hundred members This National Historic Landmark was this house in Georgetown after the by 1903. In 1914 trustees S.B. Belin, the family home of Joseph H. Rainey, Civil War and launched a career Neptune Boyd, Siward Dunmore, the first African American elected in politics. He served in the South Joseph Gibson, I.J. McCottree, W.M. to the US House of Representatives, Carolina Senate (1868-1870), and Salters, and Samuel White, Jr., 1870-1879. Born in Georgetown in 1870, he became the first African purchased this property from the County in 1832, Rainey, it is said, American to serve in the United trustees of the Gospel Harp Society. made blockade-running trips during States House of Representatives. the Civil War. He was a delegate to the Back The first church here, a frame He was elected to four consecutive Constitutional Convention of 1868, building, was replaced by this brick terms, but was defeated by a white served two years in the SC Senate, and sanctuary in 1920. Built during Democratic candidate in 1878. Rainey two years as internal revenue agent the pastorate of Rev. T.O. Mills, it was an active member of Congress. of SC. He died in Georgetown, SC, in features elaborate stained glass He was an ardent supporter of civil 1887. windows. Mt. Olive was also one of rights for African Americans, Native Erected by the Georgetown Chapter of several Georgetown churches hosting Americans, the Chinese in California, graduation exercises for Howard High and supported removing political Delta Sigma Theta, 1994 School in the 1940s. disabilities from white Southerners. Erected by the Georgetown Chapter, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 2001 After leaving Congress, he served as an internal revenue agent (1879-1881) Georgetown Vicinity www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Pawley’s Island t georgetown/S10817722036/index.htm Hobcaw Barony NR SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Cedar Grove Plantation Bellefield Plantation, US Highway 17 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, Chapel NR Bernard M. Baruch, nationally ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-4.1, 2-2.4, SC Highway 255, 0.2 mile north of its prominent political advisor and 3-2.5, 4-2.3, 8-1.2, 8-1.4, 8-4.1, 8-4.6 intersection with SC Highway 46 philanthropist, created the 15,680- STA: TA-ANTE-2 Rev. Alexander Glennie, rector of All SLP: LP-MTP-2 acre Hobcaw Barony between Saints’ Episcopal Church from 1830 to 1905 and 1907 by acquiring and combining several eighteenth and nineteenth century rice plantations. Hobcaw, which he managed as a recreational hunting plantation, includes numerous buildings and sites that reflect the lives of African Americans from the early nineteenth century through the first half of the 58 twentieth century. These resources include graveyards; extant villages with slave houses and later tenant houses; archaeological sites of slave settlements; and ricefields, canals, dikes, reservoirs, and roads created and maintained by African American labor. The most intact village is Friendfield. It includes a “street” with five remaining houses. Workers on Hobcaw Barony pounding rice, c. 1900 Three of the houses were built as slave cabins and two were built by Murrells Inlet Vicinity 1860, established a ministry to slaves employees of Baruch c. 1935. The Richmond Hill Plantation on the rice plantations of Georgetown residences, including the remodeled County and eventually built thirteen slave cabins, were used by African Archaeological Sites NR This rice plantation on the Waccamaw chapels for the slaves. Cedar Grove American tenants into the twentieth River was owned by John D. Magill, Plantation Chapel, built in 1850, is century. The street includes a church who in 1860 owned 189 slaves. He the only remaining chapel of these (built between 1890 and 1900) and a was notorious for his brutal treatment thirteen. The chapel originally stood dispensary moved to the site around of his slaves and his inefficiency as on the plantation owned by Andrew 1935. A visitor’s center at the entrance a plantation manager. Slaves were Hassell, but was moved in 1898 and in to the property is open Monday poorly clothed and fed, punishments through Friday except for holidays. were cruel and frequent, and Access to the 17,500-acre property is runaways were either shot or hanged. available only through guided tours. Twenty-eight of Magill’s slaves For more information, visit www. escaped to Union troops when federal hobcawbarony.org/index.html. gunboats came up the Waccamaw River in 1862. The plantation house, overseers’ houses, and slave houses burned by 1930. Archaeological investigations at the site of the slave settlement, which originally included twenty-four cabins, have the potential to increase our understanding of the lives of slaves on lowcountry rice plantations. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ georgetown/S10817722026/index.htm SI: 3-2.5, 4-2.3, 8-1.4, 8-4.1, 8-4.6 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Friendfield at Hobcaw Barony ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, STA: TA-ANTE-2 Cedar Grove Chapel SLP: LP-MTP-2 1976. In 1985, the chapel was moved African Americans and to its present location on the grounds maintained in the same of All Saints’ Church. locations since the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ antebellum period. The georgetown/S10817722034/index.htm Plantation also includes SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.43-2.5 a one-room slave cabin SLP: LP-MTP-2 built c. 1830. After the Civil War an uprising led Rural Georgetown by freedmen occurred County at Keithfield in the Arundel Plantation Slave spring of 1866. The freedmen left the House NR Keithfield Plantation rice fields This is the only remaining building ricefields, refused to of what were once fifty cabins that work, and threatened Springfield, and Dirleton. The district made up the slave settlement at the plantation manager with axes, also includes ricefields associated with Arundel Plantation. Arundel was one hoes, and sticks, pelting him with bricks these Waccamaw River plantations: and rocks. They finally forced him to Turkey Hill, Oatland, Willbrook, 59 jump in the Black River and swim to the Litchfield, and Waverly. African other side. American slaves cleared the land; www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ constructed the canals, dikes, and georgetown/S10817722023/index.htm trunks; and cultivated and processed SI: 3-2.7, 3-4.1 rice on these plantations. The district STA: TA-ANTE-2; SLP: LP-MTP-2 also includes homes of the planters, Mansfield Plantation Slave two rice barns, and a slave house. t The rice barn remaining on Hasty Street NR Point was built c. 1840-1850. In 1860 US Highway 701 some 600,000 pounds of rice were Mansfield Plantation was established produced with 225 slaves at Hasty in the eighteenth century and by the Point and Breakwater plantations, Arundel Plantation Slave House last half of the century was producing both owned by Francis Weston. A of many large Georgetown County rice rice. By the mid-nineteenth century, rice barn associated with Exchange plantations that operated with slave F.S. Parker owned the plantation. Plantation is also still standing. In 1850 labor from the mid-eighteenth century Plantation records at the South 180,000 pounds of rice were produced through the Civil War. This unusual Caroliniana Library show that by at Exchange Plantation with sixty-four Gothic Revival style cabin was built 1860 Parker owned over 100 slaves slaves. The slave cabin remaining at after 1841 by Frederick Shaffer, the and planted 235 acres of rice at Arundel Plantation was originally one seventh owner of Arundel. The slave Mansfield. Six slave houses and a slave of twelve cabins situated in a semi- house is a contributing property in the chapel remain as reminders of the circle around the overseer’s house. Pee Dee River Rice Planters Historic slaves who lived and worked on the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ District. plantation. To learn more visit www. georgetown/S10817722025/index.htm www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ mansfieldplantation.com/index.html. SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.2, 3-4.5 georgetown/S10817722025/index.htm www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ STA: TA-ANTE-2 georgetown/S10817722011/index.htm SLP: LP-MTP-2 SI: 2-4.2, 3-2.7, 3-4.1 STA: TA-ANTE-2; SI: 3-2.7, 3-4.1, 4-2.3, 4-3.4 SLP: LP-ANTE-3; SLP: LP-MTP-2 STA: TA-ANTE-2; SLP: LP-MTP-2 Keithfield Plantation NR Pee Dee River Rice Planters Northeast of Georgetown off County Historic District NR Road 52 Pee Dee and Waccamaw Rivers Keithfield Plantation was one of several northeast of Georgetown productive rice plantations on the Black The Pee Dee Rice Planters Historic River. In 1860 the plantation produced District includes ricefields associated 315,000 pounds of rice with 81 slaves. with seventeen plantations located Agricultural features associated with along the Pee Dee River and the rice cultivation are particularly intact Waccamaw River. The plantations at Keithfield. These include fields, on the Pee Dee River include Hasty canals (including the remnants of a Point, Breakwater, Belle Rive, brick-lined canal), dikes, and trunks, Exchange, Rosebank, Chicora Wood, Old Church at Mansfield Plantation originally constructed by enslaved Guendalos, Enfield, Birdfield, Arundel, GREENVILLE house is nearly identical to Plan No. 301 (“Teachers Home for Community COUNTY Schools”) for teacherages supported SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-8.1 Fountain Inn by the Julius Rosenwald Fund. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Fountain Inn Principal's Although this house was constructed ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, after the end of the Rosenwald ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 House and Teacherage NR Fund school program, its design is 105 Mt. Zion Drive consistent with plans frequently used Greenville The Fountain Inn Principal’s House for Rosenwald schools and related and Teacherage, built in 1935, is buildings. Listed in the National Allen Temple A.M.E. Church significant for its historical association Register June 27, 2011. 109 Green Avenue NR Allen Temple A.M.E. Church, with the Fountain Inn Negro School www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ built 1929-30, is significant as the and African-American history in greenville/S10817723070/index.htm Fountain Inn. The house is the only first A.M.E. church in Greenville, remaining building that is historically SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, and architecturally significant USHC-8.1 as an excellent example of early associated with the Fountain Inn STA: TA-ARTS-13 Negro School complex, comprised twentieth century Classical Revival 60 of the grade school built in 1928, a Fountain Inn Rosenwald ecclesiastical design by Juan Benito high school built in 1930, a library, Molina, a Cuban-born and educated and the Clayton “Peg Leg” Bates School HM architect, the only black architect Mt. Zion Drive, near Mt. Zion Baptist Gymnasium, built in 1942. The school practicing in Greenville in the early Church and its appurtenant buildings served twentieth century. Organized during the educational needs of the Fountain Front The Fountain Inn Rosenwald Reconstruction as a mission church, Inn’s African American community School, also known as the Fountain Allen Temple A.M.E. was formally Inn Colored organized as a separate congregation School, was in 1881. The church is a large gable- a complex of front, steel-frame brick building laid several buildings in American bond, with projecting built here from twin towers of unequal height, set 1928 to 1942. upon a partially-subterranean brick The first school, basement foundation that features a a frame seven- soldier course water table. A rowlock room elementary brick course is located between the school for water table and the facade's first floor grades 1-7, was windows and wraps the building at the a Rosenwald window sill level. Other architectural school, one of features along the upper facade and 500 rural schools other elevations include another in S.C. funded in bordered soldier course band around part by the Julius the entire building, square cast- Fountain Inn Principal’s House and Teacherage Rosenwald Fund stone panel insets on each pilaster until the students of this community from 1917 to that align with the bordered soldier were enrolled in Fountain Inn High 1932. It was built in 1928-29 at a cost course, and a rowlock brick band at School in the 1960s. The teacherage of $7,200. the height of the pilaster capitals. All was constructed originally as a home Back The Fountain Inn Colored High for teachers that provided educational School, a frame three-room high instruction for African Americans school for grades 8-11, was built in in Fountain Inn, and by the 1940s 1930. A frame teacherage was built in housed teachers and the principal and 1935 for principal Gerard A. Anderson, his family. Its separate entrance at the and by 1942 this complex included a building’s southwest corner accessed library, gymnasium, and three new the kitchen and accommodated home classrooms. The high school closed economics classes. These buildings in 1954, and the elementary school were designed to offer comfortable closed in 1960. The 1935 teacherage domestic amenities like front is the only building standing; the rest corner porches and modern indoor were demolished in 2000. bathrooms, but they were also meant Erected by the City of Fountain Inn & the Greenville County Historic to serve as instructional facilities. The Preservation Commission, 2011 Allen Temple A.M.E. Church windows feature cast stone sills, wood defendants admitted frames, leaded stained glass (both being part of the mob, geometrical and pictorial), keystones all defendants were and impost blocks. The church's west acquitted by an all-white tower is three stories in height and jury. Rebecca West’s contains a large open arched belfry “Opera in Greenville,” that once housed the church's bell, published in The New with belt courses, cornices, corbels Yorker on June 14, 1947, and pyramidal finials at each corner interpreted the trial and of its roof's parapet. The two -story its aftermath. Widespread Dreher Educational Building was outrage over the lynching added in 1949. To the rear of the and the verdict spurred church is a Craftsman bungalow new federal civil rights residence, built ca. 1920, but sheathed policies. Matoon Presbyterian Church in brick between 1929 and 1949, long Erected by the Willie used as the church parsonage, that Earle Commemorative Trail Matoon Presbyterian Church NR contributes to the significance of the Committee, 2010 [2011] 415 Hampton Avenue 61 Allen Temple A.M.E. Church. Listed in SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 5-5.3, 8-1.4, Matoon Presbyterian Church is a part the National Register April 16, 2010. USHC-8.1, of the Hampton-Pinckney Historic www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, District and is in one of Greenville’s greenville/S10817723066/index.htm ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, oldest neighborhoods. The Matoon ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, congregation was organized in 1878, USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 and this building was constructed in John Wesley Methodist 1887. The ground floor originally held Episcopal Church NR a parochial school for African American 101 East Court Street students in the first through the ninth John Wesley Methodist Episcopal grades, which had been discontinued Church was built between 1899 by 1930. More recently, the church has and 1903. The congregation was housed a daycare center. organized soon after the Civil War by www.nationalregister.sc.gov/greenville/ Rev. James R. Rosemond. Although S10817723015/index.htm born a slave in Greenville in 1820, SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1 Rosemond had been allowed to preach at churches before the Civil Richland Cemetery NR War. After the war he organized Hilly Street and Sunflower Street fifty Methodist Episcopal churches Richland Cemetery was established in the upstate. John Wesley is one of by the City of Greenville in 1884 John Wesley Methodist Episcopal Church the earliest churches he organized. as the first municipal cemetery for The congregation was first named African Americans. It was named for Greenville County Courthouse Silver Hill, but in 1902 the name was nearby Richland Creek. Today the changed to John Wesley Church. Over cemetery occupies approximately HM its history the congregation has met six acres on a small hill northeast of 35 West Court Street, behind the Old in a variety of locations including Greenville County Courthouse downtown Greenville in a traditionally the Greenville Methodist Church, African American area known as the Front This Beaux Arts building, built a Freedman’s Bureau schoolhouse, in 1916-18, was the fourth Greenville Greenline-Spartanburg neighborhood. and a log building on Ann Street. By After the Civil War African Americans County Courthouse, from 1918 to 1869 a sanctuary seating 500 people 1950. It was listed in the National were generally excluded from white had been constructed at Choice and cemeteries. Richland Cemetery is a Register of Historic Places in 1994. The Cleveland streets. It was used by the largest lynching trial in U.S. history rare example of a municipal African congregation until about 1900. The American cemetery established in was held here May 12-21, 1947. Willie foundations for the present building Earle, a young black man accused of the late nineteenth century. The on East Court Street were laid in 1899. establishment of the cemetery led to assaulting white cabdriver Thomas W. It is an excellent example of Gothic Brown, had been lynched by a white the development of a self-sustaining Revival church architecture of the African American community in mob on Bramlett Road in Greenville. late nineteenth and early twentieth Back The Willie Earle Lynching Trial downtown Greenville when in centuries. 1887 a portion of it was divided The trial of 31 whites, 28 of them www.nationalregister.sc.gov/greenville/ cab-drivers, was rare at the time and into ten building lots and sold. S10817723014/ Richland is the final resting place of drew national attention. Though 26 SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.2 many of Greenville’s most notable thought to be Brown’s last passenger. Front The Working Benevolent African American educators, health He was arrested near Liberty on Society Hospital, first known as St. practitioners, and community leaders. February 16, accused of assault and Luke Colored Hospital, was a two- The cemetery also features a variety robbery, and held in the Pickens story frame building standing here of landscape features, funerary art, County Jail. at the corner of Green Avenue and and cultural artifacts that distinguish Back Early on February 17, 1947, a Jenkins Street. Founded in 1920, it it as a traditional African American white mob forced the Pickens Co. served blacks in Greenville for twenty- cemetery. For more information jailer to give Earle up. They drove eight years. The Working Benevolent visit www.greatergreenville.com/ Earle back to Greenville, lynched Grand Lodge of S.C., at Broad and Fall neighborhoods/history_richland.asp. him, and left his body on Bramlett Streets in Greenville, operated the www.nationalregister.sc.gov/greenville/ Rd. Brown died later that day. The hospital from 1928 until it closed in S10817723060/index.htm May 12-21 trial of 31 men, rare at 1948. SI: K-4.1, 1-4.1, 2-1.4, 3-5.1, 8-5.4 the time, drew national attention. Back The hospital, described at STA: TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-6 Though 26 men admitted being part its opening as “one of the most SLP: LP-MAJC-2 of the mob, an all-white jury acquitted modern institutions in the South for Springfield Baptish Church all defendants. Outrage led to new colored people,” had three wards federal civil rights policies. and twenty-two beds in semi-private 62 HM Erected by the Willie Earle 600 East McBee Avenue and private rooms. Mrs. M.H. Bright Commemorative Trail Committee, was the first superintendent. A Front This is the oldest black Baptist 2010 [2011] congregation in downtown Greenville. registered nurse and a graduate It was founded in 1867 by members SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 5-5.3, 8-1.4, of the Tuskegee Institute, she had of Greenville Baptist Church (now USHC-8.1 been superintendent of the Institute First Baptist Church), which had been ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, hospital. Most of the superintendents ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, after her were nurses as well. a combined congregation of whites ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 and blacks before the Civil War. Rev. Gabriel Poole, known as “Father Working Benevolent Temple Poole,” was its first pastor. The new & Professional Building NR church worshipped in First Baptist Broad and Fall Streets Church until it built its own church The Working Benevolent State Grand here in 1872. Lodge of South Carolina was a health, Back The congregation purchased welfare, and burial benefit society for this site from the estate of Vardry African Americans in South Carolina. McBee in 1871 and completed its first The Lodge designed, built, and church, a frame building later covered financed this building in 1922 to serve in brick veneer, in 1872. That church as its headquarters and administrative was replaced by a brick Gothic Revival offices and to attract black business church in 1959. Springfield Baptist people to Greenville by providing Working Benevolent Temple Church hosted many significant office space for their businesses. The meetings during the Civil Rights building has provided office space for Erected by the Green Avenue Area Movement. The 1959 church burned many of Greenville’s African American Civic Association, 2003 in 1972 and was replaced by the doctors, lawyers, dentists, insurance present church in 1976. firms, a newspaper, and Greenville’s SI: K-4.1, ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, Sponsored by the Congregation, 2013 first black mortuary. During the 1960s, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, the temple was used for meeting 2-2.4, 5-4.1, 8-5.4 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, space for local organizers of the Civil STA: TA-MTP-7 USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 Rights Movement. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/greenville/ The Lynching of Willie Earle S10817723031/ Greenville Vicinity Old Easley Road, (S.C. Hwy. 124) & SI: K-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 5-1.3, 5-4.1, Sterling High School HM Bramlett Road HM 8-7.2, USHC-3.5, USHC-8.1 U.S. Hwy. 123, Greenville vicinity Front The Willie Earle lynching was STA: TA-MTP-7 Front Sterling High School stood 3/4 the last recorded in S.C. and the one SLP: LP-CRM-3 mi. southeast of here and served of the last in the South. On the night Working Benevolent Society generations of African Americans in of February 15, 1947, white cabdriver Greenville. Founded in 1896 by Rev. Thomas W. Brown was found mortally Hospital HM D.M. Minus and called Greenville Corner of Green Avenue and Jenkins wounded beside his cab in Pickens Academy, it was first located in West Street County. Earle, a young black man, was Greenville. It moved into a new two- story brick school nearby in 1902 and Old Pilgrim Baptist Church was organized in the early years of the was then renamed Sterling Industrial 3540 Woodruff Road HM twentieth century. It was an offshoot College after Mrs. E.R. Sterling, who of the Weston Chapel A.M.E. Church, had financed Rev. Minus’s education Front This church was founded in the mother church of the Greenwood at Claflin University. 1868 by black members of nearby District. The building for the new Clear Spring Baptist Church who church was designed and constructed Back The school closed briefly but named their new church Pilgrim reopened in 1915 as Enoree High by members of the congregation Baptist Church. Rev. John Abraham, in 1908. The brick church features School, owned by the Enoree Baptist their first pastor, held services in a Assn. The Greenville Co. School Gothic details including the stained brush arbor until a log church was glass windows with Gothic arches, District bought the school in 1929, built here. It was renamed Old Pilgrim made it the first black public high corbelled brick hoods, and buttresses. Baptist Church in 1894. A frame Mt. Pisgah A.M.E. has been a longtime school in the county, and restored the church built here in 1907 was covered name Sterling. After it burned in Sept. supporter of African American in brick veneer in 1962. The present education, helping to fund Allen 1967, classes moved to Greenville Jr. brick church was built in 1983. High, renamed Sterling Jr.-Sr. High. It University and providing assistance to closed after the 1969-70 school year. Back Old Pilgrim Rosenwald School members of its congregation to attend Old Pilgrim Rosenwald School, named Allen. Because of its central location Erected by the Greenville County 63 Historical Commission and the for the church, was built in 1930. It in the city of Greenwood and its large Sterling High School Association, 2007 was one of almost 500 schools in S.C. size, the church has been used for funded in part by the Julius Rosenwald meetings and community activities SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 8-5.4 Foundation from 1917 to 1932. Built SLP: LP-CRM-1 throughout its history. at a cost of $3,800 with local funds www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Simpsonville raised by Henry Locke and trustees of greenwood/S10817724006/index.htm Old Pilgrim Baptist Church, it operated SI: 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 8-5.4 Cedar Grove Baptist Church 1930-1954 with three teachers, STA: TA-MTP-8 206 Moore Street HM teaching as many as 83 elementary Front According to tradition, this school students in grades 1-7. Hodges African-American church was Sponsored by Old Pilgrim Baptist Good Hope Baptist Church HM organized by Rev. Tom Jones shortly Church, 2013 after the Civil War. It held its first At the church, 6516 US Highway services in a brush arbor, then built SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 25 North its first permanent church here. The 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, Front This church, founded about USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 congregation, with a membership 1870, has its origins in Walnut Grove of about 250, built a second frame Baptist Church, founded in 1820. sanctuary in 1938 at a cost of $3,000. Walnut Grove included both white It was covered in brick veneer in GREENWOOD and black members before the Civil 1962. The present brick church was COUNTY War, but after the war black members dedicated in 1986. asked for letters of dismissal to organize a new church. Good Hope Back Simpsonville Rosenwald School Greenwood Mt. Pisgah A.M.E. Church NR was founded by David Agnew, Doc The Reedy River Baptist Association McIntosh, Henry Moon, Wesley Posey, built a school for the African-American 501 Hackett Street The congregation of Mt. Pisgah and others, with Rev. W.L. Evans as its children of Simpsonville and other first pastor. area communities here in 1891-92, African Methodist Episcopal Church on the present site of the church. In Back Good 1923-24 the Simpsonville Rosenwald Hope Baptist School, an eight-room elementary Church grew and high school, was built nearby. to more than One of about 500 schools in S.C. 250 members funded in part by the Julius Rosenwald by 1900 under Foundation 1917-1932, it closed after its first two the 1953-54 school year.Sponsored by ministers, Revs. the Greenville County Council and the W.L. Evans and Greenville Hospital System, 2012 H. Donaldson. The first church SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, here was a USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 frame building constructed Mt. Pisgah A.M.E. Church soon after 1870; it was destroyed by arson in vessels. Mays Crossroads 1966. The present church, a brick www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ building, was constructed in 1967- greenwood/S10817724012/index.htm Vicinity 68 during the pastorate of Rev. M.B. SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Dr. Benjamin E. Mays HM Norman. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, At the Mays birthplace, US Highway Erected by the Congregation, 2006 ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.1 178, 1/10 mile Northwest of Mays SLP: LP-ANTE-2 SI: 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 8-5.4 Crossroads The spiritual mentor of Martin Luther Benjamin E. Mays King, Jr. Born here in 1894. Served as Kirksey Vicinity Birthplace HM president of Morehouse College 1940- Trapp and Chandler at the Mays House Museum, 237 67 and as presidential advisor. Pottery Site NR North Hospital Street Erected by Greenwood County, 1995 There was a pottery factory on this Front This house, originally 14 mi. SE on U.S. Hwy. 178 in the Epworth SI: 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 STA: TA-CRM-1 community, was the birthplace of Dr. Benjamin E. Mays (1894-1984), Baptist minister, college president, author, 64 and civil rights pioneer. Mays was the eighth child of Hezekiah and Louvenia Mays, both born into slavery. In 1911 he left the tenant farm where this house stood to attend high school at S.C. State College in Orangeburg. Back Mays, a graduate of Bates College and the University of Chicao, was an early and forceful opponent of segregation. Best known as president of Morehouse College, in Atlanta, 1940-1967, Mays was described by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as his “spiritual mentor.” Mays’s inspiring memoir Born To Rebel (1971) is a civil rights classic. This house was moved Trapp and Chandler Pottery here, renovated, and dedicated as a museum in 2011. Dr. Benjamin E. Mays site as early as c. 1834. By c. 1844 Sponsored by the Mays House the pottery was owned by Rev. Museum, 2012 John Trapp. Thomas M. Chandler, a Ninety Six master potter, was associated with SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, Ninety Six Colored School HM 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 the pottery from c. 1844 to c. 1850. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, North Main Street, 1/2 mile East of This factory, like others in the old ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, the town limits Edgefield District, produced utilitarian ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Front The Ninety Six Colored School, stoneware with a distinctive use SLP: LP-MAJC-8 built nearby between 1927 and of alkaline glaze, a unique style of 1932, was a combined elementary decoration, and a heavy reliance on and high school through the 1951-52 slave labor before 1865. According to school year and an marks on ceramics from the pottery elementary school as well as historical records, slaves through the 1955-56 worked at the pottery where they school year. It was produced a unique art form. The a six-room frame Trapp and Chandler Pottery Site is the building, with a small last known intact site of a production frame lunchroom center of Edgefield decorated nearby. Six to eight stoneware. Further archaeological teachers taught research at the site will reveal grades 1-7 and 8-11 information about the manufacture until grade 12 was of alkaline glaze stoneware as well added in 1947-48. The as a cross section of the variability of Dr. Benjamin E. Mays Birthplace school closed in 1956. Back Rev. Elliott F. Johnson, the Hampton HORRY COUNTY first principal here, was succeeded by Rev. W.T. Boggs in 1943. Ninety Hampton Colored School NR Atlantic Beach Six Colored School averaged about West Holly Street Ervin Johnson, a local African Atlantic Beach HM 200 elementary and about 60 high At the town hall, 717 30th Avenue, American carpenter, built Hampton school students for most of its history. South Colored School with the help of After county districts Front Atlantic Beach, nicknamed “The consolidated in 1951, Black Pearl,” was established about its high school students 1934 as an oceanfront community for went to Brewer High blacks denied access to other area School until a new beaches by segregation. Many became Edgewood School for year-round residents, but most elementary and high spent their vacations here. From the school students opened 1930s to the 1970s “The Black Pearl” in 1956. was one of the most popular beach Sponsored by resorts on the East Coast for blacks the Historic 96 from Va. to Fla. Its hotels, nightclubs, 65 Development restaurants, shops, and pavilion were Association, 2014 Hampton Colored School packed every May to September. SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, community volunteers in 1929. The Back George Tyson was the first to 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, develop this area, from 1934 to 1943. USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 two room school opened in 1929-30 and served students in grades one In 1943 the Atlantic Beach Co. — through eight. At first funds were so J.W. Seabrook, R.K. Gordon, and HAMPTON COUNTY scarce it was only open from October P.C. Kelly III — bought the tracts and Gifford to March. Eventually, however, continued to develop them. As other area beaches began desegregating Gifford Rosenwald School HM donations from the black community Columbia Hwy. (U.S. Hwy 321), allowed it to operate for a full school in the 1970s the beach saw fewer near northern junction with Nunn year, and it later offered high school visitors. The town of Atlantic Beach, Street courses. Hampton School remained chartered in 1966 with Emery Front Gifford Rosenwald School, the only black school in Hampton until Gore and Millard Rucker as its first sometimes called Gifford Colored Hampton Colored High School was two mayors, is one of a few black- School, was built here in 1920-21. built in 1947, and the old Hampton owned and governed oceanfront It was one of 500 rural schools built Colored School was converted into the communities in the United States. for African-American students in lunchroom for the high school. Erected by the Atlantic Beach S.C., founded in part by the Julius www.nationalregister.sc.gov/hampton/ Historical Society, 2005 Rosenwald Foundation from 1917 S10817725004/index.htm SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, to 1932. The first of four Rosenwald SI: K-4.1, 2-4.2, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-6.1, schools in Hampton County, it was a 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-6.1, USHC-8.1 USHC-8.1 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, SLP: LP-MAJC-4 two-room frame building constructed STA: TA-MAJC-1, TA-ARTS-14, TA-ARTS-15 at a cost of $3,225. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Back Gifford Rosenwald School had two to five teachers for an average of almost 200 students a year in Hampton Colored School HM grades 1-9 until it closed in 1958. That Holly Street, between Lightsey and year a new school serving Gifford Hoover Streets and Luray, built by an equalization Constructed for black students, this program seeking to preserve school elementary school was built shortly segregation, replaced the 1921 school. after Hampton County School District The old school has been used for purchased the land in the late 1920s. church services and Sunday school Two of the school’s alumni of the classes since 1958. 1930s and 1940s, brothers James F. Sponsored by the Arnold Fields and Julius C. Fields, achieved national Community Endowment, the Faith stature as actors, dancers, and Temple Deliverance Ministry, and the choreographers in stage, television, Town of Gifford Council, 2014 and motion picture productions. Atlantic Beach Erected by the Hampton County SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, Historical Society, 1989 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 Aynor had two principals: Eula G. Owens (d. Thompson St. in 1911, with students 1971), succeeded by her husband, in grades 1-9 until 1929, 1-10 until Levister Elementary School HM Boyd Williams Owens (d. 1981). It 1933, and 1-11 afterwards. A new 100 11th Avenue closed in 1970 after desegregation. school built here in 1936 burned Front This school, built in 1953, was Erected by the Burgess Organization in 1944 and occupied temporary one of many African-American schools for the Advancement of Young People, buildings until separate new built by the equalization program Inc., 2005 elementary and high schools were of Gov. James F. Byrnes, intended completed in 1954. Grade 12 to preserve school segregation SI: K-4.1, 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-4.2, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-4.1, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-6.1, was added in 1949. The schools by building new schools for black USHC-8.1 closed when Horry County schools children. Students in grades 1-7, who STA: TA-MAJC-2 desegregated in 1970. had previously attended the Allen, SLP: LP-MAJC-3 Erected by the Whittemore High Cool SpringHAMs, Pleasant Hill, and School Historical Marker Commission, Union Chapel schools, began the Conway 2011 1953-54 school year here. The last True Vine Missionary Baptist graduating class was the Class of 1969. SI: 1-2.2, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-8.1, Church HM 8-5.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Back This school became the Aynor 66 At the church, 3765 SC Highway 90, STA: TA-MTP-9 Elementary School Annex in 1973; it Conway vicinity closed in 1997. It was named for Nellie Front This church was organized in Burke Levister (1884-1968), the first Little River 1894 by founders Antey Graham, Jeanes teacher in Horry County, who Chestnut Consolidated School Beney Graham, Samuel Graham, Will held that post from 1922 until 1958. at North Myrtle Beach Middle School, Hill, and Ben Wilson, and became The Jeanes Fund, established in 1908, 11240 Hwy. 90 a member of the Kingston Lake HM was also called the Negro Rural School Association. The first sanctuary, a Front Chestnut Consolidated School, Fund. Its supervising teachers were frame building, was built about 1913 which was located here 1954-1970, consultants for the rural teachers and and located near what is now S.C. was built under the equalization schools in their counties. Hwy. 90; it was later on Burroughs program of Gov. James F. Byrnes, intended to preserve segregation Erected by the Levister Development Road. Activity Center, 2010 by building new schools for blacks. Back Rev. Patrick Dewitt, Rev. Named to honor Horry County SI: K-4.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, Solomon Chestnut, Rev. A.T. Graham, educator J.T. Chestnut (1885-1967), it 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.2 and Rev. H.H. Wilson were among educated African-American students ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, the earliest pastors serving True Vine ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, in grades 1-12. Missionary Baptist Church. In 1943 the ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Back Chestnut Consolidated High old sanctuary was moved to this site School This school, consolidating by a team of mules. The present brick schools in several northeastern Horry Burgess sanctuary, the second serving this County communities, was a one story St. James Rosenwald School HM congregation, was built in 1971. brick building with two wings. After SC Highway 707 Erected by the Congregation, 1999 Front St. James Rosenwald School, county schools desegregated in 1970, it became North Myrtle Beach High which stood here from the late 1920s Whittemore School HM until the early 1970s, was one of 1808 Rhue Street School and was later North Myrtle several African-American schools in Beach Middle School. The 1954 Front Whittemore School, one of the building was demolished in 1995. Horry County funded in part by the first African-American schools in Horry Erected by the Chestnut Consolidated Julius Rosenwald Foundation. Rev. County, educated elementary and High School Alumni Association, 2011 Smart Small, Sr. (1891-1961), assisted high school students on this site from by Eugene Beaty (1889-1958), Dave 1936 to 1970. Founded in 1870, it was SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, Carr (1886-1992), Henry Small (1897- named for Benjamin F. Whittemore USHC-8.2 1999), and Richard Small, Sr. (1893- (1824-1894), former Union army 1950) led fundraising efforts. chaplain, Freedmen’s Bureau educator Myrtle Beach Back The school, built in 1928 1865-67, and later a state senator Myrtle Beach Colored School HM or 1929, was a five-room frame and U.S. Congressman. The first 900 Dunbar Street schoolhouse typical of the larger school was just E on Race Path Ave. rural schools built by the Rosenwald After it burned, classes moved to the Front Myrtle Beach Colored School Foundation between 1917 and 1932. Conwayborough Academy on 5th Ave. stood here from the early 1930s It educated about 150 students a to 2001. The first public school for Back Whittemore High School African-American students in Myrtle year in grades 1-10, with five or six A new Whittemore Training School teachers. St. James Rosenwald School Beach, it was a six-room frame was built at Race Path Ave. and building similar to the schools funded Tillman St. Matthew Baptist Church HM At the church, SC Highway 336 This church was founded in 1870 with Rev. Plenty Pinckney as its first minister and worshipped in a “bush tent” nearby until a log church was built a few years later. A new frame church was built on this site in the 1890s during the pastorate of Rev. C.L. Lawton. The present sanctuary was built in 1960 during the tenure of Rev. R.M. Youmans, who served here for more than 35 years. Erected by the Congregation, 2002 SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Myrtle Beach Colored School Marker Dedication ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, 67 ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 8-5.4 in part by the Julius Rosenwald Civil War. It took place when part of Foundation 1917-1932. The school Sherman’s southern strategy involved opened as early as 1932, with three the destruction of the railroad from KERSHAW COUNTY teachers and 113 students in grades Charleston to Savannah. Union troops 1-7 for a four-month academic year moved up the Broad River, landed Camden t from October to February. at a point named Boyd’s landing, Bonds Conway House NR Back During the 1930s and 1940s and attempted to march inland to 811 Fair Street the school’s academic year expanded the railroad. They got lost numerous Bonds Conway was born a slave in to eight months, with as many as six times, however, and by the time Virginia in 1763. He was brought teachers and 186 students in grades they found the correct road to the to Kershaw County in 1792 by his 1-7 before World War II. It added railroad, the Confederate forces owner, Peter Conway. Bonds Conway grades 8-12 after 1945 and reached had received reinforcements and was allowed to hire himself out a peak of eight teachers and 241 fortified their positions. These factors and earn money. In 1793 Zachariah students in its last year. The school, caused the battle replaced by Carver Training School in to be severely one- 1953, was torn down in 2001 but was sided; Union forces reconstructed nearby at Dunbar St. suffered about 700 and Mr. Joe White Ave. in 2006. casualties, while only Erected by the City of Myrtle Beach eight Confederates and the Myrtle Beach Colored School were killed. This site Committee, 2006 is important because it contains remarkably SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 well-preserved remains of Confederate and Union earthworks, as well as the roads JASPER COUNTY and dikes that were Bonds Conway House Ridgeland Vicinity significant to the Honey Hill/Boyd’s Neck outcome of the battle. The property Cantey purchased Bonds Conway is also significant as an archaeological using Conway’s own money. With Battlefield NR resource, with potential to yield this purchase Cantey “relinquished Good Hope Plantation information concerning the Honey Hill any title or claim” to Conway. After The Battle of Honey Hill was one campaign and the material culture of purchasing his freedom in this of the three largest battles fought the forces engaged. manner, Conway worked as a skilled in South Carolina during the Civil www.nationalregister.sc.gov/jasper/ carpenter. He also began to purchase War. It was also important because S10817727007/index.htm land in Camden and by the time of his African American troops, including death, Conway owned land extending the 55th Massachusetts, took part SI: 2-4.2, 3-4.3, 3-4.4, 3-4.5, 4-6.4, 8-4.5, 8-4.6, USHC-3.3 through the center of the block in the battle. The battle was one of bordered by York, Market, King, and the last Confederate victories of the Lyttleton streets. He built this house House 1876-78. The first Dibble store trees reminiscent of the area before on that property c. 1812. In the 1970s in Camden, founded by Eugene’s the Revolution, when Camden was the Kershaw County Historical Society brother John Moreau Dibble (1848- known as “Pine Tree Hill.” In 1912 purchased the house, moved it to its 1877), was on lower Main Street; after it was named Monroe Boykin Park present location, and restored it. The his death Ellie Naudin Dibble and her for Rev. Monroe Boykin (d. 1904), Bonds Conway House is included in sons operated it. After E.H. Dibble’s longtime pastor of Mount Moriah the Camden Historic District, and is death in 1934 an obituary recalled, Baptist Church, one of Camden’s open to the public on a limited basis. “He always lent his influence for the oldest African-American churches. More information is available at good of the community.” Boykin, born a slave, had been owned www.kershawcountyhistoricalsociety. Erected by the Naudin-Dibble Heritage by Judge T.J. Withers after Withers’s org/bonds.htm. Foundation, 2001 marriage to Elizabeth Boykin in 1831. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/kershaw/ SI: 1-4.1, 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 3-5.5 Back After emancipation Monroe S10817728005/index.htm 5-4.1, 8-1.4, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4 Boykin was given two acres here by SI: K-4.1, 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-4.2, 3-4.1, 3-4.2, STA: TA-MTP-7 Withers’s heirs. In 1866 he and other 4-3.4, 8-1.4 freedmen withdrew from First Baptist STA: TA-COLR-2 Mather Academy HM Church of Camden to form a new Corner of South Campbell and West congregation. Ordained by Northern 68 E.H. Dibble Store/ Dekalb Streets missionaries, Boykin became the Eugene H. Dibble HM Front Mather Academy was first pastor of Mount Moriah Baptist Corner of Broad and DeKalb Streets founded in 1887 by the New England Church and served for 34 years. Front This store, constructed in Southern Conference of the Women’s He also founded many churches in 1891 on what was then the corner of Home Missionary Society of the Kershaw, Lancaster, Sumter, and 6th Avenue (now Broad Street) and Methodist Church. It succeeded a Clarendon Counties. In 1912 the city DeKalb Streets, was the second home freedmen’s school opened during developed a part of Boykin’s land here of E.H. Dibble and Brothers Grocery, Reconstruction by Sarah Babcock, into Monroe Boykin Park. which sold “general merchandise” as who returned to Massachusetts, Erected by the City of Camden, 2011 well as “heavy and fancy groceries” married Rev. James Mather, and and operated in downtown Camden became the corresponding secretary SI: 4-6.4, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 8-4.6, 8-5.3, for more than fifty years. “The family of the Southern Conference when it 8-5.4, USHC. 3.3, USHC-3.4 is known all over the state,” historian organized in 1883. The Methodists Asa Gordon wrote in 1929, “and opened a “Model Home and Industrial its achievement in the mercantile School” on this site in 1887. business is of historic importance.” Back Mather Academy educated Back Eugene H. Dibble girls, and later boys, in grades 1-11 until grade 12 was added in 1928. The Southern Assn. of Secondary Schools and Colleges gave it an “A” rating in 1937. A new main building, library, dormitories, and gym were all built between 1900 and 1964. In 1959 Mather merged with the Boylan-Haven School of Jacksonville, Fla., to become Boylan-Haven-Mather Academy. It closed here in 1983; the Thomas English House last building was demolished in 1995. Erected by the Boylan-Haven-Mather Camden Vicinity Academy National Alumni Association, Thomas English House NR 2000 State Road 92 SI: K-4.1, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.2, Thomas English was a prominent 8-5.2, 8-5.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 planter who had this house built ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, sometime around 1800. After the Civil ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 War, the house was purchased by the E.H. Dibble Store marker South Carolina Land Commission and Monroe Boykin Park HM sold under a payment plan to newly Eugene Heriot Dibble (1855-1934), Campbell Street freed slaves. In the 1870s and early prominent Camden merchant, was Front This five-acre park, laid out in 1880s, the property appears to have the son of Andrew H. and Ellie Naudin the 1798 city plan, features large pine been owned by an African American Dibble. He also served in the S.C. man named Gibbes Carter and his wife. After his death Carter’s widow of the rectangle, is the focus of the the early twentieth century, was owned the property until 1900. In revival meetings. The Mount Carmel the first separate African American 1991 the house was moved about A.M.E. Zion Church is located on the congregation in Kershaw. This wood two miles from its original location on southern side of the campground. The frame vernacular Gothic Revival Kershaw County Road 12. brick-veneer building is said to be the building was constructed in 1909. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/kershaw/ fourth church building on the site. Clinton A.M.E. Zion Church was named S10817728017/index.htm The church graveyard is located on for Isom Caleb Clinton, an ex-slave SI: 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 8-4.1, 8-4.6, USHC-3.3, the northern side of the campground. who was a prominent minister in USHC-3.4 It includes the grave of Frederick the A.M.E. Zion Church and who was Albert Clinton (1834-1890), ordained as a bishop in 1892. younger brother of Isom www.nationalregister.sc.gov/lancaster/ Clinton. Frederick Clinton S10817729020/index.htm was instrumental in the SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, founding and growth of 5-1.3 Mt. Carmel and was also involved in politics, serving Unity Baptist Church NR in the South Carolina Senate 112 East Sumter Street from 1870 to 1877. The congregation of Unity Baptist 69 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Church was organized in 1909 lancaster/S10817729007/ and originally met in the homes index.htm of members. Its congregation was SI: 2-4.2, 3-4.6, USHC-3.3, an outgrowth of Kershaw’s first USHC-3.4 Baptist Church. Unity was the second Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Zion Campground STA: TA-MTP-2 separate African American church established in Kershaw in the early LANCASTER COUNTY Mt. Carmel Campground HM twentieth century. The congregation Cauthen Crossroads At the campground, County Road occupied this sanctuary in April 1910. 19, 1.6 miles south of Cauthen The wood frame church was built Vicinity Crossroads by Deacon George L. Shropshire, a Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Zion Front According to local tradition, local contractor and carpenter. It is a Church and Campground NR this African Methodist Episcopal particularly intact vernacular example SC Highway 19, near its intersection Zion Campground was established c. of Gothic Revival church architecture. with SC Highway 620 1870. Instrumental in organizing the Rev. A.W. Hill became Unity’s first full- Isom Caleb Clinton (1830-1904), a campground was former slave Isom time minister in 1911. His successor, former slave, helped establish Mt. Caleb Clinton, who was ordained Carmel African Methodist Episcopal Bishop of the church in 1892. Zion Church and its campground c. Through the years the campground 1870. The campground is associated has flourished; hundreds now with the formative years of the A.M.E. participate in the annual ecumenical Zion Church in South Carolina. In 1867 encampment. the South Carolina Conference of the Back Mt. Carmel A.M.E.Z. A.M.E. Zion Church was organized and Campground was entered in the Isom Clinton was ordained a deacon. National Register of Historic Places in In 1892 he was consecrated a bishop. 1979. Frederick A. Clinton (1834-1890), The Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Campground organizer and lifetime trustee of Mt. was the site of annual camp meetings Carmel, brother of Bishop I.C. Clinton held every September under the and the first Lancaster County black auspices of the A.M.E. Zion Church. elected to the S.C. Senate (1870-1877), Unity Baptist Church The interdenominational meetings is buried here. continue today and draw participants Erected by Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Zion Rev. L.C. Jenkins, was the first pastor from several states. The campground Church, 1981 to occupy the parsonage adjacent to includes small frame or concrete block the church, which was built c. 1922 cabins, called tents, arranged in a Kershaw and is also listed in the National rough rectangle. Many of the tents, Clinton A.M.E. Zion Church NR Register. where worshipers stay during camp Johnson Street www.nationalregister.sc.gov/lancaster/ meetings, have been used by the The congregation of Clinton S10817729024/index.htm same families for generations. A shed- African Methodist Episcopal Zion SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.2 like arbor, located near the center Church, which was organized in Lancaster Methodist Episcopal Zion Bishop I.C. this 3-acre lot, and members and Clinton. friends built a frame church here, Clinton Memorial Cemetery HM Erected by the Lancaster County naming their congregation Friendship Clinton School Road Historical Commission, 1977 A.M.E. Church. The present brick Front More than 300 members of church on South Bell Street was built Lancaster’s black community are SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-2.5, 3-4.7, USHC-7-2 in 1937. The cemetery here includes buried here, with the first grave ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, graves of veterans of American wars dating to 1864. Originally the Clinton ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, from World War I to Vietnam. family cemetery, it was donated ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Back Bell Street Schools to Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church in 1960 by Dr. John J. Clinton (1889-1974). Friendship School, founded in 1883 by Prominent citizens buried here include LAURENS COUNTY Friendship A.M.E. Church, eventually clergymen, educators, businessmen, grew to include grades 1-11. In 1926 and politicians, and many veterans Clinton it became a public school, moved into of American wars from World War I Bell Street School HM a new building, and was renamed through Vietnam. 301 North Bell Street Bell Street School. It was the first accredited black high school in the Back Isom C. Clinton Front This school, built in 1950, was county. The 1950 school nearby 70 This cemetery is named for Isom the third African-American school on became an elementary school in 1956, Caleb Clinton (1830-1904), buried Bell Street. Friendship School, founded renamed Martha Dendy School in here with his family. Born a slave, in 1883 by nearby Friendship A.M.E. 1960. Later a middle school, it closed Clinton organized Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Church, was a combined elementary in 2008. Zion Church in 1866 and served as an and high school. The frame school elder for many years until he became was replaced in 1926 by a brick Erected by Friendship A.M.E. Church, a bishop in the A.M.E. Zion Church school, named Bell Street School, with 2010 in 1892. He also founded one of the students in grades 1-11 until grade 12 was added in 1948-49. In 1937 it SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 2-4.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, first black public schools in Lancaster USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6 County and served as county treasurer became the first black high school in ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, both during and after Reconstruction. Laurens County to be fully accredited ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, An obituary called Clinton’s influence by the state. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 “manifest in this community and Back Martha Dendy School throughout the county.” Bell Street School burned in 1949, Gray Court Erected by the Lancaster County and this school opened in 1950. It Laurens County Training History Commission, 2001 became Bell Street Elementary in School HM SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 2-4.3, 3-4.6, 1956 when a new high school was Off West Mill Street USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 built. In 1960 it was renamed Martha Front The Laurens County Training STA: TA-CWR-4, TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-6 Dendy Elementary School in memory School, located here 1924-1954, had of principal David Dendy’s mother. its origins in Gray Court School, a Lancaster Normal and It became a junior high school when one-room school founded ca. 1890 on Industrial Institute HM county schools desegregated in 1970, the grounds of Pleasant View Baptist East Barr Street then a middle school in 1972, and a Church. The training school, opened Front Located on this site, Lancaster 6th grade center in 1997. The school in 1924 in a building constructed with Normal and Industrial Institute for closed in 2008. assistance from the Rosenwald Fund, black students was incorporated in Sponsored by the City of Clinton taught grades 8-11 until 1948. 1905; M.D. Lee was president and and Concerned Citizens for the Back This school, at first emphasizing J.G. McIlwain chairman of the board. Preservation of Bell Street / Martha farming and homemaking skills, By 1912, the school was offering Dendy School, 2012 later expanded its curriculum to both elementary and advanced SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, include more academic courses and education to a number of students, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, became an accredited high school in many of whom trained for industrial 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, 1948-49 with the addition of grade employment or as teachers. USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 12. The school closed and was later Back This school, incorporated in demolished when Laurens County 1905, was operated by the General Friendship A.M.E. Church & schools were consolidated in 1954. Conference of the African Methodist Cemetery HM Erected by the Laurens County Episcopal Zion Church. By 1908 the at Friendship Cemetery, North Bell Training School Alumni Committee, campus included the Springs Industrial Street at Friendship Drive 2001 Building, named in honor of Colonel Front This church held its first services SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-4.1, 8-5.5, 8-7.2, Leroy Springs (a benefactor of the in a nearby brush arbor shortly USHC-6.1 institute), and the Clinton Young after the Civil War and was formally STA: TA-MAJC-2 Men’s Building, named for African organized in 1880. Trustees purchased Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Church HM 1910. The church was constructed 209 Mt. Carmel Road by Columbus White, a local African Front Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Church was American contractor. Two bishops of founded in 1878. The congregation the A.M.E. church have come from first met in the home of Mack Bethel. The church is included in the and Caroline Saxon, freed slaves Laurens Historic District. who had acquired substantial land www.nationalregister.sc.gov/laurens/ holdings in Laurens County by 1877. S10817730010/index.htm The congregation later expanded SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.3 and moved to a brush arbor before STA: TA-MTP-8 constructing a wood frame building NR on a three-acre tract donated by the Charles Duckett House Charles Duckett House Saxons. The current brick church was 105 Downs Street completed in 1922. Charles H. Duckett built this house c. and the present St. Paul First Baptist 1892 and lived here until his death Church was built in 1912. Both are Back During Reconstruction the in 1942. Duckett was a carpenter, brick Romanesque Revival churches A.M.E. Church sent missionaries to contractor, and lumber dealer designed and built by local contractor the South in order to cultivate new in Laurens and owned the only Columbus White. St. Paul First Baptist 71 members. Rev. B.F. Martin was one lumberyard in Laurens for many years. Church also housed the first black of these individuals. Martin worked in The house demonstrates Duckett’s public school in Laurens County until Laurens County during the 1870s and skill in carpentry and building. Besides 1937. in 1880 reported he had, “procured his construction and lumber business, Erected by the Piedmont Rural three acres and built and paid for a Duckett also operated a funeral home Telephone Cooperative, 2006 nice little structure in size 28 by 37,” and was active in civic affairs and in referring to the first church built on SI: 2-4.2, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 8-5.2, 8-5.4, the Bethel A.M.E. Church. He was this site. 8-5.5, 8-5.6, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 well-respected in both the black and Sponsored by Mt. Carmel A.M.E. white communities in Laurens. Upon Saint Paul First Baptist Church, 2014 his death, the Laurens newspaper Church NR SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-2.5, 8-1.4 credited Duckett with being “the only 216 East Hampton Street ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Negro in the southern states who This Romanesque Revival-style ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, operated a retail lumber business” brick church was built in 1912 by ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 and called him “the city’s most Columbus White, a local African outstanding colored citizen.” American contractor. Saint Paul First www.nationalregister.sc.gov/laurens/ Baptist Church was the first black S10817730017/index.htm Baptist church in Laurens. The church SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-4.3, 8-5.6 is included in the Laurens Historic STA: TA-MTP-7 District. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/laurens/ Rich Hill HM S10817730010/index.htm Corner of Hampton and Silver Streets SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, 5-4.1, 8-5.4, Front This African-American 8-5.5, 8-5.6 neighborhood, roughly bounded by N. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Caroline St., E. Hampton St., Laurel St., ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, and E. Laurens St., was an uncleared ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 forest owned by James H. Irby and then N.B. Dial before the Civil War. After 1865 so many freedmen and Bethel A.M.E. Church women bought lots and built homes here that by the 1880s the area was called “Rich Hill.” The historic Laurens houses here, most from the first Bethel A.M.E. Church NR half of the 20th century, reflect such 234 Caroline Street architectural styles as Queen Anne Bethel African Methodist Episcopal and Craftsman. Church, which was organized in Back Bethel A.M.E. Church, founded 1868, was one of the first African in 1868, and St. Paul First Baptist American congregations in Laurens. Church, founded in 1877, anchor this The congregation built this brick neighborhood. The present Bethel Romanesque Revival structure c. Saint Paul First Baptist Church A.M.E. Church was built in 1910 LEE COUNTY throughout Lee County. In 1948, when a new Dennis High School opened, Bishopville this became Dennis Elementary Dennis High School NR School. In 1954, a state program to 410 West Cedar Lane equalize funding for black and white Dennis High School, constructed in schools built a new Dennis High 1936, was the first high school for and Elementary School. The original African Americans in Lee County Dennis High School was renovated and and drew students from Bishopville served as Dennis Primary School until and rural areas outside the town. it closed in 1970. It was listed in the The handsome substantial brick National Register of Historic Places in school building improved education 2005. for African American youth in the Erected by the Dennis Community county and also served as a center Development Corporation of Lee Dennis High School for community activities. Contrasted County, 2007 with the much larger Bishopville Saluda Factory HM US Highway 378 High School, built in the same year 72 One mile east on the Saluda River for white students, Dennis High LEXINGTON COUNTY stood a four-story granite building School illustrates the inequalities West Columbia erected by the Saluda Manufacturing of South Carolina’s “separate but Saluda Factory Historic Company, incorporated in 1834. equal” educational system. In 1948 a Operated by slave labor, it was, at one new black high school was built and District NR Along the Saluda River time, the largest cotton factory in the Dennis became an elementary school. The Saluda Factory, built in the state. Burned by Sherman on Feb. 17, Renovations made to the school in 1830s, was one of the first textile 1865, it was rebuilt and operated for 1954 during the Brown vs. Board of manufacturing plants in the state. It some time after the war. Education era are associated with the was operated by slave labor, and the Erected by the Lexington County state’s desperate attempt to prove main products of the mill were brown Historical Society, 1962 the equality of education in South shirting and a colored cotton fabric Carolina through greatly increased used in making clothing for slaves. allocations to African American The factory was burned in February of MARION COUNTY schools. State funds were also used to 1865 by General William T. Sherman’s build a new black elementary school, Ariel Crossroads army, but was rebuilt of wood on and Dennis became a primary school St. James A.M.E. Church HM the original granite foundations after until it closed in 1970 when schools 5333 South Highway 41 the war. This factory burned in 1884 were integrated in Lee County. Front The congregation of St. James and was never rebuilt. Today all that www.nationalregister.sc.gov/lee/ A.M.E. Church first worshipped remains of the factory are the granite S10817731017/index.htm under a bush arbor in the vicinity of foundations, which SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 give an outline of the STA: TA-MAJC-2 building’s dimensions and the granite Dennis High School HM sluices used for 410 West Cedar Lane diverting river water Front Dennis High School, built in to power the mill. 1936, was the first high school for The ruins are located African-American students in Lee on the grounds of County. Built on land donated by Riverbanks Zoo, which philanthropist Rebecca Dennis, it was has erected a Saluda named in her honor. This school was Factory Interpretive originally intended as an elementary Center nearby. More information is school, but when the old elementary Saluda Factory wall ruins school burned shortly before this available at www.riverbanks.org/history/. school opened it became both an what is now Ariel Crossroads. Mattie elementary school and high school. It www.nationalregister.sc.gov/lexington/ S10817732003/index.htm Munnerlyn White sold one-half acre was the only black high school in Lee of land, including the original church, County for several years. SI: 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 3-4.5, 8-1.4, 8-1.5, 8-4.5, USHC-2.3 to the Trustees of St. James A.M.E. in Back The auditorium here was a STA: TA-ANTE-1 1891. The cornerstone of the current significant social center for blacks church was laid in 1914 under the leadership of Rev. A.J. Starks, Pastor, S10817734007/index.htm and Rev. W.P. Carolina, Presiding SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, SI: 2-4.3, 5-1.3, 5-1.4 Elder. 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Back In 1919 Zack R. Leonard sold USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, land to the church for what is now St. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 James Cemetery, located 3/4 of a mile Marion Mt. Olive Baptist Church HM north. St. James School, built in 1925, Taylor’s Barber Shop NR once stood nearby and was among Corner of Church and Mullins Streets 205 North Main Street This church was founded in 1882 by 16 500 schools built for African American Taylor’s Barber Shop has been a students in S.C. that was funded in charter members, all former slaves or fixture in Marion for over one hundred the children of former slaves. It held part by the Rosenwald Foundation years. Rev. Thomas E. Taylor, who was (1917-1932). It remained the principal services in a brush arbor and a cotton born in 1863, founded the business. gin before building its first sanctuary school for local black students until Taylor was known as the “white 1954. in 1886 at Main and Marion Streets. man’s barber” because he catered The present sanctuary, designed by Sponsored by St. James A.M.E. specifically to white clientele. The Church, 2014 Negro architect Wade Alston Ford and barbershop had marble countertops, built by members of the congregation SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, bootblack chairs, and private rooms in 1922-26, was listed in the National 73 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, with bathtubs for travelers passing Register of Historic Places in 2000. USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 through town. Rev. Taylor died in Erected by the Congregation, 2002 1935. His barbershop is included in Centenary the Marion Historic District. Palmetto High School Centenary Rosenwald School SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 8-7.2 305 O'Neal Street HM Johnny Odom Drive HM Front Palmetto High School, Front Centenary completed in 1953, Rosenwald School was built as a school was built here in for African American 1924-25. It was one students. It replaced of 500 rural schools the previous Palmetto in S.C. for blacks, High School, which constructed with was a Rosenwald partial funding from School completed the Julius Rosenwald in 1924. The new school was one of the Foundation from equalization schools 1917 to 1932. A two- built in the early 1950s room frame school, it as part of an effort was built at a cost of to equalize African $2,100. An average of American educational 125 students a year facilities. It opened attended, at first in in the spring of 1954 grades 1-7 but later with James T. McCain adding grades 8-12. Mt. Olive Baptist Church as principal. Centenary School Back When closed in 1954. Back Terrell’s Bay completed, the new high school High School Mullins was described as “modern in every Terrell’s Bay High School was built Mt. Olive Baptist Church NR detail and constructed entirely of in 1954 by the equalization program 301 Church Street concrete, masonry, and steel.” The intended to preserve segregation by Wade Alston Ford, an African class of 1970 was the last to graduate building new schools for blacks. It, American architect from Lake from Palmetto High School. Court a new Terrell’s Bay Elementary, and View, South Carolina, designed and rulings finally implemented public a new Pleasant Grove Elementary oversaw construction of this Late school integration in 1970-71 and the replaced Centenary Rosenwald School Gothic Revival church. Five volunteer white and black high schools were and Rains Colored School. Terrell’s craftsmen built the cruciform church combined. The building then became Bay High was desegregated in 1970. between 1922 and 1926. This is Palmetto Middle School. It closed in 2003 when two county the second building to house the Sponsored by the Pee Dee Museum of school districts were consolidated. congregation, which was founded in African-American Culture, 2014 Sponsored by the Marion County 1882 underneath a bush arbor. SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, Performing Arts & Science Academy, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/marion/ 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, 2014 USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 MARLBORO COUNTY community center since 1988. Church In 1891 the church was sold Sponsored by the Marlborough to black Baptists who renamed it Pee Bennettsville Historical Society, 2012 Dee Union Baptist Church. It was later St. Michael’s Methodist SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, renamed Pee Dee Missionary Baptist Church NR 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, Church. Rev. Furman D. Peterkin, 116 Cheraw Street 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, its first pastor, served here to 1927. St. Michael’s Methodist Church USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 This church, remodeled in 1945, was was designed by prominent African American architect Miller F. Whittaker “The Gulf” HM replaced by New Pee Dee Missionary and constructed c. 1922. Whittaker Bennettsville Baptist Church, built in 2008. was a professor of mechanical arts at Front This area has been the center of Sponsored by the Marlborough South Carolina State College who later the African-American business district Historical Society, 2014 and a popular gathering place since served as president of the college SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, (1932-1949). The church is included in the late 19th century. It has been 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, the Bennettsville Historic District. called “the Gulf” since about 1925. Its USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 most prominent early figure was E.J. STA: TA-ANTE-5 SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, 3-4.6 Sawyer, Jr. (1854-1929), who was born ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, 74 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, a slave in N.C. and came here about MCCORMICK ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 1869. Sawyer, postmaster 1883-85 and 1892-93, was also principal of the COUNTY Colored Graded School 1878-1893, Clarks Hill Vicinity and editor of the Pee Dee Educator Hopewell Rosenwald School 1890-1900. S.C. Sec. Road 33-12 NR Back The block of Market St. going W The Hopewell Rosenwald School, from Liberty St. to Cheraw St. got its built in 1926, is significant in the name from the large Gulf Oil Company sign at Everybody’s Service Station. That station, on the corner of N. Liberty and W. Market Sts., was long owned by J.D. “Bud” McLeod. Heber E. Covington (1887-1952) ran a popular cafe next door for many years, as well as a taxi service. The street was often St. Michael’s Methodist Church blocked off at night on the weekends for dancers enjoying the latest Marlboro Training High School recorded or live music. Bennettsville HM Sponsored by the Marlborough Front This school, built in 1928 and Historical Society, 2012 founded by the Marlboro Educational Society, was the first high school for SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, Hopewell Rosenwald School 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, black students in the county. It was USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 accredited by the state as a four-year areas of education, African American high school by 1939. An elementary heritage, and architecture. Hopewell and high school 1928-1956, it included Monroe Crossroads is a One Teacher Community Plan students in grades 1-11 until 1948 Great Pee Dee Presbyterian school, embodying the distinctive and added grade 12 in 1949. It was Church HM architectural characteristics that fall an elementary school 1956-1972, just South of the intersection of S.C. under the guidelines set out by the then was a child development center Hwy. 38 South and Coxe Road West Julius Rosenwald School Building for the school district until 1987. Front This church, built in 1834, was Program from 1913 to 1932. Back The Colonial Revival school was organized by Rev. Archibald McQueen Though it appears from the exterior designed by Bennettsville architect and is the oldest church building in to be a one room school house, inside Henry Dudley Harrall (1878-1959). are two smaller rooms and one large Marlboro County. Notable features It was also called Marlboro County room. The larger space was reserved Training High School. Charles D. include its cupola and the fanlights as the class room. Hopewell was built, Wright, Sr., principal here from 1929 over the entrance. It was the mother along with to his death in 1949, was its longest- church for Bennettsville (1855) and one other Rosenwald school in serving principal, responsible for Blenheim Presbyterian (1888), and McCormick County, at a cost of $400 many advances in its curriculum. This was replaced by those churches. per school. Hopewell is the only building has housed a local non-profit Back Pee Dee Missionary Baptist Rosenwald School remaining in the county. Hopewell greatly impacted the education of rural McCormick brick veneer in the 1970s. School is significant for its role in County’s African American students Erected by the Newberry County African-American education in South from 1927 to 1954. By 1954, African American Heritage Committee, Carolina between 1925 and 1954, Hopewell’s enrollment dropped to 2006 and as a property that embodies the only nine students as many of the SI: 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6, distinctive features of a significant African American families left the area USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 architectural type and method of for better STA: TA-MTP-8 schoolhouse construction popular opportunities. The school was then throughout the southern United left for the benefit and use of the Peoples Hospital HM States in the early twentieth century. community. Because South Carolina’s Vincent Street Park, Vincent Street at It is one of the few remaining white students and schools were Cline Street examples of the nearly 500 schools for afforded more, African American Front Peoples Hospital, the first and African American children in the state schools, especially in rural counties only hospital for African Americans in that were built with assistance from a such as McCormick, were extremely the county from 1937 until Newberry fund established by Julius Rosenwald, important in the education they County Memorial Hospital was CEO of Sears & Roebuck. provided, the safe environment they desegregated in 1952, stood here www.nationalregister.sc.gov/newberry/ gave, and the belief that if students until 1970. It was founded by Dr. S10817736031/index.htm studied and did their best, they could Julian Edward Grant (1900-1997), SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 75 better their future and community. who practiced medicine in Newberry 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 5-4.1, 8-1.4, USHC-8.1 The history of Hopewell Rosenwald County for more than fifty years. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Grant, a native of Marlboro County, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, School shows its impact on McCormick ELAC 1-1.1 County’s educational and black was educated at Claflin University SLP: LP-MAJC-3 heritage landscape for just such and Meharry Medical College in provisions and aspirations. Nashville, Tenn., Listed in the National Register June 9, before moving to 2010. Newberry in 1930. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Back Grant, mccormick/S10817733021/index.htm recognizing SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4 the need for a USHC-8.1 hospital for blacks in Newberry, NEWBERRY COUNTY organized a board of trustees from Newberry the community. Miller Chapel A.M.E. Church By 1935 the board 500 Caldwell Street HM acquired this site, Front This church, founded in 1867, with a two-story, was one of the first A.M.E. churches seven-room frame Hope Rosenwald School north of Columbia. It was organized house on a two-acre when black Methodists in Newberry lot, for $1,500. The house, renovated sent Carolina Brown and Winnie and fitted with medical equipment, Hope Rosenwald School HM 1971 Hope Station Road Simmons to Columbia for the third opened as Peoples Hospital in 1937. Front This school, built in 1925-26 annual meeting of the South Carolina The building, later the Vincent Street at a cost of $2,900, was one of more Conference of the A.M.E. Church. They Community Center after the hospital than 500 rural African-American asked Rev. Simeon Miller to serve closed in 1952, was demolished in schools in S.C. funded in part by the their new church and later named it 1970 to build Vincent Street Park. Julius Rosenwald Foundation between for him. Rev. Hiram Young was the Sponsored by the City of Newberry, first presiding elder. 1917 and 1932. The original two-acre 2014 lot for the school was donated by Back The congregation first held its SI: 3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 James H. Hope, Mary Hope Hipp, and services in a cotton warehouse, but John J. Hope. James H. Hope, then S.C. acquired this lot and built a church of Superintendent of Education, was its their own in 1869-70. In 1870, when Pomaria Vicinity longest-serving head, 1922-1947. Miller Chapel A.M.E. Church hosted Hope Rosenwald School NR Back This two-room school, with the first meeting of the Columbia 1971 Hope Station Road grades 1-8 taught by two teachers, Conference, conference delegates The Hope Rosenwald School near closed in 1954. In 1958 it was sold to voted to found Payne Institute (now Pomaria in Newberry County was the Jackson Community Center and Allen University). This church, later listed in the National Register on Cemetery Association, comprised of enlarged several times, was covered in October 3, 2007. The Hope Rosenwald nine members of the adjacent St. Paul together in a time when the black typical of Rosenwald Schools. In the A.M.E. Church. That group maintained population was being continually 1930s, two additional classrooms the school for many years. It became disenfranchised. The home has been were added to the south end of the the Hope Community Center in 2006 continuously owned by the same original structure. and was listed in the National Register family since its original construction. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/newberry/ of Historic Places in 2007. Jacob Bedenbaugh purchased the S10817736030/index.htm Erected by the Hope School property in 1858 and Community Center, 2010 the two-story I-house was constructed Prosperity Vicinity shortly thereafter. Sometime between Jacob Bedenbaugh House NR 1860 and 1864, Jacob Prosperity vicinity Bedenbaugh entered Bedenbaugh House, built circa 1860, into a relationship is significant in social history due to with a mulatto woman the original owners, Jacob and Sarah named Sarah. The Bedenbaugh, being an interracial couple never married, 76 couple who weathered the prejudices although Sarah took the of a society that was bent on keeping Bedenbaugh name. They whites and blacks as separate as remained together for possible. This couple lived in defiance approximately of the prevailing social mores during 42 years and produced Howard Junior High School the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Jim eight children. Crow eras, as interracial relationships Jacob died in 1915 and Sarah died in SI: 3-4.6, 5-1.3, 5-4.1, 8-5.4, USHC-3.3 were considered “unnatural” during STA: TA-MAJC-2 1936. SLP: LP-MAJC-3 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ newberry/S10817736034/index.htm SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, OCONEE COUNTY 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC 3.3. USHC-3.4 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Seneca ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Faith Cabin Library NR ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 at Seneca Junior College The Faith Cabin Library at Seneca Howard Junior High School NR Junior College is significant for its 431 Shiloh Street role in African American education Howard Junior High School (also and social history in South Carolina known as Shiloh School) was built between 1937 and 1939. This building, on the site of an earlier school constructed in 1937 and known as the Jacob Bedenbaugh House constructed by the Shiloh African Oberlin Unit because it was largely Methodist Episcopal Church. This the result of the interest and efforts this period. While the couple may one-story, wood frame building was of students at Oberlin College in have been able to marry during constructed in 1924-25 with matching Ohio, is important on a local level for the Civil War and Reconstruction funds from the Julius Rosenwald Fund. its impact on the African American periods, finding someone who was The Fund was created by the chief community in Oconee County, and willing to conduct the ceremony executive officer of Sears, Roebuck, on the state level as one of only two would have been difficult. Following and Company to improve education remaining free-standing Faith Cabin the adoption of 1895 South Carolina for African American children in Libraries extant of the thirty built in state constitution, the couple was the South. Rosenwald monies were South Carolina between 1932 and forever barred from marrying. matched by donations from the local 1943. The Faith Cabin Library at While participating in an interracial community and tax funds. From 1917 Seneca Junior College was a part of relationship was not specifically to 1932, the Rosenwald Fund helped the larger Faith Cabin Library program against the law, the couple was construct almost 500 school buildings created by Willie Lee Buffington, a indicted and tried for fornication in South Carolina. The Howard Junior white mill worker who later became in July 1890. The prosecution of High School, which was built according a Methodist minister and college the couple reflects the extent to to plans developed by the Rosenwald professor, that offered library services which South Carolina courts went to Fund, had four classrooms and to rural African Americans in South keep interracial couples from being featured the rows of large windows Carolina. The segregation laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth 1925 with Rev. B.F. Stewart as its first century barred African Americans principal. Funded by local taxes and from using other library facilities the Peabody Fund, it was built with beyond what was offered in Columbia 8 classrooms and later expanded to and Charleston. The black community 26 classrooms, for students in grades in Seneca was one of the thirty 1-10 until 1931, grades 1-11 1931- communities fortunate to participate 1947, and grades 1-12 1947-1955. in the Faith Cabin Library program. Back Oconee County Training School With donated money and timber taught both academic classes and from the community, and books the trades, and added teachers from the students of Oberlin College, and offered new classes as it grew Buffington established the library, a during the 1930s and 40s and free-standing two-room log cabin, on especially after World War II. More the campus of Seneca Junior College. than 700 students attended OCTS Retreat Rosenwald School When the Faith Cabin Library program between 1925 and 1955, and its last began, the faculty of the college graduating class was its largest. The classroom building, a two-story frame contacted Buffington to build a library main building here later housed East boys dormitory, and a two-story brick 77 on the campus. The library remained End Elementary School 1955-1970 and girls dormitory and chapel. Though it open for only two years, when in 1939 the Seneca Preschool 1972-1992. expanded its curriculum to become Seneca Junior College closed its doors Erected by the Oconee County African Seneca Junior College in 1930, it due in part to the construction of a American Heritage Committee, 2006 struggled through the Depression and finally closed in 1939. new black high school nearby and SI: K-4.1, 2-4.2, 3-5.1, 5-1.2, 8-7.2, the economic impact of the Great USHC-8.1 Erected by the Oconee County African Depression. It is the only building STA: TA-MAJC-2 American Heritage Committee, 2006 remaining from the Seneca Junior SI: K-4.1, 2-4.2, 3-4.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, College campus. Seneca Institute HM 5-1.3, 5-4.1, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ South 3rd Street and Poplar Street USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 oconee/S10817737020/index.htm Front The Seneca Institute (later SI: 2-1.1, 3-4.6, 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, Seneca Junior College) educated Westminster Vicinity 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, African American children of this Retreat Rosenwald School NR 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5, region from 1899 to 1939. It was 150 Pleasant Hill Circle USHC 6.2 founded and sponsored by the Seneca Retreat Rosenwald School, built in River Baptist 1924, is significant for its association Association, with African American public which in 1898 education during the first half of the acquired eight twentieth century and as an extant acres here. example of an architectural design The first home typically associated with the schools of Seneca funded in part by Julius Rosenwald. Institute, a The Julius Rosenwald Fund sought to frame three- improve schools for African Americans room building, in the rural South. In addition to was built in their architectural significance, 1899. Its first extant Rosenwald Schools reflect principal, Dr. the struggle of black communities to John Jacob give their children better educational Starks (d. opportunities. Rosenwald schools Faith Cabin Library 1944), served also reflect the strong bonds of here 1899- community: the public space became Oconee County 1912 before serving as president of an important social center for rural Training School HM Morris College and then Benedict blacks. The Retreat Rosenwald School South 2nd Street College. was completed for a total cost of Front Oconee County Training School, Back Seneca Junior College $2,300, including $700 from the Julius which educated the African American Seneca Institute taught academic Rosenwald Fund. It was one of ten children of this county from 1925 to courses to primary and secondary Rosenwald Schools built in Oconee 1955, was the successor to the Seneca students and industrial courses County; the only other one extant is Colored Graded School. This school, as well to secondary students. Its in Seneca. The building is T-shaped also known as OCTS, was founded in campus featured a two-story frame with entrances on either side of the forward wing. Each has a small- 1917 and 1932. 1951-52, its last full school year. engaged porch which opens into a Back This public school replaced a Erected by the Bowman-Rosenwald classroom. The floor plan is typical of a one-room private school established Historical Marker Committee, and two-teacher community school, floor by Pleasant Hill Baptist Church about the Orangeburg Chapter of The Links, plan number 20-A, recommended in 1870. About 50-60 students a year, in Incorporated, 2011 Bulletin No. 3 by the Julius Rosenwald grades 1-7, attended Retreat Colored SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, Fund. The building has three main School from 1923 until it closed after USHC-8.1 rooms consisting of two classrooms the 1949-50 school year. The school STA: TA-MAJC-10 and an industrial room in the forward- was sold to Pleasant Hill Baptist projecting wing. The two classrooms Church in 1950. It was listed in the were separated by a detachable National Register of Historic Places in Elloree dividing wall. The school is situated 2011. Shiloh A.M.E. Church HM 2902 Cleveland Street with a northwest to southeast Erected by Pleasant Hill Baptist orientation. This deviates somewhat Church, 2011 Front This church, founded in 1886, from the specifications laid out by was organized by Revs. D.A. Christie Samuel L. Smith’s and C. Heyward with Sol Community School Ellerbe and Mordecai 78 Plans for Rosenwald Williams as trustees Schools, which calls and Galas Culay, for a north-south Walter Montgomery, orientation. The and Henry Tilley as school’s orientation stewards. Its first is parallel to the services were in a road, however, brush arbor, and its and the southwest first sanctuary was orientation of the built nearby in 1887. large windows This sanctuary, a frame would increase the building later covered in amount of sunlight brick veneer, was built in the winter Bowman Rosenwald School in 1892. and decrease it Back Member Robert Lee Williams in the summer. The school served ORANGEBURG (1862-1949) was a community leader the African American community COUNTY and progressive farmer. When he died in the Westminster area from at the age of 87 Elloree businesses 1924 until 1950, when the Retreat Bowman closed in his memory and the New Rosenwald School was closed because Bowman Rosenwald School York Times called him “generally and student enrollment had decreased corner of Adam and Center Streets sincerely mourned.” The church also significantly. www.nationalregister. HM hosted numerous meetings during the sc.gov/oconee/S10817737018/index. Front Bowman Rosenwald School, Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s htm which stood here from 1927 to 1952, and 60s seeking to desegregate local was one of several African-American SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, schools and businesses. 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-8.1 schools in Orangeburg County funded Erected by the Williams-Waymer- ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, in part by the Julius Rosenwald Carrion-Murray Family Reunion, 2003 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Foundation. The school, built in 1926- SI: K-3.3, 1-3.1, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 27 at a cost of $6,000, was a five-room USHC-9.5 STA: TA-MAJC-12 frame building typical of the larger STA: TA-MTP-2, TA-MTP-8 rural schools built by the Rosenwald Retreat Rosenwald School HM Foundation between 1917 and 1932. Neeses Vicinity 150 Pleasant Hill Circle The school burned in 1952. Rocky Swamp Rosenwald Front This school, often called Retreat Back Bowman Rosenwald School School HM Colored School, was built in 1923 for educated about 250 students a year the African-American students in and Norway Road (S.C. Sec. Road 38-36), for most of its history, at first in East of Levi Pond Road near Westminster. A two-room, two- grades 1-8 with five teachers and a teacher, elementary school, it was fivemonth session, but by 1948-49 in Front This is the site of Rocky Swamp built by local builder William Walker grades 1-12 with nine teachers and an Rosenwald School, a frame three- Bearden of Oakway at a cost of eight-month session. Its enrollment room school built here in 1920-21 $2,300. It was one of more than 500 grew dramatically after World War for African-American students in schools in S.C. funded in part by the II, reaching a peak of 576 students in Neeses and vicinity. An elementary Julius Rosenwald Foundation between school with two to three teachers in Orangeburg www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ grades 1-9, it was one of more than orangeburg/S10817738032/index.htm All Star Bowling Lanes NR 500 schools in S.C. funded in part by SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, 8-7.2, the Julius Rosenwald Foundation. 559 East Russell Street USHC-9.5 Back This school was built at a total After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, cost of $4,100, with contributions became law, most of Orangeburg’s ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 from the black community, the white public accommodations soon desegregated; however, white STA: TA-CRM-4, TA-CRM-9, TA-MTP-7 community, Orangeburg County, and SLP: LP-CRM-2, LP-CRM-4 the Rosenwald Fund. It opened for resistance to desegregation remained, the 1921-22 school year with 199 Claflin College Historic t students, averaging 145 students until District NR 1942. Rocky Swamp closed after the 400 Magnolia Street 1950-51 school year. In 1869 Rev. T. Willard Lewis and Rev. Sponsored by the Rocky Swamp Alonzo Webster, Methodist ministers Rosenwald School Historical Marker from the North who had come Committee and the Orangeburg to South Carolina as missionaries Chapter of The Links, Incorporated, to the former slaves, established 79 2013 Claflin University. The school was SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.1, 3-4.6, named in honor of the family of Lee 3-5.1,3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, Claflin, a wealthy Methodist layman 5-3.2 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, of Massachusetts. In addition to 8-7.2, USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5, USHC 6.2 northern missionaries, the board of ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, trustees included prominent black ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 South Carolinians. Although it was chartered as a university, in the early years Claflin, of necessity, provided a Norway basic grammar school education for Bushy Pond Baptist Church the freedmen. In the late nineteenth 1396 Wire Road HM century, preparatory and normal Front This church was organized courses (high school level) became an important component of the during or just after the Civil War All Star Bowling Lanes by black members of Willow school. In the early twentieth century Swamp Baptist Church, a combined and the management of the All Star there were no four-year public high congregation of whites and blacks Bowling Lanes refused before the war. In 1869-70 members to comply. From 1964 to received formal letters of dismissal 1968, the management to organize their own church. They turned away African named it Bushy Pond for the bush Americans, including arbor they built nearby for their first students at South Carolina services, and the pond close to it. State, Claflin College, Back Rev. John Fitzsimmons was and even a Little League the first pastor. By 1871 Bushy Pond team in town to play at Baptist Church had 103 members. In the Little League World 1905, during the pastorate of Rev. Series. In early 1968, W.O. Carmichael, the congregation protests were staged in built its first permanent church, a the bowling alley and in frame Gothic Revival sanctuary, on the parking lot. During the this site. The church also sponsored first week of February, the Bushy Pond School, built nearby. blacks were arrested for Historic Rendering of Claflin College The present brick church was trespassing and vandalism, dedicated in 1974. Sponsored by the and police physically restrained and schools for African Americans in Congregation, 2013 beat back a crowd of African American South Carolina able to award official students, who retreated. These events state high school diplomas. Claflin SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, provided hundreds of students from 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, led directly to a confrontation on USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 the campus of South Carolina State all parts of the state with a high school University known as the “Orangeburg education. The name of the school Massacre,” in which three young men was changed from Claflin University were killed. to Claflin College in 1914. In 1922 Dr. J.B. Randolph became the first African historically black college in S.C. and www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ American president of Claflin. In the was established to “advance the orangeburg/S10817738014/index.htm following years, as public education cause of education, and maintain a SI: 8-7.2, USHC-4.5 improved somewhat, the number first-class institution . . . open to all of college students increased and without distinction of race or color.” East Russell Street Area the high school and grammar school It was named for two generations of Historic District NR courses were discontinued. Numerous the Claflin family of Mass., Lee Claflin East Russell Street between Watson graduates achieved prominence in (1791-1871), a prominent Methodist and Clarendon Streets and along medicine, the ministry, and other layman, and his son Gov. William portions of Oakland Place, Dickson professional fields. The education Claflin (1818-1903), who supported Street, and Whitman Street of teachers was a primary goal of and helped fund the new institution. This historic district contains a the school, which provided teachers Back The S.C. Agricultural and collection of late nineteenth and Mechanical early twentieth century houses and Institute opened demonstrates the relationships at Clafin in 1872 between whites and blacks during and was the the years 1850 to 1930. Many African predecessor American residents employed in 80 of S.C. State service industries lived in the modest University, houses along the side streets, while founded in affluent white residents lived along 1896. Claflin, East Russell and Whitman streets associated with in more imposing houses on large and supported landscaped lots. African American by the Methodist residents of this neighborhood Church, featured generally worked in a service capacity; in its early for example, they were laundresses, Dukes Gymnasium years industrial, drivers, and house servants. manual, and www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ for public schools throughout the agricultural training; primary and orangeburg/S10817738015/index.htm state. Historic buildings on the Claflin secondary education; and college- SI: 2-1.4, 3-5.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 5-4.1, 8-5.4, campus reflect the development of prep and college courses, including USHC-4.5 the school in the last years of the architecture, law, teacher education, nineteenth century and the first two and theology. It was renamed Claflin Fisher’s Rexall Drugs NR decades of the twentieth century. College in 1979. East Russell and Middleton Streets These include Lee Library (1898), Erected by Claflin College, 1998 A contributing property in the Tingley Memorial Hall (1908), Trustee Orangeburg Downtown Historic Hall (c. 1910), Wilson Hall (1913), and Dukes Gymnasium NR District, the lunch counter in this the Dining Hall (1913). Most of the South Carolina State University drugstore, along with that of the Kress buildings were constructed with funds John H. Blanche, a South Carolina Department Store, was the scene of donated by northern philanthropists. State College student in mechanical sit-ins and protests in 1960. Lee Library and Tingley Memorial arts, designed this building under the SI: 3-5.2, 3-5.5, 8-7.2 Hall were designed by William Wilson supervision of Miller F. Whittaker. STA: TA-CRM-4 Cooke, superintendent of vocational Whittaker, one of South Carolina’s training at Claflin and a pioneer first professionally trained African Major John Hammond African American architect in South American architects, was dean of the Fordham House NR Carolina and the nation. mechanical arts department and later 415 Boulevard www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ served as president of the college This house was built in 1903 for Major orangeburg/S10817738012/index.htm (1932-1949). Thomas Entzminger, John Hammond Fordham, a lawyer SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 8-5.3, an African American carpenter and prominent African American USHC-4.5 from Columbia, was chief building citizen of Orangeburg. Fordham, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, supervisor when Dukes Gymnasium ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, a native of Charleston, moved to ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 was constructed in 1931. Instructors in Orangeburg in 1874 after he was mechanical arts courses at the college admitted to the Bar. In addition to Claflin College HM installed the steel framing, plumbing, practicing law, Fordham served in At the entrance to the Claflin College and electrical systems and supervised several appointive governmental campus other parts of the construction. positions, including coroner of Front Claflin College, founded in 1869 Funding for the building was provided Orangeburg (1874-1876), postal as Claflin University, is the oldest by student recreation fees. clerk in the railway mail service (1877-1887), and deputy collector http://www. of internal revenue (1889-1893 nationalregister. and 1897-?). Fordham was also a sc.gov/orangeburg/ leader in the Republican party in the S10817738019/index.htm state. The house was designed by SI: 5-4.1 William Wilson Cooke. Cooke was Law Offices superintendent of the vocational of Coblyn and training program at Claflin University Townsend NR (1897-1907) and later became the Corner of Amelia and first African American to serve as a Middleton Streets senior architectural designer in the This building, listed as Supervising Architect’s Office of the a contributing property U.S. Treasury Department. in the Orangeburg www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ orangeburg/S10817738018/index.htm Downtown Historic Lowman Hall District, housed the SI: 1-2.2, 1-3.2, 3-4.6, 5-1.4, 5-1.5, offices of Earl W. Coblyn and Zack constructed in 1903 by A.W. Thorne, USHC-4.5 E. Townsend. Coblyn and Townsend an African American builder. The 81 were African American lawyers who brick church features a sophisticated Hodge Hall NR design including a square plan with a South Carolina State University represented the plaintiffs in the Adams v. School District No. 5 case prominent tower on the south corner, Hodge Hall was built in 1928 for the which includes the entrance to the agriculture and home economics in 1964, which resulted in enforced desegregation of Orangeburg schools. church. Other significant features of departments at South Carolina the church include complex three-part SI: 1-3.2, 1-3.3, 2-2.1, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, State College. Miller F. Whittaker, stained glass windows and beaded dean of the college’s mechanical USHC-9.5 STA: TA-MAJC-2, TA-MTP-7 board wainscoting and ceiling on the arts department, designed the interior. Nelson C. Nix, who served as building. The design and supervision Lowman Hall NR pastor of Mt. Pisgah for forty years of the building’s construction were South Carolina State University in the early twentieth century, was requirements for the fulfillment Lowman Hall, which was constructed also the dean of the mathematics of Whittaker’s Master of Science in 1917 as a men’s dormitory, is the department at South Carolina State degree from the architectural oldest intact building on the campus College. department of Kansas Agricultural of South Carolina State University. It www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ College. (Professional architectural is associated with the development orangeburg/S10817738022/index.htm training was not then available for of the college from the insubstantial SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, African Americans in South Carolina.) frame buildings when it opened in ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, Whittaker was one of South Carolina’s 1896 to the permanent brick buildings ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 2-1.3, 5-4.1, USHC-4.5 first professionally trained African constructed in the twentieth century. American architects. His expression Lowman Hall was one of the first Orangeburg City Cemetery of sound architectural principals designs of Miller F. Whittaker, who at Hodge Hall demonstrates his was then on the college faculty. Windsor and Bull Streets NR expertise. South Carolina State College Whittaker was a pioneer African The Orangeburg Cemetery Association students helped construct the two- American architect in South Carolina purchased this land in 1888. When story brick building. and his work helped set standards for it was chartered in 1889, the students aspiring to the architectural Orangeburg City Cemetery became profession. the first non-church-owned cemetery www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ orangeburg/S10817738021/index.htm SI: 2-1.3, 5-4.1, USHC-4.5 Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church NR 310 Green Street According to tradition, this is the second building for the Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church congregation, which was organized around the mid-nineteenth century. It was Major John Hammond Fordham House Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church for African Americans in Orangeburg. of South Carolina State between 1968 South Carolina State students’ Many prominent African American 1917 and 1949. During this period protest of the segregation of the residents of Orangeburg are buried the college made the transition to All Star Bowling Lanes turned into here, including Johnson C. Whittaker, becoming a true college rather than a tragedy. During a confrontation one of the first African American normal, industrial, between cadets at West Point (and father agricultural, angry students of Miller F. Whittaker), and Robert and mechanical and local law Wilkinson, a president of South school. By 1941 enforcement, Carolina State. the Southern state highway www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Association of patrolmen fired orangeburg/S10817738033/index.htm Colleges and into a group of SI: 1-3.1, 1-4.3, 3-4.6, 8-5.3 Secondary Schools students, killing STA: TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-6 rated South three of them Carolina State a and wounding The Orangeburg Massacre HM Class A institution, twenty-eight On the campus of South Carolina and shortly after others. A State University World War II the monument to the 82 On February 8, 1968, after three college began a memory of Henry nights of escalating racial tension over graduate program Smith, Samuel efforts by S.C. State College students and a law school. Hammond, and others to desegregate the All Star The school and Delano Bowling Lanes, 3 students died and 27 was renamed Middleton was others were wounded on this campus. South Carolina erected on S.C. Highway Patrolmen fired on a State College in Center Court crowd here, killing Samuel Hammond 1954 and South on the campus Jr., Delano Middleton, and Henry Carolina State in 1969. The Smith. This tragedy was the first of its University in Smith-Hammond-Middleton Memorial/ Smith-Hammond- kind on any American college campus. 1992. Between South Carolina State College Historic District Middleton Erected by South Carolina State 1917 and 1949 Memorial is University, 2000 South Carolina State was able to included in the historic district. SI: 3-5.5, 8-7.2, USHC-9.5 improve its physical plant in spite www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ STA: TA-MTP-5; TA-CRM-9 of inadequate state funding, which orangeburg/S10817738034/index.htm SLP: LP-CRM-2, LP-CRM-4 was lower than the funding for the SI: 2-1.3, 2-2.3, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-3.2, white public colleges. The buildings 5-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-7.2, USHC-4.5, South Carolina State College constructed on campus during this USHC-7.3, USHC-7.5, USHC-8.3, t USHC-9.1, USHC-9.5 Historic District NR period were usually designed by SLP: LP-CRM-2 300 College Street faculty of the college and often built The Colored Normal, Industrial, by students. Historic buildings in the South Carolina State Agricultural, and Mechanical College district include: Lowman Hall (1917), University HM of South Carolina was established in Marion Birnie Wilkinson YWCA Hut At the entrance to South Carolina 1896 by the South Carolina General (1925-1927), Hodge Hall (1928), State University Assembly for the education of African Home Management House (1928), Front S.C. State University was American youth. The college was Mechanical Industries Hall (1938- founded in 1896 as the Colored formed soon after the adoption 1942), Miller Hall (1938), Wilkinson Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, & of the 1895 state constitution, Hall (1938), Industrial Arts Building Mechanical College of S.C., with its which upheld segregation as long (1941), Power House and Smoke Stack origins in the Morrill Land Grant Acts as it provided “separate but equal” (1945), and Moss Hall (1949). During of 1862 and 1890 providing for land- facilities for whites and blacks. the 1960s South Carolina State played grant colleges. Intended “for the best Although South Carolina State was a significant role in the Civil Rights education of the hand, head and heart chronically under-funded by the Movement. Students participated in of South Carolina’s young manhood General Assembly, it played a critical the sit-in movement of 1960, aimed at and womanhood of the Negro race,” it role in providing higher education for the desegregation of lunch counters became S.C. State College in 1954 and African Americans in the state. In the at downtown Orangeburg stores and S.C. State University in 1992. early years prevailing white attitudes the Orangeburg Movement of 1963- Back South Carolina State has been caused the college to emphasize the 1964, aimed at the desegregation called “at least symbolically, the most trades and industries rather than four- of public accommodations and local important educational institution in year college degrees. The buildings in compliance with Federal plans for the black Carolina since its founding.” the district illustrate the development desegregation of public schools. In Students were also active in the classrooms and an assembly hall. Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s After the main campus building and 1960s, taking part in sit-ins, the burned in 1913, Tingley became the Orangeburg Movement of 1963-64 administration building. William seeking desegregation of downtown Wilson Cooke was born in Greenville businesses, and the Orangeburg in 1871. He completed the classical Massacre in 1968. preparatory course at Claflin, served Erected by South Carolina State as superintendent of mechanical University, 1997 arts at Georgia State College, and returned to Claflin as superintendent John Benjamin Taylor House of vocational training from 1897- Boulevard and Oak Street HM 1907. During this period Cooke Front This Craftsman house, built earned a B.S. degree from Claflin and Treadwell Street Historic District by 1903, was the home of Rev. took courses at the Massachusetts well as laborers and tradesmen lived John Benjamin Taylor (1867-1936) Institute of Technology and Columbia in the area, including Dr. Henry Rowe, until his death. Taylor, a minister University. The composition of the physician; Rev. Nelson Nix, pastor and administrator in the Methodist building and the sophisticated use of Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church; and Episcopal Church 1892-1936, was of classical motifs reflect Cooke’s Professor J.A. Pierce of South Carolina 83 also a longtime trustee of Claflin knowledge and skill as an architect. State. Pierce’s wife operated a school University, 1908-1928. Educated at In 1907 Cooke became a senior for African American children out of Claflin, he was a teacher and principal architectural designer with the United their home. in Orangeburg before being appointed States Supervising Architect’s Office www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ orangeburg/S10817738025/index.htm a minister in the Methodist Episcopal of the Department of Treasury in Church in 1892. Washington, D.C., the first African SI: 8-5.2, 8-5.8, USHC-5.6 Back Taylor was superintendent American to hold this position. Cooke of the Charleston District of the spent twenty-two years supervising Trinity Methodist Methodist Episcopal Church 1907- construction work for the federal Episcopal Church NR 1913, then superintendent of 185 Boulevard, N.E. the Orangeburg District 1924- Trinity Methodist Episcopal 1929. He purchased this lot in Church, constructed over a 1900 and built this house for sixteen-year period from 1928 his first wife Harriet Catherine to 1944, is an excellent example Dibble Taylor (1873-1918) and of twentieth century Gothic four children. He added a half- Revival church architecture. story in 1927. His second wife It was designed by William Daisy McLain Buckley Taylor K. Wilkins (1881-1937), a lived here until her death in professor of manual training 1965. and industrial education and Sponsored by the Naudin-Dibble teacher-trainer of shop work at Heritage Foundation, 2014 Tingley Memorial Hall/Claflin College South Carolina State from 1918 until his death in 1937. Wilkins, SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 5-4.1, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, government. His career also included USHC-8.1 ten years in private practice in Illinois who was educated at Claflin College, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, and Indiana. South Carolina State, and the Carnegie ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Institute of Technology, never held ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 orangeburg/S10817738009/index.htm an architect’s license, but designed SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.3, 2-2.4, 5-1.2, Tingley Memorial Hall, USHC-5.7 Claflin College NR ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, College Avenue ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Tingley Memorial Hall was designed by William Wilson Cooke and constructed Treadwell Street in 1908 with funds donated by S.H. Historic District NR Tingley of Providence, Rhode Island, in Treadwell and Amelia Streets memory of his wife, Adella M. Tingley. The Treadwell Street Historic District The two-story Georgian Revival is an intact example of an early building, which was erected for the twentieth century middle-class use of the English and Pedagogical African American neighborhood. Department at Claflin, contained African American professionals, as Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church buildings under the supervision Carolina State College who was one near Orangeburg was listed in the of Miller F. Whittaker, director of of South Carolina’s first professionally National Register of Historic Places on the mechanical arts department trained African American architects. October 24, 2007. The Great Branch at South Carolina State. This is the The picturesque massing and Teacherage is significant as a relatively fourth building associated with the distinctive detailing attest to his intact and rare example of Rosenwald- Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church talents. funded teachers’ housing from the congregation, which was organized www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ period 1917-1932, when the Julius in 1966 by Methodist ministers from orangeburg/S10817738027/index.htm Rosenwald Fund helped build schools the North. Although a groundbreaking SI: 2-1.3, 3-4.6, 5-4.1, 8-6.2, USHC-7.2 and associated buildings to support ceremony was held for the present STA: TA-MTP-8 the education of black children in the sanctuary in 1928, construction South. This teachers’ proceeded slowly as the church found cottage, built in 1924-25, itself in the Depression. The first was an important part of services in the completed building the Great Branch School were held in August 1944. Trinity complex, which once Methodist Episcopal Church played included the school, a central role during the Civil Rights a cannery, a shop, a 84 Movement of the 1950s and 1960s as storage building, well the site of numerous organizational house, and two outdoor and strategic meetings. privies. The Great Branch www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ School was built in 1917- orangeburg/S10817738030/index.htm 18, enlarged in 1922- SI: 2-1.3, 3-5.5, 5-4.1, 5-5.3, 8-6.2, 8-7.2, 1923, and closed ca. USHC-7.2, USHC-9.5 Williams Chapel A.M.E. Church 1954; arsonists burned it STA: TA-MTP-2 in the early 1960s. Williams Chapel www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Trinity United A.M.E. Church HM orangeburg/S10817738039/index.htm Methodist Church HM 1908 Glover Street SI: 5-4.1, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-7.2 At the church, 185 Boulevard, N.E. Front This church was founded in SLP: LP-MAJC-3 This African American church, 1873 with Rev. Dave Christie as its established in 1866, built its first first pastor. In 1877 trustees Emily A. sanctuary 4 blocks SE in 1870. Williams, Richard Howard, and Irwin PICKENS COUNTY Construction began on this sanctuary Mintz purchased a small lot here, on Clemson in 1928 and was completed in what was then Market Street before 1944. Trinity, headquarters for the Glover Street was laid out. They soon Integration with Dignity, Orangeburg Movement during the built a frame church, which stood 1963 HM 1960s, hosted many civil rights for almost thirty years. Additional Near Tillman Hill on the Clemson meetings and rallies attended by acreage purchased in 1909 allowed University Campus leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr., the congregation to build an addition Front Clemson University became the Roy Wilkins, and Thurgood Marshall. and parsonage. first white college or university in the state to integrate on January 28, 1963. Erected by the Congregation, 1995 Back This Gothic Revival church Harvey B. Gantt, a Charleston native was designed by Miller F. Whittaker wanting to study architecture, had Williams Chapel (1892-1949), a professor at S.C. State applied for admission in 1961. When A.M.E. Church NR Agricultural & Mechanical College Clemson delayed admitting him, he 1908 Glover Street (now S.C. State University), one of the The congregation of Williams first black architects in S.C., and a Chapel African Methodist Episcopal member of this congregation. The Church was organized in 1873 and cornerstone was laid in 1919, and originally worshiped in a frame the church was completed about building northeast of the present 1925. Williams Chapel A.M.E. Church church. Miller F. Whittaker designed was listed in the National Register of this Gothic Revival church, and Historic Places in 1985. construction began in 1915 under the Erected by the Congregation, 2006 supervision of I.J. Minger, an African American builder. Financial difficulties Orangeburg Vicinity resulted in the building not being Great Branch Teacherage NR completed until 1925. Miller was a 2890 Neeses Highway professor of mechanical arts at South The Great Branch Teacherage Great Branch Teacherage sued in federal court in the summer black students at a disadvantage. of 1962. President Robert C. Edwards, The limited funds provided by state meanwhile, worked behind the scenes government were supplemented to make plans for Gantt’s eventual by donations from parents and the enrollment. community. For example, the Parent- Back Edwards and several leading Teacher Association purchased businessmen, politicians, and others books for the school library and drew up an elaborate plan, described students built the shelves. as “a conspiracy for peace,” designed www.nationalregister.sc.gov/pickens/ to ensure that Gantt would enter S10817739013/index.htm Clemson without the protests and SI: K-4.4, 1-4.3, 3-5.1, 5-3.2, 5-4.1 violence that marked the integration ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Coppin Hall/Allen University of other Southern universities. After ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 a federal court ruled that Clemson STA: TA-MAJC-2 by Rev. John D. Smart of Winnsboro, should admit him, Gantt enrolled a traveling A.M.E. minister. John without incident. He graduated with Anderson Lankford, a nationally honors in 1965. RICHLAND COUNTY important African American architect, 85 Erected by Clemson University, 2003 designed Chapelle Administration SI: K-2.3, 1-2.2, 1-4.3, 2-1.3, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, Columbia Building. 8-7.2, USHC-9.5 Allen University Historic www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ STA: TA-CRM-2 t S10817740030/index.htm SLP: LP-CRM-1 District NR 1530 Harden Street SI: 3-4.7, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-5.3, Allen University, which was founded 8-5.4, 8-5.8 Liberty ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, in 1881 by the African Methodist ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Liberty Colored High School Episcopal Church, was named in ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 NR honor of Richard Allen, founder of the STA: TA-CWR-5 Junction of East Main Street and denomination. Established four years Rosewood Street after the University of South Carolina Alston House NR Liberty Colored High School was was closed to African Americans, Allen 1811 Gervais Street helped fill a pressing need for higher Built around 1875, this one-story education. The school has historically Greek Revival cottage was used as been controlled and managed by a residence and business in the late African Americans. Although it was nineteenth century by Carolina Alston, founded primarily to educate clergy, an African American businesswoman. Allen also offered law, college, and Alston acquired the property in 1888, normal (teaching) degrees. The school but might have leased it earlier. She was among the few southern colleges operated a dry goods business, which for African Americans to have a law was evidently very successful. H.E. department, which lasted until the Lindsay, in his essay, “Negro Business early twentieth century. The historic Men of Columbia, South Carolina,” district includes five buildings: Arnett included in the Negro in Business, Liberty Colored High School Hall, erected in 1891 and named for edited by W.E.B. DuBois in 1899, erected in 1937 with assistance from Rev. Benjamin W. Arnett, president reported that Alston had been in the the Works Progress Administration of the Allen Board of Trustees; dry goods business for twenty years (W.P.A.). The brick building with Coppin Hall, completed in 1907; the and was renowned for the quality of large well-lighted classrooms and an Canteen, constructed prior to 1922; her establishment. She served both auditorium replaced an earlier frame the Chapelle Administration Building, black and white customers. Alston building that had burned. It was a completed in 1925 and named for sold the property in 1906. significant improvement in facilities William David Chapelle, a president of www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ for black students in Pickens County. Allen and an A.M.E. bishop; and the S10817740048/index.htm By the 1940s, Liberty Colored High Joseph Simon Flipper Library, erected SI: 3-4.7, 3-5.1, 5-1.4, 5-5.3, USHC-4.4, School was one of two high schools in 1941 and named for a prominent USHC-4.5, USHC-5.6 for black students in the county A.M.E. bishop. Coppin Hall and ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, and served Liberty, Norris, Central, Chapelle Administration Building have ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Clemson, and rural areas in between. particular architectural distinction. SLP: LP-MTP-1 The disparities inherent in segregated Coppin Hall was designed by Charles education, however, continued to put Coker Wilson of Columbia and built Benedict College more college level instruction. The theology. Benedict College was also t Historic District NR degree program in theology, which a significant center for civil rights 1600 Harden Street had produced many of the South’s activities in Columbia from the 1930s Benedict Institute was founded in noted African American ministers, through the 1960s. 1870 by the American Baptist Home was discontinued in 1966. Historic Erected by the Historic Columbia Mission Society to provide education buildings on the Benedict campus Foundation, the City of Columbia, and for freedmen and their children. illustrate the growth of the school the S.C. Department of Transportation, The school was named for Stephen from the late nineteenth century to 2008 1937. Buildings in the historic district Benedict, an abolitionist from Rhode Bethel A.M.E. Church NR Island include: Morgan 1528 Sumter Street who left The congregation of Bethel A.M.E. money to Hall, built in 1895 as the Church organized in 1866 and moved the Society several times before constructing this at his president’s residence; church on Sumter Street in 1921. The death. The monumental Romanesque Revival school was Pratt Hall, built in brick church was designed by John 86 especially Anderson Lankford, one of the first intended 1902 as a hospital registered black architects in the to educate United States and the official architect ministers and training school for of the A.M.E. Church. He traveled and throughout the South and West teachers. Morgan Hall/Benedict College nurses; Duckett designing churches and overseeing Benedict construction. Lankford saw the church Institute offered courses from the Hall, constructed in 1925 as a science building; Antisdel Chapel, built in as the center of the black community primary to the college level. As so designed each church with a social Benedict developed, more emphasis 1932, and Starks Center, built in 1937 as a joint library for Benedict College hall as well as a sanctuary. During was placed on courses designed to the 1960s, Bethel A.M.E. served as a help African Americans find work, and adjoining Allen University. particularly courses in agriculture, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ S10817740096/index.htm horticulture, and industrial and vocational training. By the time the SI: 3-4.7, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-5.8, USHC-4.4 Benedict Institute was chartered as STA: TA-CWR-5; TA-MTP-15 Benedict College in 1894, it had an enrollment of some 200 students. The Benedict College HM first seven presidents of the school 1600 Harden Street were white Baptist ministers from Front Benedict College, founded in the North, but in 1929 Dr. J.J. Starks 1870 by the American Baptist Home became the first African American Mission Society to educate freedmen president. In the mid-1930s the and their descendants, was originally curriculum was restructured and the called Benedict Institute. It was elementary and high school programs named for Stephen and Bethsheba Bethel A.M.E. Church were discontinued. Degree programs Benedict of Rhode Island, whose were confined to the bachelor of bequest created the school. Mrs. location for civil rights meetings and arts and the bachelor of divinity in Benedict donated money to buy land rallies. The congregation has moved to theology. Benedict College was also an in Columbia for it. The institute was a new home on Woodrow Street. important social center in Columbia. A chartered as Benedict College in 1894. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ branch of the National Association for Its early presidents were all white S10817740065/index.htm the Advancement of Colored People Baptist ministers from the North. SI: 2-3.1, 3-4.6, 5-4.1, 5-5.3, 8-6.2, 8-7.2, (N.A.A.C.P.) was founded at Benedict Back By the time Dr. J.J. Starks USHC-4.5 in 1937, and students took part in became Benedict College’s first black STA: TA-MTP-2, TA-MTP-8 a nationwide youth demonstration president in 1930, its curriculum against lynching in February 1937. included primary and secondary Bible Way Church of Atlas This was one of the first civil rights courses, college-level liberal arts Road HM campaigns in South Carolina. The courses, and courses in theology, 2440 Atlas Road college of liberal arts created divisions nursing, and teaching. This curriculum Front This church, founded in 1963, of social sciences, natural sciences, was streamlined in the 1930s to was originally about 3 mi. NW on Bluff and humanities in 1948 to provide emphasize the liberal arts and Road. It was organized by Elizabeth Simmons (1900-1965), known as USHC-7.2 Carver Theatre HM “Mother Simmons,” Andrew C. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, 1519 Harden Street Jackson (1927-2006), and eleven other ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Carver Theatre, built about 1941, was adults and their children. The first STA: TA-MAJC-1, TA-ARTS-14, TA-ARTS-15 one of Columbia’s two exclusively church, a modest building, was called African-American theatres during “the Little Red Church.” Jackson, its Calvary Baptist Church, 1865- the segregation era of the mid-20th first pastor and later a bishop, served 1945 HM century. It was run by black operators this church from 1963 until he retired Richland Street but owned by the white-owned Dixie in 1996. Site of an African American church Amusement Company for most of its Back After the first church burned organized in 1865 with Samuel history. Carver Theatre also hosted in 1966, services were held in Atlas Johnson as its first pastor. It met weekly talent shows based on the Road Elementary School across the under a brush arbor and popular “Amateur Hour” in Harlem. in the basement of the The theatre, which closed in 1971, Mann-Simons Cottage was listed in the National Register of until its first sanctuary Historic Places in 2003. was built in 1875. Erected by the Historic Columbia Calvary helped found Foundation, the City of Columbia, and 87 Present Zion (1865), First the S.C. Department of Transportation, Nazareth (1879), and 2007 Second Calvary (1889). After the first church Chapelle Administration burned in 1945 the Building NR/NHL congregation built a new 1530 Harden Street sanctuary at Pine and Chapelle Administration Building was completed in 1925 and served as the Big Apple/House of Peace Synagogue Washington Sts. in 1950. Erected by the central building for Allen University. street until a new church was built Congregation, 1997 The building included administrative here. That church, chartered as Bible offices and an assembly hall on the Way Church of Arthurtown but later SI: 3-4.6, 5-4.1, 8-5.3, USHC-4.4 first floor and classrooms on the renamed Bible Way Church of Atlas second and third floors. The basement Road, was dedicated in 1967. Over Carver Theatre NR included a kitchen and dining hall, 1519 Harden Street the next forty years it grew from a print shop, and mailroom. Originally Carver Theatre is important for its few faithful members to more than the building also included a library. association with Columbia’s African 10,000, building new sanctuaries here American community in 1981 and 2001. in the early to mid- Sponsored by the Congregation, 2013 twentieth century. SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, Built c. 1941, it is the 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 only theatre built exclusively for African Big Apple/House of Peace Americans still standing in Columbia. During Synagogue NR the days of Jim Crow 1000 Hampton Street segregation, the theatre The House of Peace Synagogue was provided entertainment built in 1907-1909 and located 100 to African Americans, yards to the south at 1318 Park Street. including movies, weekly This building was sold in 1936, and talent shows, and special Chapelle Administration Building/Allen University shortly thereafter became a popular shows on Saturday African American nightclub known as Chapelle Administration Building mornings for children. The Big Apple Club. A dance by this www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ was designed by John Anderson name originated here and soon swept S10817740129/index.htm Lankford (1874-1946). A native of the country. It is immortalized in the Missouri, Lankford graduated from SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 5-4.1, Tommy Dorsey song, “The Big Apple.” USHC-7.2 Lincoln Institute and continued his The building was moved to its present ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, studies in mechanical engineering, location in 1984. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, mechanical drawing, plumbing, and www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 machinery at Tuskegee Institute. After S10817740058/index.htm STA: TA-MAJC-1, TA-ARTS-14, TA-ARTS-15 graduating from Tuskegee, Lankford SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.2, 5-4.1, taught at several colleges and by the end of the century had gained a as most other public entertainment Front This home’s first owner was respected reputation as an architect. venues in the Jim Crow South. White John R. Cornwell, an African American He established an architectural and black patrons could attend the business man and civic leader who practice in Washington, D.C., in 1902 same events, but sat in separate owned a successful barber shop on and became especially interested in areas. While white patrons entered Main St. After his death, Cornwell’s church architecture. Lankford believed through the front entrance and sat on wife Hattie and daughters Geneva that African Americans should build the first floor, black patrons entered Scott and Harriett Cornwell lived here. their own churches, designed to fit the through a side entrance and sat in needs of the congregation, rather than the balcony. If the performers were to purchase old buildings vacated by black, then black patrons could sit on whites. In 1908 he was elected Church the first floor, and white patrons sat Architect and Supervisor of African in the balcony. In addition, there were Methodist Episcopal Church buildings. separate ticket booths, coatrooms, In this capacity Lankford designed and restrooms. A.M.E. churches across the country. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ In addition to churches, Lankford S10817740134/index.htm designed many school buildings. In SI: 2-4.1, 2-4.2, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-6.5, 88 1976 Chapelle Administration Building 8-7.2, USHC-6.1, USHC-8.1 was listed as a National Historic STA: TA-MAJC-1, TA-ARTS-14, TA-ARTS-15 Landmark as an outstanding example Harriet M. Cornwell of Lankford’s work. Harriet M. Cornwell Tourist House www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ Tourist House NR S10817740031/index.htm 1713 Wayne Street From the 1940s until after the Civil SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-1.4, 2-4.3, 5-4.1, 8-5.4, The Harriet M. Cornwell Tourist House Rights Act of 1964 they ran the house 8-5.5, 8-5.6 USHC-6.1 in Columbia was listed in the National as a “tourist home” for black travelers. Register as part of the Multiple Harriett also taught at Waverly Columbia Township Property Submission “Segregation Elementary School. in Columbia.” From ca. 1940 to ca. Back During the Jim Crow era, Auditorium NR 1960 during the era of segregation, segregation gave African American 1703 Taylor Street the Harriet M. Cornwell Tourist The Columbia Township Auditorium travelers very few choices for Home served as place where African restaurants or lodging. Many chose was designed by the Columbia Americans could find lodging and one architectural firm of Lafaye and to stay in a network of private houses meal a day. While no sign advertised located across the South and nation. Lafaye and the house constructed These tourist homes often relied on as a tourist word-of-mouth, but many were also in 1930. home for The three- listed in guides such as The Negro blacks, the Travelers’ Green Book. This house story brick house and building is was listed in the National Register of its address Historic Places in 2007. an excellent were example of Sponsored by the Richland County advertised Conservation Commission, 2014 Georgian nationally in Revival publications Florence Benson Elementary architecture titled The School NR featuring Negro a Doric 226 Bull Street Travelers’ The Florence C. Benson Elementary columned Columbia Township Auditorium Green Book portico School is significant for its association and the International Travelers’ Green with the system of racial segregation and rusticated arches and quoins. Book. With a seating capacity of 2,500 in Columbia, South Carolina. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ Constructed ca. 1953-1955 in to 3,500, the Township has hosted S10817740141/index.htm thousands of events — concerts, Wheeler Hill, a poor African-American SI: 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 3-5.5, 3-5.6, 5-4.1, wrestling and boxing matches, neighborhood that was segregated 5-6.5, 8-7.1, 8-7.2, USHC-7.6, USHC-8.1 from the white sections of Columbia comedy performances, political SLP: LP-MAJC-4 rallies, and other events such as high by custom, to serve African-American school graduations, reunions, and students who were segregated from Harriet M. Cornwell their white counterparts by law, conventions. Through the 1960s, the Tourist House HM policy of the Township was the same the Florence C. Benson Elementary 1713 Wayne Street School is both an example of the state government’s efforts during the Fort Jackson Elementary Erected by the Howard School Community Club, 1990 early 1950s to maintain “separate School HM but equal” school systems for black in front of the Hood Street SI: 2-4.3, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, and white children and one of the Elementary School, Hood Street, 5-3.2, 8-5.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 last remnants of a segregated black Fort Jackson residential area. The school opened Front Fort Jackson Elementary School Fair-Rutherford and as the Wheeler Hill School in 1955 was one of the first public schools for 270 African American students in S.C. to desegregate when classes Rutherford Houses NR in the first through sixth grades. The began on September 3, 1963. The first 1326 and 1330 Gregg Street Wheeler Hill School replaced the Celia school on post and one of the first These two houses are associated with Dial Saxon Negro Elementary School, permanent buildings at Fort Jackson, the advancement of the Rutherford which was overcrowded and needed it was built in only three months. A family from servitude to a position rehabilitation. In 1958, it was renamed new federal policy required all schools of prominence and respect. William in honor of Florence Corinne Benson, on military bases to admit African- H. Rutherford (1852-1910) was a former teacher at the school. American students instead of sending thirteen when the Civil War ended The school, built of concrete block them to separate and red brick veneer on a masonry schools off-base. foundation with a threefinger plan, 89 Back Hood Street was designed by local white architect Elementary School James B. Urquhart. With its one- story classroom wings and rows of This school opened interior and exterior windows, the under Principal building was a typical equalization Thomas Silvester school, and typical of new school with nine civilian construction in the post-World War teachers and 245 II era, reflecting influences of the students in Grades Modern and International styles. 1-6. A newspaper Comprising eighteen classrooms, article described a library, a nurse’s office, a large it as “operated Rutherford House modern kitchen, and a combined without regard to cafeteria and auditorium, the school race, creed or color.” Fort Jackson and he became free. He worked as served approximately five hundred Elementary School, later renamed a barber and later a teacher and students. The equalization funds also Hood Street Elementary School after a businessman. By 1905 William additional schools opened on post, Rutherford had acquired the c. has served the families of Fort Jackson 1850 Fair-Rutherford House at 1326 servicemen and servicewomen for Gregg Street as a rental property. more than 45 years. William Rutherford’s son, Harry B. Erected by Fort Jackson, United States Rutherford, Sr., expanded the family’s Army, 2009 landholdings by purchasing the lot SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, at 1330 Gregg Street in 1914. When USHC-8.2 Harry Rutherford died, his widow, STA: TA-CRM-5 Carrie Rutherford, moved to 1326 Rutherford Street and continued Early Howard School Site HM buying and selling real estate. By 1925 NW corner of Lincoln and Hampton the family had built the Rutherford House, an imposing residence on the Florence Benson Elementary School Streets On this site stood Howard School, a lot next door at 1330 Gregg Street. paid for desks, tables, visual aid and public school for blacks established www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ S10817740072/index.htm music equipment, maps, and cafeteria after the Civil War. By 1869 there equipment. The school served the was a two-story frame building large SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-4.1, Wheeler Hill community until 1975, enough for 800 pupils. Partially funded 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6 when it closed its doors due to STA: TA-MTP-1 by the Freedmen’s Bureau, the school SLP: LP-MTP-2 declining enrollment. Listed in the reportedly was named for Oliver O. National Register October 7, 2009. Howard, first commissioner, Bureau of Harden Street Substation NR www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned 1901 Harden Street richland/S10817740148/index.htm Lands. For years the only public school The Harden Street Substation was SI: K-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, for blacks in Columbia, Howard was built in 1953 to employ the Columbia USHC-8.2 moved 5 blocks NW, 1924. Fire Department’s first African American firemen and to serve the Howard University, in 1942-45 Russell Howard School Site HM predominately African American helped separate plutonium from Laurel Street, just west of its Waverly community. By 1921, the uranium at the University of Chicago. intersection with Huger Street only employment allowed African He returned to Columbia to teach at Established after the Civil War, this Americans in the Columbia Fire Allen University, then was a research public school for blacks was located at Department was in menial capacities chemist at the Savannah River Plant the NE corner of Hampton and Lincoln such as janitors. In 1947, Clarence from 1957 to 1976. streets by 1869 and was partially Mitchell, a veteran of World War Erected by the Historic Columbia supported by the Freedmen’s Bureau. II and a resident of the Waverly Foundation, the City of Columbia, and It is said the school was named for community, took and passed the the S.C. Department of Transportation, Oliver O. Howard, commissioner of city’s civil service exam and applied 2008 Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned for employment as a fireman with the SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-2.4, 5-4.1 Lands during Reconstruction. Moved Columbia Fire Department. He was ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, here in 1924, Howard School was for denied employment on the grounds ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, many years the only public school for that state law prohibited white and ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 blacks in Columbia. black citizens working together in Erected by the Howard School public buildings, and there were James M. Hinton House HM Community Club and the Arsenal Hill 90 1222 Heidt Street no fire department substations for Concerned Citizens Club, 1988 African Americans. After the National Front This is the site of the home of James Miles Hinton (1891-1970), SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, Association for the Advancement of 5-3.2, 8-5.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6, Colored People (NAACP) threatened businessman, civil rights pioneer, and USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 to bring a lawsuit, the Columbia minister. Hinton moved to Columbia city council decided to build a new in 1939 and was elected president of Kress Building NR substation and to staff it with African the Columbia branch of the National 1580 Main Street American firemen under white Association for the Advancement of This building, constructed around officers. Clarence Mitchell and seven Colored People (NAACP) that year. 1935, housed a Kress “five and dime” other men were hired, completed He was president of the S.C. State store with a lunch counter that served a rigorous training program, and Conference of the NAACP from 1941 whites only. It was one of eight began serving as firemen at the new through 1958, as it grew from 13 places in Columbia that saw student Harden Street Substation. Designed chapters to 80 chapters. protests and sit-ins during the Civil by Heyward Singley, a prominent local Back Hinton helped overthrow the Rights Movement of the 1960s. www. architect, the new substation was a all-white Democratic primary in S.C. columbia63.com. state-of-the-art facility and a concrete and helped plan strategy for Briggs v. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ step toward the integration of the Elliott, the S.C. case of those that led S10817740044/index.htm. Columbia Fire Department. to Brown v. the Board of Education SI: 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ and school desegregation. He was STA: TA-CRM-4 S10817740135/index.htm often threatened, SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, was kidnapped from 5-3.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-7.2 Augusta in 1949, and had shots fired Heidt-Russell House HM at his house here 1240 Heidt Street in 1956. Hinton Front This house, with Greek Revival was later pastor and Italianate architectural influences, of Second Calvary was built about 1879 by William J. Baptist Church in Heidt, builder and contractor who Columbia, and died managed Heidlinger’s Steam Bakery. in Augusta in 1970. The Heidts lived here until 1912. Mary Erected by the E. Russell, whose husband Nathaniel Historic Columbia was a postman for the U.S. Post Foundation, Lennie Glover, Downtown Columbia 1961/Kress Building Office, bought the house in 1919. the City of Ladson Presbyterian Church NR Back Edwin R. Russell Columbia, and the S.C. Department of 1720 Sumter Street Edwin Roberts Russell (1913-1996) Transportation, 2008 Ladson Presbyterian Church was spent his early years here. A research SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, built in 1896. The brick Romanesque scientist, he was one of the few blacks 5-3.2, 8-7.2 Revival style church was designed directly involved in the Manhattan ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, by Daniel E. Zeigler and Company, Project to develop the atomic bomb. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Architects of Columbia. H.G. Heidt, a Educated at Benedict College and local contractor, was the builder. The history of the Ladson congregation title was transferred to Ladson Church 1844. Mann earned her living as a began in the early 1800s. In 1838 trustees in 1895. midwife and was instrumental in First Presbyterian Church of Columbia Erected by Columbia Sesquicentennial the establishment of First Calvary organized their African American Commission, 1936 Baptist Church, one of the first members into a separate but affiliated African American congregations in congregation, which began meeting The Lighthouse & Informer HM Columbia. The church held meetings for worship and instruction in a 1507 Harden Street in her basement until a sanctuary Front The Lighthouse & Informer, was completed. Mann left the house long the leading black newspaper in to Agnes Jackson, her youngest S.C., was a weekly published here daughter, who lived there until 1907. from 1941 to 1954 by journalist Jackson’s second husband, Bill Simons, and civil rights advocate John Henry was a member of the well-known Joe McCray (1910-1987). McCray, who Randall Band. Today Historic Columbia founded a paper “so our people can Foundation operates the house as a have a voice and some means of museum that interprets the lives of getting along together,” published free African Americans in antebellum articles covering every aspect of Columbia. For more information, see black life and columns and editorials www.historiccolumbia.org/history/ 91 advocating equal rights. mann_simons.html. (The current Back John H. McCray home is believed to have been In 1944, after the S.C. General Ladson Presbyterian Church constructed after the death of Celia Assembly repealed laws regulating Mann. lecture room constructed on Sumter primaries and the S.C. Democratic www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ Street. When General William T. Party excluded blacks from voting in S10817740026/index.htm Sherman’s army marched through them, John H. McCray helped found SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-4.1, 2-2.4, 8-1.4 Columbia in 1865, the lecture room the Progressive Democratic Party, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, was burned. In 1868 First Presbyterian the first black Democratic party in ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, the South. He was an editor for other ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 built Ladson Memorial Chapel for its STA: TA-MTP-1; SLP: LP-MTP-1 African American members on Sumter leading black newspapers in the 1950s Street next to the site of the lecture and 1960s, then room. In 1874 the Ladson members spent many years severed ties with First Presbyterian as an administrator Church, which was affiliated with the at his alma mater, southern Presbyterian denomination, Talladega College. and joined the northern Presbyterian McCray died in denomination. In 1876 the first African Alabama in 1987. American minister of Ladson, Rev. Erected by the Mack G. Johnson, D.D., was hired. Historic Columbia Johnson, a former slave, was educated Foundation, the City at Howard University and served of Columbia, and Ladson until his death in 1921. After the S.C. Department a fire destroyed the Ladson Memorial of Transportation, Mann-Simons Cottage Chapel on October 31, 1895, the 2008 congregation began raising funds to SI: 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-3.2, 8-7-1, Mann-Simons Cottage HM build the building that stands today. 8-7.2, USHC-3.5, USHC-4.6, USHC-8.1 1403 Richland Street www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ Front This cottage, built before S10817740126/index.htm t Mann-Simons Cottage NR 1850, with alterations and additions 1403 Richland Street SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-4.5, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, throughout the nineteenth and This structure was probably built as a 8-4.6, 8-5.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 twentieth centuries, was the home one-room house around 1825-1830 of Celia Mann (1799-1867) and her Ladson Presbyterian Church HM and expanded over the nineteenth husband Ben Delane, among the few At the church, 1720 Sumter Street and early twentieth centuries. It was free blacks living in Columbia in the Congregation originated in the the home of Celia Mann, a free African two decades before the Civil War. Sabbath School for colored people American woman who was born in Mann, born a slave in Charleston, organized by the First Presbyterian Charleston in 1799. She was born into earned or bought her freedom in the Church 1838, later conducted by the slavery, but purchased her freedom. 1840s and moved to Columbia, where Rev. G.W. Ladson. A chapel for the According to family tradition, Mann she worked as a midwife. Negro members of that church was walked from Charleston to Columbia built here 1868 and rebuilt 1896. The and was living in this house by Back Three Baptist churches (First life insurance at a time when it was the house was torn down in 1997. He Calvary, Second Calvary, and Zion) difficult or impossible for them to served in the U.S. Army during World trace their origins to services held purchase life insurance from white- War II, then graduated from S.C. State in the basement of this house. owned companies. The brick structure College (now S.C. State University) in After Mann’s death her daughter included two stores on the first floor 1948. After graduating in the first class Agnes Jackson (d. 1907) lived here; and nine offices on the second. North of the S.C. State Law School in 1951 descendants of Agnes Jackson’s Perry practiced law second husband Bill Simons owned in Spartanburg, the house until 1960. It was listed in specializing in civil the National Register of Historic Places rights cases. in 1973 and has been a museum since Back Perry 1977. returned to Erected by First Calvary Baptist Columbia in 1961 Church, Second Calvary Baptist as chief counsel Church, and Zion Baptist Church, of the S.C. State 2003 Conference of 92 I. DeQuincey Newman House the National 2210 Chappelle Street HM Association for Front Isaiah DeQuincey Newman the Advancement (1911-1985), Methodist minister, civil of Colored People rights leader, and state senator, lived (NAACP). For fifteen here from 1960 until his death. Born in years he tried Darlington County, he attended Claflin numerous pivotal College and was a graduate of Clark civil rights cases College and Gammon Theological North Carolina Mutual Building before the U.S. Supreme Court. In Seminary. Newman, a long-time Carolina Mutual used three of the 1976 Perry was appointed to the U.S. pastor, was also a major figure in the offices and rented the other spaces Military Court of Appeals, and in 1979 Civil Rights Movement in S.C. for more to small African American-owned he became the first black U.S. district than forty years, beginning businesses, which provided needed court judge in S.C. in the 1940s. goods and services to South Carolina’s Erected by the Historic Columbia Back In 1943 Newman helped black population during the years of Foundation, the City of Columbia, and found the Orangeburg branch of Jim Crow segregation. The businesses the S.C. Department of Transportation, the National Association for the in the building included barbershops, 2008 Advancement of Colored People. beauty shops, tailors, dressmakers, State field director of the S.C. NAACP shoe repair shops, and restaurants. SI: 1-3.3, 1-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 1960-69, he later advised governors The building also housed the offices 5-3.2, 5-5.3, 8-7.2 and Congressmen on poverty and on of African American professionals improving housing and medical care in including physicians and a lawyer. Pine Grove Rosenwald School S.C. In 1983 Newman became the first In addition, the North Carolina HM black member of the S.C. Senate since Mutual Building provided a social 937 Piney Woods Road 1888. He resigned in 1985 because of role in Columbia’s African American Front This school, built in 1923 at a ill health and died a few months later. community. In 1927 the Palmetto cost of $2,500, is one of 500 African- Sponsored by the South Carolina Grand Lodge, Free and Accepted American schools in S.C. funded United Methodist Advocate, 2012 Ancient York Masons bought the in part by the Julius Rosenwald SI: 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.1 building and added a third story, Foundation from 1917 to 1932. It is which the lodge used as a meeting hall a two-room school typical of smaller North Carolina Mutual until the early 1940s. Rosenwald schools. From 1923 to www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ 1950 an average of 40-50 students a Building NR S10817740103/index.htm year attended this school, in grades 1001 Washington Street 1-7. The North Carolina Mutual Building SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-4.1, 8-7.2 STA: TA-MTP-7 Back This school closed after the was constructed in 1909 by the 1949-50 school year, when many North Carolina Mutual and Provident Matthew J. Perry House HM districts were consolidated. It was Association, which later became 2216 Washington Street sold to the Pine Grove Community the largest black-owned insurance Front Matthew J. Perry, Jr. (b. 1921), Development Club in 1968, then company in the United States. lawyer, civil rights pioneer, and jurist, to the Richland County Recreation North Carolina Mutual filled a void lived in a house on this site as a youth; Commission in 2002. Pine Grove for African Americans by providing Rosenwald School was listed in the Randolph Cemetery HM Robert Weston Mance House National Register of Historic Places in At the West terminus of 2216 Washington Street HM 2009. Elmwood Avenue Front The Robert Weston Mance Erected by the Richland County Front Randolph Cemetery, founded House, built in 1903, stood here at the Recreation Commission, 2011 in 1871, was one of the first black corner of Pine and Hampton Streets SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, cemeteries in Columbia. It was named until 2008. A two-story American 3-4.6, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-8.1 for Benjamin Franklin Randolph Foursquare frame house, it was later ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, (1837-1868), a black state senator ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, clad in brick veneer. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 assassinated in 1868 near Hodges, in It was built for grocers Thomas J. and Abbeville County. Randolph, a native Ida t Randolph Cemetery NR of Kentucky and a free black before Roberts, whose store was next door. Adjacent to Elmwood Cemetery near the Civil War, had been a chaplain Rev. Robert W. Mance (1876-1930) I-126 in the Union Army, an agent of the acquired the house in 1922. After his Randolph Cemetery was established death Dr. Robert W. Mance, Jr. (1903- by a group of African American civic 1968) lived here until 1957. leaders in 1872 and expanded in Back Rev. Robert W. Mance, an 1899. They named the cemetery African 93 for Benjamin Franklin Randolph, Methodist Episcopal minister, lived an African American who was here while he was president of Allen assassinated by white men while University 1916-1924. Dr. Robert W. campaigning for the Republican party Mance, Jr. was a physician, super- in Abbeville County in 1868. Born intendent of Waverly Hospital, in 1837, Randolph grew up in Ohio and civil rights activist. Three Allen and attended Oberlin College. He University presidents lived here became a Methodist minister, and from the 1950s to the 1980s. A new during the Civil War he came to South dormitory project Carolina as chaplain of the Twenty- here resulted in the relocation of the Sixth U.S. Colored Troops, which were house two blocks E to Heidt Street in stationed on Hilton Head Island and 2008. in the Beaufort area. After the war Erected by the Historic Columbia Randolph settled in Charleston and Foundation, the City of Columbia, and founded one newspaper and became Memorial Obelisk/Randolph Cemetery the S.C. Department of Transportation, editor of another. He later moved 2010 to Orangeburg and became involved Freedmen’s Bureau, and a newspaper SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, in politics, representing Orangeburg publisher before he was elected to USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 District as a delegate to the represent Orangeburg County in the Constitutional Convention of 1868 and S.C. Senate in 1868. Sidney Park C.M.E. Church NR in the South Carolina Senate. It is not Back Eight other black lawmakers 1114 Blanding Street clear whether Randolph was buried from the Reconstruction era are Sidney Park Christian Methodist on the property since the cemetery buried here: Henry Cardozo (1830- Episcopal Church was established was established after his death, but a 1886), William Fabriel Myers in 1886 when 600 members broke monument to his memory is located (1850-1917), William Beverly Nash away from Bethel A.M.E. Church at the entrance. The cemetery also (1822-1888), Robert John Palmer and affiliated with the then Colored includes the graves of eight other (1849-1928), William M. Simons Methodist Episcopal Church. Sidney African American members of the (1810-1878), Samuel Benjamin Park members purchased this property South Carolina General Assembly and Thompson (1837-1909), Charles in 1887 and built a frame church, numerous other leaders of Columbia’s McDuffie Wilder (1835-1902), and which burned before 1893. In that African American community in the Lucius W. Wimbush (1839-1872). year, this structure was erected, with late nineteenth and early twentieth Randolph Cemetery was listed in the the congregation raising the funds centuries. National Register of Historic Places in and providing much of the labor. The www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ 1995. church has been used throughout S10817740105/index.htm Erected by the Downtown Columbia the twentieth century as a school, SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, Task Force and the Committee for a meeting place, and a concert hall, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, the Restoration and Beautification of hosting notable African American USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Randolph Cemetery, 2006 groups such as the Fisk Jubilee singers. STA: TA-CWR-4, TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-5, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ TA-MTP-6 S10817740112/index.htm SI: 2-1.4, 3-4.6 Modjeska Monteith Simkins as lodging for other civil rights leaders, black majority. During Reconstruction House NR offices, and meeting rooms. Thurgood 239 African American legislators 2025 Marion Street Marshall frequently stayed there as served in the General Assembly in This house, built c. 1900, became he was developing the groundwork this building. The South Carolina the home of Modjeska Monteith for the Briggs v. Elliott case. For more Statehouse was listed as a National Simkins (1899-1992) in 1932. Simkins information about Modjeska Simkins, Historic Landmark in 1976, in part see www.usca.edu/aasc/simkins. for its association with the political htm or http://www.scpronet.com/ achievements of African Americans modjeskaschool/booklet. during Reconstruction. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ S10817740102/index.htm S10817740006/index.htm SI: K-3.3, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-3.3, 1-4.1, 2-2.4, SI: 1-3.3, 2-4.3, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.1, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-5.1, USHC-8.1 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, SLP: LP-CWR-3 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 STA: TA-MAJC-7, TA-CRM-3 94 Victory Savings Bank HM SLP: LP-MTP-1 919 Washington Street Front Victory Savings Bank, founded Modjeska Simkins House HM in 1921, was the first, and for many 2025 Marion Street years the only, black-owned bank in Front This house was for sixty years S.C. It was chartered by I.S. Joseph the home of Modjeska Monteith as president and I.S. Leevy and C.E. Simkins (1899-1992), social reformer Stephenson as vice presidents, and and civil rights activist. A Columbia opened at 1107 Washington St. in the native, she was educated at Benedict heart of Columbia’s black business College, then taught high school. district. It was in this building 1955- Director of Negro Work for the S.C. Modjeska Monteith Simkins 1985, then moved to Sumter St., Anti-tuberculosis Association 1931- was a leader in health reform for where it became S.C. Community Bank 1942, Simkins was the first black in African Americans and an ardent in 1999. S.C. to hold a full-time, statewide, supporter of equal rights. She was Back Dr. Henry D. Monteith, who public health position. Director of Negro Work for the South became president in 1948, led the Carolina Tuberculosis Association for Back Simkins was a founder of the bank for many years. His sister eleven years in the 1930s and early S.C. Conference of the National Modjeska Monteith Simkins, notable 1940s. In this position, she traveled Association for the Advancement civil rights leader, held several across the state supervising clinics of Colored People (NAACP). As the positions here. This bank offered and educating people about good secretary of the conference 1941- loans to blacks after widespread health practices. Simkins was also an 1957, Simkins hosted many meetings economic reprisals, many related activist in the fight for civil rights for and planning sessions here, for cases to the Clarendon County school African Americans in Columbia and such as Brown v. Board of Education. desegregation case Briggs v. Elliott, South Carolina. Beginning in the early In 1997 the house was acquired 1930s she helped lobby for a federal by the Collaborative for anti-lynching bill, protested police Community Trust; it was brutality in Columbia, and became a transferred to the Historic leader in the National Association for Columbia Foundation in the Advancement of Colored People 2007. (NAACP). Simkins helped organize a Erected by the Historic state branch in South Carolina, served Columbia Foundation, as state secretary, and worked on the City of Columbia, and civil rights litigation. For example, she the S.C. Department of was actively involved in the Briggs v. Transportation, 2008 Elliott case in South Carolina, the first in a series of court cases culminating South Carolina in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court Statehouse NR/NHL decision, Brown v. Board of Education Main and Gervais Streets of Topeka that ruled separate schools The South Carolina for African American children were Statehouse housed the only inherently unequal. Simkins’ home was legislature in the history of South Carolina Statehouse used not only as her residence but also the United States to seat a later included in the landmark Brown when he tried to vote in the all-white Benedict College and several health v. Board of Education case (1954). Democratic primary in Richland care facilities, Waverly became a Sponsored by the City of Columbia, County, he was denied a ballot. popular neighborhood for African 2014 Back George Elmore And Elmore v. Americans, a significant number of SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4 Rice In 1947 the National Association whom were professionals. Before ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, for the Advancement of Colored World War I, most white residents ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, People (NAACP) sued to end the all- of Waverly had moved to separate ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 white primary in S.C. Judge J. Waties all-white suburbs such as Shandon. Waring (1880-1948) ruled in U.S. By the 1920s Waverly had evolved Visanska-Starks House HM district court that it was “time for S.C. into Columbia’s most prominent 2214 Hampton Street to rejoin the Union.” Blacks voted African American community. African Front This house, built after 1900, in the next S.C. primary, in 1948. As Americans in Waverly created a nearly was originally a two-story frame self-sufficient community residence with of black-owned businesses, a projecting bay hospitals, churches, and and wraparound schools. Waverly residents porch; a fire in were also active in civil rights 1989 destroyed efforts as early as the 1930s, 95 the second story. and some of them became Barrett Visanska local and regional leaders. (1849-1932), a The remaining historic jeweler, bought buildings in the neighborhood the house in 1913. date from the 1870s to the Visanska, a native of early 1940s and represent a Poland, was a leader range of architectural styles. in Columbia’s Jewish In addition to residences community and a the neighborhood includes founder of the Tree commercial buildings, of Life Congregation. churches, and the campus of In 1938 Dr. John J. Richardson Grocery, 1200 Oak Street/Waverly Historic District Allen University. Starks, president a result of the case, George Elmore www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ of Benedict College, bought the house. endured numerous personal threats S10817740098/index.htm Back Dr. John Jacob Starks (1876- and economic reprisals that ruined his SI: 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 2-1.4, 2-2.4, 2-4.2, 5-4.1, 1944), the first black president of business. USHC-6.1 Benedict College, lived here from 1938 Erected by the Historic Columbia ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, until his death. Starks was president ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Foundation, the City of Columbia, and ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 of Seneca Institute 1899-1912; Morris the S.C. Department of Transportation, STA: TA-MTP-1 College 1912-1930; and Benedict 2008 College 1930-1944. After World War II HM SI: 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, Waverly Historic District this house served as the nurses’ home 5-3.2, 8-7.1, 8-7.3, 8-7.4 1400 block of Harden Street for Good Samaritan-Waverly Hospital, Front Waverly has been one of created by merger in 1939. It was later Waverly Historic District NR Columbia’s most significant black a private residence once more. Roughly bounded by Harden, communities since the 1930s. The Erected by the Richland County Gervais, Heidt, Hampton, and city’s first residential suburb, it grew Conservation Commission, 2007 Taylor Streets out of a 60-acre parcel bought by SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.2, 2-2.1 This historic district includes the Robert Latta in 1855. Latta’s widow core twelve blocks of the original and children sold the first lots here Waverly Five And Dime HM Waverly neighborhood, excluding in 1863. Shortly after the Civil War 2317 Gervais Street large sections of modern construction banker and textile manufacturer Front The Waverly Five & Dime, and extensively altered buildings. Lysander D. Childs bought several located here until about 1957, was Waverly was Columbia’s first blocks here for development. Waverly managed 1945-48 by George A. residential neighborhood outside grew for the next 50 years as railroad Elmore (1905-1959), the African the city’s original limits. By the end and streetcar lines encouraged American plaintiff in a landmark of the nineteenth century it had growth. voting rights case soon after World developed into a populous, racially- Back The City of Columbia annexed War II. Elmore ran this store and two mixed residential neighborhood. Waverly in 1913. Two black colleges, liquor stores, and also worked as a In the twentieth century, with the Benedict College and Allen University, photographer and cab driver. In 1946, proximity of Allen University and drew many African Americans to this area as whites moved to other city suburbs. By the 1930s this Erected by the Historic Columbia and Missionary Convention of S.C. community was almost entirely black. Foundation, the City of Columbia, and (1888) and the Women’s Auxiliary to The Waverly Historic District, bounded the S.C. Department of Transportation, by Gervais, Harden, and Taylor Streets 2008 and Millwood Avenue, was listed in SI:1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 8-5.2 the National Register of Historic Places ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, in 1989. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Erected by the Historic Columbia ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Foundation, the City of Columbia, and the S.C. Department of Transportation, A.P. Williams Funeral Home NR 2011. 1808 Washington Street The A. P. Williams Funeral Home Wesley Methodist Church HM was built between 1893 and 1911 as 1727 Gervais Street a single-family residence. In 1936, Front Wesley Methodist Church is the Bessie Williams Pinckney and her son A.P. Williams Funeral Home oldest African American Methodist Archie Preston Williams II converted congregation in Columbia. It was part of the building to a funeral the Gethsemane Baptist Association 96 founded in 1869 by Rev. J.C. Emerson home with a residence on the second (1919) were founded here, as were floor where they lived. At this time and was a separate black congregation other important missions. the white-owned funeral homes in instead of forming from an established Back In 1930 Dr. Matilda Evans, the Columbia served white customers white church. First called the first African American woman to only. Archie Preston Williams II was a have a practice in the state, started Columbia Mission, it met upstairs in leader in the city’s black community a Main St. building and later built its a free clinic in the basement of the who ran for election to both the church. It served 700 patients on its Columbia City first day. On March 2, 1961 over 200 Council and the African American students met at Zion state legislature in Baptist before beginning their march the 1950s. He was to the State House to protest racial also an officer in the segregation. The U.S. Supreme Court Columbia Chapter later overturned the convictions of of the National those students arrested during the Association for march in the case Edwards v. S.C. the Advancement (1963). of Colored People (NAACP) for twenty- Sponsored by Zion Baptist Church, two years. Williams 2014 was instrumental in SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, convincing Columbia 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, to hire its first two USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 African American police officers and Zion Chapel Baptist Church Wesley Methodist Church to provide equal pay No. 1 HM own chapel. About 1910 the Columbia for African American city employees. 130 Walter Hills Road www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ Front This African-American church Mission bought this lot and was S10817740136/index.htm renamed Wesley Methodist Episcopal was organized ca. 1865 when four Church. SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 8-7.4 men left Sandy Level Baptist Church, STA: TA-MTP-7 founded before the Revolution with Back This Gothic Revival church, both white and black members, to built in 1910-11, was designed by Zion Baptist Church HM form their own congregation. They noted Columbia architect Arthur W. 801 Washington Street elected Rev. Joe Taylor as their first Hamby, who designed other churches Front Zion Baptist Church first pastor and held early services in a in Columbia as well as in Winnsboro, organized in 1865 and met in a brush arbor nearby. humble dwelling on Gadsden St. Bishopville, and St. Matthews. Its high- Back The first permanent church The congregation moved to this site style Late Gothic design is relatively here, a log building, was replaced by in 1871. The current sanctuary, the unusual for an African-American a frame church 1907-1922, during second on this spot, was built in 1916. church of its period, and is notable the pastorate of Rev. T.H. McNeal. It Zion Baptist has long served as a for its two asymmetrical towers, was covered in brick veneer in 1941, center for community organization. decorative brickwork, and pointed- then extensively renovated 1964- arch stained glass windows. Both the Women’s Baptist Educational 1978, during the pastorate of Rev. on Goodwill Plantation. After the St. Phillip School NR A.J. Grove, Sr. The historic church Civil War, Goodwill was managed 4350 McCords Ferry Road cemetery dates to the 1880s. by a succession of owners. African St. Phillip School, which was built c. Sponsored by the Richland County American tenant farmers produced 1938, took its name from St. Phillip Conservation Commission and the cotton, grain, and subsistence crops African Methodist Episcopal Church, Congregation, 2013 on the property. One tenant house, which stands directly across McCords constructed c. 1910, is still standing. SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, Ferry Road from the school. When www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ the school was first founded c. 1915, 8-5,1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, S10817740085/index.htm USHC 3.3, USHC 3.5 a building was constructed next to SI: 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 3-4.5, 8-4.1, USHC-2.3 St. Phillip A.M.E. Church; this school Eastover Vicinity STA: TA-ANTE-2, TA-MTP-1 building stood until c. 1929. The SLP: LP-MTP-2 present three-room school building Goodwill Plantation NR was probably constructed North side of US Highway 378 near soon after Richland the Wateree River County School District 9 Goodwill was developed as a purchased the four-acre plantation beginning in the late lot. By 1939 St. Phillip 97 eighteenth century. Most of the School was a three- plantation that became known as teacher school valued Goodwill was consolidated by Daniel at $4,500. The school is Huger by c. 1795. Several resources associated with some on the 3,285.71 acres that are listed positive changes to public in the National Register are associated education in Richland with African Americans who provided County in the first half the work force for the plantation. Siloam School of the twentieth century A mill pond and extensive canal — a longer school year, irrigation system constructed by slaves increased expenditures per student, were known to have existed by 1827, Siloam School NR and improved teacher salaries. Yet making this one of the first attempts 1331 Congaree Road there remained vast disparities in the state to reclaim low-lying land Built c. 1936 with Works Progress between educational opportunities for agricultural purposes. The canal Administration (W.P.A.) funds, Siloam for black and white children. By 1930 system was expanded under Huger School served rural African American the average spent on each white and later owners. With the elaborate students until it closed in 1956. The student in Richland County was irrigation system the plantation current building replaced an earlier $71.71 while only $13.69 was spent school building constructed in the on each black student. St. Phillip 1920s. School, which closed in 1959, held www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ an important place in the social life S10817740108/index.htm of the community in addition to its SI: 2-1.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-4.1 educational function. STA: TA-MAJC-2 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ S10817740109/index.htm St. Phillip A.M.E. Church HM SI: K-4.1, 2-1.4, 3-5.1, 5-1.3, 5-3.2 At the church, 4351 McCords Ferry Road This church, organized by 1835, met first in a brush arbor 1 1/2 mi. N., then constructed a sanctuary on this site Slave Cabin/Goodwill Plantation shortly thereafter. Its first pastor was was quite profitable, producing Rev. Anderson Burns, and its original subsistence crops and cotton as its trustees were Joseph and Robert largest cash crop. In 1858 Edward Collins, Barnes Flowers, Saylor Pope, Barnwell Heyward purchased Goodwill Harkness Smith, and Red Stroy. A Plantation. During the Civil War later sanctuary, built in 1952; burned slaves from the family’s lowcountry in 1981; the present sanctuary was plantations were sent to Goodwill. dedicated that year. It is estimated that as many as 976 Erected by the St. Phillip A.M.E. slaves resided at Goodwill during the Church Anniversary Committee, 1999 war. Two slave cabins, which were SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.3 St. Phillip School probably built c. 1858, also remain STA: TA-MTP-8 St. Thomas Protestant Gadsden Vicinity To learn more visit www.harrietbarberhouse.org. Episcopal Church NR Magnolia, slave house NR Near junction of US Highway 601 and www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ This slave house is believed to have S10817740093/index.htm SC Highway 263 been built about the same time as the St. Thomas’ Protestant Episcopal SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.5, main house at Magnolia, an imposing 5-1.4, 8-1.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 Church was constructed in 1893. Greek Revival mansion constructed ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, It is a simple wood frame building c. 1855 for Frances Tucker Hopkins. ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, displaying elements of the Gothic She was the wealthy widow of ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Revival style including a Gothic- David Thomas Hopkins, a prominent arched doorway and lancet windows. Richland County planter. Located Harriet Barber House HM The interior features beaded board about 150 feet from the mansion, the Lower Richland Boulevard and wainscoting and a ceiling with Barberville Loop Road exposed beams and trusses. In Front In 1872 Samuel Barber the 1870s Bishop William Bell (d. 1891) and his wife Harriet White Howe, concerned about (d. 1899), both former slaves, the lack of mission work of the bought 42 1/2 acres here from 98 Episcopal Church among the the S.C. Land Commission, African American population, established in 1869 to give established missions for African freedmen and freedwomen Americans in the Columbia and the opportunity to own Charleston areas. He appointed land. Barber, a well-digger Rev. Thomas Boston Clarkson as a slave, was a farmer and to minister to the African minister after the Civil War. American residents of Lower The Barber family has owned Richland County. Rev. Clarkson Slave House at Magnolia Plantation a major portion of this tract oversaw the construction of a chapel slave house was the home of house since Samuel and Harriet Barber in the sandhills near Eastover on the servants. It was later used as a tenant purchased it in 1872. site of the present church. The chapel house. The hipped roof wood frame Back Samuel Barber’s wife Harriet was built with funds donated by Rev. house has a central chimney and (d. 1899) received title to this land James Saul of Philadelphia and named shutters covering the windows. in 1879. This one-story frame house in his honor. Rev. Clarkson served as www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ was built ca. 1880. The Barbers’ son minister of Saul Chapel until his death S10817740078/index.htm Rev. John B. Barber (1872-1957) in 1889. In 1891 Saul Chapel burned, SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.1 inherited the property in 1899. He and in 1892 work began on the ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, was a schoolteacher and pastor of St. present church. According to tradition, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Mark and New Light Beulah Baptist members of the congregation helped ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 build the church. STA: TA-MTP-1 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/ SLP: LP-MTP-2 S10817740087/index.htm SI: 8-5.1, 8-5.3 Hopkins Vicinity ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Harriet Barber House NR ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Off of County Road 37 ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 After the Civil War, the South Carolina Land Commission was established to assist freedmen in the purchase of land. In 1872, Samuel Barber, a former slave, purchased this land from the commission. His wife, Harriet, also a former slave, received title in Harriet Barber House 1879. The family farmed twenty-four acres of land, which was inherited by churches. This house was listed in the Samuel and Harriet’s son, John, after National Register of Historic Places in their death. John, a schoolteacher and 1986. Baptist preacher, and his wife, Mamie Erected by South East Rural Holly, raised eleven children here. Community Outreach, 2010 The house has remained in the Barber St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church family for over one hundred years. Irmo six teacher plan, the Six Teacher libraries founded by W.L. Buffington Community School Plan No. 6-A. The for rural blacks. St. Paul Church HM total building cost was around $8000 Erected by the Saluda County 835 Kennerly Road in a particularly tough economic Historical Society, 1994 Front One of the first black churches climate for Saluda County. The new after the Civil War, St. Paul began SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, Ridge Hill High School was considered 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-7.2 as Oak Grove African Methodist ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Episcopal ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Church. Local ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 tradition says STA: TA-MAJC-3 that in the 1850s the original small SPARTANBURG congregation COUNTY worshipped in the “bush Pacolet Vicinity arbor;” later Marysville School NR in the 1880s, Sunny Acres Road 99 a church Marysville School in the town of was built Pacolet was listed in the National on present Register on January 9, 2007. The Kennerly Pacolet Manufacturing Company built Rd. In the Marysville School in 1915 to educate 1930s, this Ridge Hill High School the children of the African American was moved one of the finest school buildings in families that worked in the mills to its present site 3/10 mi. N. Saluda County. The school is a large, Back Oak Grove one-story building with a north/south By 1870 a substantial black settlement orientation. Keeping the center of the had developed in this area of the building for communal uses such as Dutch Fork township known as an auditorium, cafeteria, and school Oak Grove. Prominent in its history events, the six classrooms are situated have been the families of Octavius on the outer perimeter of the plan. Bookman, Moses Geiger, and John The overall effect is symmetrical with Richardson. A number of their the floor plan following an H shape. descendants still live in the area. As such, the back resembles the front Erected by the Irmo-St. Andrews in form and materials. Ridge Hill was Women’s Society, 1985 used as a high school until the 1956- SI: 3-4.6, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-1.4 1957 school year and at the time of ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, nomination is still in use for Ridge Marysville School ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Spring’s vibrant black community. ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Listed in the National Register June 9, in Pacolet. It served the Marysville 2010. community, which was established by www.nationalregister.sc.gov/saluda/ the Pacolet Manufacturing Company SALUDA COUNTY to keep the black workers and their S10817741011/index.htm families separate from the white Ridge Spring SI: K-1.1, K-2.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.4, 8-1.4, workers. The three-room school Ridge Hill High School NR USHC-8.1 building still retains its original walls, 206 Ridge Hill Drive ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, floors, and slate boards. Ridge Hill High School, built in 1934, ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 is significant in the areas of education spartanburg/S10817742058/index.htm and African American heritage. The SI: K-4.1, 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, Ridge Hill High School replaced a Saluda Vicinity 5-1.4, 5-3.2 Rosenwald-funded wood clapboard Faith Cabin Library Site HM ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, school built on the same site in 1924 Intersection of US Highway 378 and ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, which burned ten years later. The ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 County Road 65 STA: TA-MAJC-2 Ridge Hill High School was rebuilt Built in 1932 about 1/2 mi. NE and SLP: LP-CRM-1 as a brick version of the original stocked with donated books, this industrial school, using the same library was the first of over 110 Spartanburg for whom city housing developments Erected by the Sumter County were named; city councilman Thomas Historical Commission, 1975 15th N.Y. Infantry HM Bomar (1864-1904), and educator SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-3.3, 1-4.1, 2-2.4, 2-4.3, Corner of W.O. Ezell Highway and Annie Wright McWhirter (1885-1976), 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, Westgate Mall Drive first woman to teach at the South USHC-7.6 Front The 15th N.Y. Infantry, a Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, volunteer National Guard unit of Erected by Spartanburg Community ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, African American soldiers, arrived ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Memorial Committee and African STA: TA-MAJC-4, TA-MAJC-7 here Oct. 10, 1917, to train at Camp American Heritage Committee, 1997 SLP: LP-MAJC-1 Wadsworth. Race riots that summer in East St. Louis and Houston raised the SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-7.2 Mayesville Vicinity fears of Spartanburg’s whites about STA: TA-MAJC-7, TA-MTP-4, TA-MTP-6 the potential for racial violence if Goodwill Parochial School NR Northern black soldiers trained here. 295 North Brick Church Road Though the 15th N.Y. was ordered not SUMTER COUNTY This two-story wood frame building to respond to any insults or physical was constructed c. 1890 to replace abuse by local whites, tensions rose Mayesville 100 for the next two weeks. Birthplace of Mary McLeod Back “Harlem Hell Fighters” Bethune HM The War Dept., fearing that minor US Highway 76 incidents would soon escalate, Front Mrs. Bethune devoted her ordered the unit back to N.Y. on Oct. life to the advancement of her race. 24 and on to France. As the 369th As the founder of Bethune-Cookman U.S. Infantry, it joined the 4th French College, Daytona Beach, Florida, she Army and its band won acclaim all directed its policy for thirty years. She over France for its concerts. It was founded the National Council of Negro the first American unit in combat, and Women in 1935. Honored by four was soon nicknamed “the Harlem Hell presidents, she was a consultant in the Fighters.” It was at the front for 191 drafting of the United Nations Charter. Goodwill Parochial School days, longest of any American unit in Back This noted humanitarian and an earlier building associated with World War I. educator was born five miles north Erected by ReGenesis and the Goodwill Parochial School. The school Spartanburg County Historical had been established soon after the Association, 2004 end of the Civil War by the Committee on Freedmen of the Presbyterian SI: 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-7.2 Church in the U.S.A. The minister of nearby Goodwill Presbyterian Old City Cemetery HM Church also served as the principal Cemetery Street of Goodwill Parochial School. The Front This cemetery, established school provided an education for on this site about 1900 as the hundreds of African American youth Spartanburg Colored Cemetery, at a time when public education for includes many graves moved here African Americans was deficient. In from the first black cemetery in the 1932, in the midst of the Depression, city, established in 1849 1 mi. W. the Board of National Missions of and closed by the expansion of the the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Charleston & Western Carolina RR. decided to discontinue its financial Also known as the New Colored support of the day schools it had long Cemetery until 1928 and later known supported in the South. The school as Freeman’s Cemetery, it has been did not close, however, but continued known as the Old City Cemetery since Mary McLeod Bethune to educate local children until it was 1959. consolidated in 1960 with Eastern of Mayesville, S.C., on July 10, 1875. School, a public school in Sumter Back Prominent persons buried She was one of the first pupils of the County School District 2. here include educator Mary Honor Mayesville Mission School, located www.nationalregister.sc.gov/sumter/ Farrow Wright (1862-1946), for whom fifty yards west of this marker, where S10817743006/index.htm Mary Wright School was named; she later served as a teacher. She died SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6 midwife Phyllis Goins (1860-1945) and on May 18, 1955, and is buried at STA: TA-MAJC-2 policeman Tobe Hartwell (d. 1932), Bethune-Cookman College. Stateburg classes and athletics. It closed in churches in 1913. Initially part of a 1932 after the Presbyterian Church three-church circuit, St. Paul received Ellison House NR in the U.S.A. stopped funding its its first full-time minister in the 1950s. SC Highway 261 Southern parochial schools during the The present sanctuary was completed This house, which was built c. 1816, Depression. in 1975 and an educational annex was was purchased in 1838 by William Erected by the Sumter County added in 1990. Ellison, a free African American. He Historical Commission, 2006 became a successful plantation owner, Erected by the Sumter County also owning and operating a cotton SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.3 Historical Commission, 1997 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, gin. Ellison owned over 900 acres ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, SI: 2-4.2 of land and 63 slaves in 1860. The ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 census of the same year shows Ellison to be one of 171 African American Sumter Vicinity UNION COUNTY slaveowners in South Carolina. His house is included in the Stateburg Enon Baptist Church HM Union Historic District. At the church, 2990 Pinewood Road Corinth Baptist Church NR This church was organized in 1872 302 North Herndon Street SI: 1-4.1, 3-4.1, 3-4.2, 8-1.4, 8-4.1, 8-4.6 by Rev. Benjamin Lawson and held STA: TA-ANTE-3 The first black congregation in Union 101 early services in a brush arbor. The was organized in 1883 and held first sanctuary, a services in the Old Union Methodist log building, was Church. The congregation purchased built about 1883 this lot in 1894 and constructed this during the ministry building. of Rev. S.B. Taylor; www.nationalregister.sc.gov/union/ its timbers were S10817744028/index.htm reused to build a frame sanctuary in SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6 ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, 1905. The present ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, sanctuary here, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 dedicated in 1972, was built during the Ellison House ministry of Rev. T.O. Everette, who served Enon from 1958 to 1980. Sumter Erected by the Sumter County Kendall Institute HM Historical Association, 2000 Watkins Street Front Kendall Institute, founded SI: 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6 on this site in 1891, was one of the St. Paul African Methodist first black schools in Sumter. It was funded by the Board of Missions for Episcopal Church HM Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church 835 Plowden Mill Road, off in the U.S.A. The institute was named SC Highway 58 for Mrs. Julia B. Kendall, late wife Front This congregation was of Rev. Henry Kendall, secretary of organized before the Civil War and the Board of Missions 1870-1892. It held its services in a brush arbor until emphasized academics for primary 1875 when the trustees bought land and secondary grades; some students near this site from B.W. Brogdon boarded here in a girls’ dormitory or a and built a sanctuary there. First Corinth Baptist Church boys’ cottage. church officers were trustees Cuff Brogden, Robert Brogden, and James Back The pastors of the Second Sims High School HM Presbyterian Church of Sumter were Witherspoon. By 1880 the church Union Boulevard also principals of Kendall Institute: was affiliated with the South Carolina Sims High School stood here from Revs. J.C. Watkins (1891-1903); A.U. Conference of the African Methodist 1927 until the early 1970s and was Episcopal Church. Frierson (1903-1916); J.P. Foster the first black high school in Union (1916-1928); and J.P. Pogue (1928- Back St. Paul A.M.E. Church bought County. It was named for its founder, 1932). Under Foster’s tenure the this property in 1886 in conjunction Rev. A.A. Sims (1872-1965), who was institute boasted 272 students in 1918 with Pinehill Church, and the parcel its principal 1927-1951. It included and added agricultural and industrial was divided between the two grades 6-11 until 1949 and 6-12 Erected by the Sims High School www.nationalregister.sc.gov/union/ afterwards, and educated blacks from Reunion Committee, 2011 S10817744025/index.htm Union and surrounding counties. In SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 1956 it moved to a new building on Union Community Hospital NR 5-3.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.6, 8-7.2 Sims Drive. The high school closed in 213 West Main Street STA: TA-MTP-7 1970, but that building now houses Union Community Hospital was the present Sims Jr. High. founded in 1932 under the leadership Union Community Hospital HM Erected by the Historical Marker of Dr. Lawrence W. Long (1906?- 213 West Main Street Committee, Sims High School Alumni, 1985). Dr. Long was a pioneer in Front Union Community Hospital 2004 providing medical services to the served the black community of Union African American population. A native SI: K-4.1, 2-1.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, County and nearby areas from 1932 5-3.2, 5-5.3, 8-7.2, USHC-8.2 of Union County, Dr. Long graduated to 1975. Built as a house ca. 1915, it from Howard University and Meharry was converted into a hospital by Dr. Medical L.W. Long in 1932 with the support of College. When several local churches. The building was he returned covered in brick veneer in the 1930s, to Union, he 102 and a rear addition was built in 1949. found that racial The hospital was listed in the National segregation Register of Historic Places in 1996. prevented him Back Dr. L.W. Long from practicing Dr. Lawrence W. Long (1906-1985), a medicine native of Union County, was educated in the local at Howard University and Meharry hospital and Medical College before returning to from admitting Union and founding this hospital. Long patients to it. also hosted annual clinics attended by Union Community Hospital He decided doctors from S.C. and the Southeast that African Sims High School HM 1934-1975. A lifelong leader in Americans deserved better medical medicine and public health who was 200 Sims Drive care and raised funds to establish a Front Sims High School, located also active in civic affairs in Union, hospital for them. An old boarding Long was named S.C. Doctor of the here from 1956 to 1970, replaced house was rented and later brick- a 1927 school on Union Boulevard, Year in 1957 and National Doctor of veneered and modified for use as the Year in 1958. which in 1929 had become the first the hospital. Union County also stateaccredited high school for Erected by the L.W. Long Resource began providing support for the African-American students in the Center, 2004 new hospital. The hospital, which upstate. It was named for Rev. A.A. Sims, founder and first principal was expanded in 1949, served as Dr. 1927-1951. James F. Moorer, principal Long’s office and provided beds for 1951-1969, also coached the football more intensive care. After Dr. Long team to 93 consecutive conference became certified to perform surgery, wins 1946-1954. C.A. Powell, who was the hospital provided a site for basic white, was the school’s last principal, surgical procedures. In 1934 Dr. Long 1969-1970. began holding continuing education Back A new school was built here clinics at the hospital for African in 1956. Notable alumni include American physicians and dentists from the first black head coach in NCAA neighboring towns. The clinics were Division I-A football, the first coach of successful and Dr. Long continued to a black college basketball team in the hold them every year for forty-two National Invitational Tournament, and years. Featuring locally and nationally the first black Chief of Chaplains of the known physicians of both races, the United States Army. Sims High School clinics began to draw physicians from closed in 1970 with the desegregation across the Carolinas and Georgia. of Union County schools. This building They provided an invaluable service housed Sims Junior High School 1970- to African American physicians by 2009. Sims Middle School opened on giving them a rare opportunity to keep Whitmire Highway in 2009. abreast of new developments. Dr. L. W. Long WILLIAMSBURG When Charles E. Murray (1910-1999) built ca. 1906 for Edward J. McCollum lost his father at the age of twelve, (1867-1942), African-American COUNTY he went to live with the McCollums businessman and machinist with Bloomingvale Vicinity as their foster son. After graduating the Mallard Lumber Company. In Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church HM from the Colored Normal, Industrial, 1922, when twelve-year-old Charles SC Highway 527 Agricultural, and Mechanical College E. Murray’s father William died, Front This church was founded in (now known as South Carolina State McCollum and his wife Margaret 1867 on land donated by Moses University) at the age of nineteen, (1886-1949) took him in. They and Matilda Watson. It was the Murray began a long career at considered him their foster son first African American church in the Tomlinson High School in Kingstree as and encouraged him to pursue his Bloomingvale community education. and was organized by Back Charles E. Murray trustees Orange Bruorton, (1910-1999), prominent Augusta Dicker, Sr., African-American Fred Grant, Esau Green, educator, lived here from Fortune Session, Moses 1922 until he died. A Watson, and Richmond graduate of what is now 103 White. It was also mother S.C. State University, he church to Bruorton Chapel taught at Tomlinson High A.M.E. Church, active until in Kingstree 1929-41 and the 1950s. 1945-60. He was principal Back Mt. Zion also of the Williamsburg sponsored Mt. Zion School, County Training School which closed in 1958. (after 1972 C.E. Murray The first sanctuary here, Elementary and High School) 1960-83. This a wood frame church, McCollum-Murray House was replaced in the early house was listed in the 1920s by a second wood frame church an English and drama teacher. After National Register of Historic Places in built by carpenter Rev. W.C. Ervin, Sr. the deaths of the McCollums, Murray 2006. The present church, the third serving lived in the McCollum-Murray House Erected by the Dr. Charles E. Murray Mt. Zion, was built 1948-1954 by until his own death. While teaching, Historical Foundation of Greeleyville, carpenter Rev. W.C. Ervin, Jr. It was Murray earned a master’s degree in 2007 covered in brick veneer in the late education from South Carolina State 1950s. College in 1959. In 1960 he became principal of Williamsburg County Kingstree Erected by the United Bruorton/ Training School, where he remained Stephen A. Swails House HM Brewington Family Reunion and the for twenty-three years. Murray was a Corner of Main and Brooks Streets Congregation, 2003 role model for hundreds of students Front Stephen Atkins Swails (1832- SI: 1-4.1, 1-4.3, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5 and an outstanding citizen of the 1900), U.S. Army officer and state STA: TA-MTP-8 community. He received numerous senator, lived in a house on this site awards for his contributions. In 1972, 1868-79. Swails, a free black from Greeleyville Williamsburg County Training School Pennsylvania, came to S.C. in 1863 as McCollum-Murray House NR was renamed C.E. Murray Elementary a 1st sgt. in the 54th Massachusetts C.E. Murray Boulevard and High School in his honor, and Volunteers (Colored), the first black The McCollum-Murray House was in 1979, Murray was awarded an regiment organized in the North constructed ca. 1906 for Edward J. honorary Doctor of Humanities from during the Civil War. He was wounded (d. 1942) and Margaret McCollum (d. Claflin University. twice and was commissioned 2nd 1949), an African American couple www.nationalregister.sc.gov/ lt. by Massachusetts Governor John who moved to Greeleyville around the williamsburg/S10817745011/index.htm Andrew in early 1864. turn of the twentieth century. Edward SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Back Swails, one of only about 100 McCollum was a machinist for the ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, black officers during the Civil War, Mallard Lumber Company. The house ELAC 1-1.1, 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 1-4.1, 2-2.4, was promoted to 1st lt. in 1865. 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5 features elements of folk Victorian Afterwards he was an agent for the and Classical Revival architecture. Freedmen’s Bureau and practiced law McCollum-Murray House HM According to oral tradition, it was 72 C.E. Murray Boulevard in Kingstree. He was a state senator 1868-78 and served three terms as built by local black carpenter, George Front This house, with Classical president pro tem. Swails was also Whack, and McCollum himself crafted Revival architectural influences, was much of the interior woodwork. intendant of Kingstree 1873-77 and edited the Williamsburg Republican. of at least eight extant Rosenwald blacksmiths, founders, miners, and in He is buried in the Friendly Society schools of this type in South Carolina. other occupations. A nail factory with Cemetery in Charleston. It was placed on a four-acre site, three cutting machines was operating Erected by the Williamsburg Historical which exceeded the recommended lot here by 1802. Society, 1998 size and provided ample space for Erected by the York County Historical SI: 1-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 4-6.4, outdoor activities and a well and Commission, 1988 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, 5-3.2, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, outhouse. There is a non-contributing SI: 2-1.4, 2-4.2, 3-3.4, 4-2.3, 4-3.4, 8-1.4, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.4 outhouse behind the school, but it is USHC-1.3 SLP: LP-CWR-1 not known if this is the original privy. STA: TA-COLR-2 In its original location, the Rock Hill building was Afro-American Insurance oriented so that Company Building NR the classrooms 558 South Dave Lyle Boulevard received east The Afro-American Insurance and west light. Company Building was constructed c. About 1960, the 104 1909 by William W. Smith, an African school building American architect and builder from was moved on Charlotte, North Carolina. It housed the same piece the local office of the Afro-American of property to Insurance Company. This company, accommodate with offices in several southeastern the widening of states, was one of several insurance Catawba Rosenwald School South Anderson Road. Since the school was closed YORK COUNTY in 1956, the Liberty Hill Missionary Baptist Church has assisted the Rock Catawba Hill School District in maintenance and Catawba Rosenwald School security responsibilities. 3071 South Anderson Road NR SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, The Catawba Rosenwald School was 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, built in 1924-25 to serve the African- 8-6.5, 8-7.2, USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 American community in southeastern ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, York County. It was known as the ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Catawba School on official lists of ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 Rosenwald schools, but is generally known as the Liberty Hill School Newport Vicinity locally because of its association with William Hill (1741-1816) HM Liberty Hill Missionary Baptist Church About 4 miles north of Newport on nearby. The school is significant SC Highway 274 for its association with African- Front William Hill, who served in American public education and ethnic the American Revolution and was heritage and as a extant example present at many battles, built an of an architectural design typically ironworks near here on Allison Creek associated with schools funded in about 1776. Hill and his partner, Isaac Afro-American Insurance Company Building part by the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Hayne, manufactured swivel guns, companies owned and operated It was one of twenty schools built kitchen utensils, cannon, ammunition, by African Americans. The Rock Hill in York County with funds from the and various farm tools. His ironworks building was evidence of the growing Rosenwald program between 1917 was burned by British Capt. Christian market for business and professional and 1932. Of these schools, only two, Huck in June 1780. services for the emerging African the Catawba Rosenwald School and Back Hill’s Ironworks American middle class. The building the Carroll Rosenwald School, are Rebuilt 1787-1788 near here on has housed a number of black-owned known to be extant. The Catawba Allison Creek, Hill’s Ironworks businesses including a restaurant, School is built according to Rosenwald consisted of two furnaces, four grocery stores, and seafood shops in Plan # 20 as a two-teacher rural gristmills, two sawmills, and about addition to the insurance office. The school. The local builder is unknown. fifteen thousand acres of land by building shares a number of common The Rosenwald fund contributed $700 1795. Around eighty blacks were design elements with other buildings of the total cost of $2,800. It is one employed here as forgemen, that William Smith designed and built including a formal composition, strong and was a junior high and high school ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 use of corbelling, and a mixture of from 1956 until South Carolina schools STA: TA-CRM-10 different colors of brick. were desegregated in 1970. The SLP: LP-CRM-4 www.nationalregister.sc.gov/york/ original two-story frame school, built S10817746026/index.htm in 1920, was demolished in 1952. Hermon Presbyterian Church NR 446 Dave Lyle Boulevard SI: 2-1.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.2, 3-5.5, 5-1.2, 5-1.3, Back This property is owned by The congregation of Hermon 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 5-4.1, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, 8-5.6, the City of Rock Hill and has been 8-6.2, USHC-4.5, USHC-4.6 Presbyterian Church was organized STA: TA-MTP-7 a neighborhood recreation center in 1869 by a group of African since the school closed in 1970. Seven Americans who had been members Afro-American Insurance principals served the Emmett Scott of Presbyterian congregations before School during its fifty-year existence: the Civil War and wanted to form their Company Building HM Frank H. Neal 1920-1924; L.B. Moore 558 South Dave Lyle Boulevard own congregation. It was one of the 1924-1938; Ralph W. McGirt 1938- first African American congregations This building, constructed ca. 1909, 1959; W.H. Witherspoon 1959-1967; was built for the Afro-American in Rock Hill. The members first met George Land 1967; Richard Boulware in a small frame building, but by Insurance Co., a black-owned firm 1968; Samuel Foster 1969-1970. with offices throughout the South. the 1890s the congregation had Erected by Emmett Scott Alumni and grown enough to purchase land and 105 It was designed by William W. Smith Affiliates, 1996 (1862-1937) of Charlotte, an African- begin construction of a permanent American builder and designer. Smith, SI: K-4.1, 2-1.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.3, 5-1.4, church building on this site. The 5-3.2 brick church was constructed largely though not a registered architect, STA: TA-MAJC-2 was well-known for his designs in N.C. through the efforts of members of and S.C. The building was listed in the the congregation, which included five Friendship School HM bricklayers and seven carpenters. National Register of Historic Places in 445 Allen Street 1992. Front Friendship College, on this site Sponsored by the African-American from 1910 to 1981, was founded in Cultural Resources Commitee of Rock 1891 by Rev. M.P. Hall and sponsored Hill, 2014 by the Sunday Schools of the black Clinton Junior College HM Baptist churches of York and Chester 1029 Crawford Road counties. It first met in nearby Mt. Clinton Junior College, affiliated with Prospect Baptist Church before the A.M.E. Zion Church, was founded acquiring 9 acres here in 1910. in 1894 by Revs. Nero Crockett and Also called Friendship Normal and W.M. Robinson as Clinton Institute. Industrial Institute, it was chartered Named for Bishop Isom C. Clinton, in 1906 and combined an elementary it featured primary and secondary and secondary school curriculum with courses as well as a two-year college an industrial education for much of its program. It became Clinton Junior history. College in 1965. Dr. Sallie V. Moreland Back Friendship Junior College (ca. 1898-2000) served 48 years as Dr. James H. Goudlock was president president of the college from 1946 to here 42 years, 1931-1973. The college 1994. dropped grades 1-7 in 1938, then dropped grades 8-12 in 1950 and Erected by Clinton Junior College, Hermon Presbyterian Church 2005 became Friendship Junior College. In 1960-61, students who protested SI: K-4.1, 2-4.3, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 8-5.4, 8-5.5, Hermon Presbyterian Church, 8-5.6 segregation at “sit-ins” at McCrory’s which was completed in 1903, is STA: TA-CWR-6 on Main St. became pioneers of the an excellent example of late Gothic Civil Rights Movement. The struggling Revival church architecture. The Emmett Scott School HM junior college closed in 1981, and the congregation of Hermon Presbyterian At the Emmett Scott Center, buildings on this site were demolished Church has included many leaders in 801 Crawford Road in 1992. education, politics, and the Civil Rights Front This school, founded in 1920, Sponsored by the African-American Movement in Rock Hill. was the first public school for blacks in Cultural Resources Commitee of Rock www.nationalregister.sc.gov/york/ Rock Hill. Named for Emmett J. Scott Hill, 2014 S10817746029/index.htm (1873-1957), a prominent educator SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, SI: 2-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 8-7.2 who was then secretary of Howard 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, University, Emmett Scott School USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 included all twelve grades until 1956 ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, STA: TA-MTP-2 McCrory’s Civil Rights there was a public school for them. meeting to honor and support the Sit-Ins HM The school held classes here until Freedom Riders. 137 E. Main Street 1910. The second church burned Sponsored by the African-American Front This building, built in 1901, was in 1914, and this brick church, with Cultural Resources Committee of Rock occupied by McCrory’s Five & Dime Romanesque Revival elements, was Hill, 2014 built in 1915. It was listed in the from 1937 to 1997. On February 12, SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, 1960, black students from Friendship National Register of Historic Places in 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, Jr. College in Rock Hill were denied 1992. USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 service at the McCrory’s lunch counter Sponsored by the African-American ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Cultural Resources Commitee of Rock ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, but refused to leave. Their “sit-in” ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 was one of the first of many calling Hill, 2014 attention to segregated public places SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, in downtown Rock Hill. These protests 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, York USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 lasted for more than a year. ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Allison Creek Presbyterian Back “FRIENDSHIP NINE” ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, Church HM Many Rock Hill protesters were ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 5780 Allison Creek Road 106 arrested, convicted, and fined. On Front This church was founded in January 31, 1961, ten students from New Mount Olivet A.M.E. 1854 by residents of the Clay Hill Friendship Jr. College were arrested Zion Church HM community on Allison Creek, who when they refused to leave McCrory’s. 527 South Dave Lyle Boulevard were members of Bethel (1769) and Nine would not pay their fines and Front This church, organized in Ebenezer (ca. 1785) Presbyterian became the first Civil Rights sit-in 1873, held its first services in private churches. They built this church soon protesters in the nation to serve jail homes and then under a brush arbor afterwards, on land donated by J.D. time. This new “Jail No Bail” strategy on Pond St., near the railroad tracks. Currence. Rev. J.R. Baird, the first by “the Friendship Nine” was soon First called Mt. Olivet Methodist Zion pastor here, served until 1866. adopted as the model strategy for the Church, it bought this tract in 1896 Back African-American Graveyard Freedom Rides of 1961. and built its first permanent church, a A graveyard just E of the church Erected by the Culture & Heritage frame building, in 1898. Renamed Mt. cemetery was begun in the 1850s for Museums of York County and the City Olivet A.M.E. Zion Church ca. 1900, it both slave and free black members of Rock Hill, 2007 built this brick church 1923-27, under of the church. Used until ca. 1896, SI: 1-1.4, 1-1.6, 2-2.4, 3-5.1, 3-5.5, 5-1.2, Revs. J.D. Virgil and C.L. Flowers. it contains about 300 graves, 14 5-1.3, 5-1.4, 5-3.2, 8-7.2, USHC-7.6, with engraved USHC-8.1 stones and the ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, rest marked ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 by field stones STA: TA-CRM-4 or unmarked. SLP: LP-CRM-1 After 1865 black members of Mount Prospect Baptist Allison Creek Church HM left to form 339 West Black Street Union Baptist Front This church, founded in 1883, (1892), Liberty first held services in private homes Hill A.M.E. Zion in Rock Hill. Formally organized as (1896), and New First Baptist Church, Colored, in 1885, Home A.M.E. it was later renamed Mt. Prospect Mount Prospect Baptist Church Zion (1897). Baptist Church. Its first pastor, Rev. Sponsored by the Thomas S. Gilmore (1855-1938), Back The church was renamed New Culture & Heritage Museums of York served here 55 years, until his death Mount Olivet A.M.E. Zion Church County, 2014 in 1938. The first permanent church, in 1937. In May 1961, when an SI: 3-4.6, 3-5.1, 5-1.1, 5-1.2, 5-1.4, 8-5.1, a frame building, burned and was interracial group sponsored by the 8-5.2, 8-5.3, 8-5.4, 8-6.5, 8-7.2, replaced by a second frame church Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) USHC-3.3, USHC-3.5 about 1900. launched the first Freedom Rides ELA SI: ELAI 1-1.1, ELAI 3-3.2, ELAI 4-4.3, Back In 1891 Mount Prospect hosted ELAI 5-5.1, ELAR 12-12.1, from Washington to New Orleans, the ELAW 6-6.1, ELAC 1-1.1 the first classes of Friendship College, first violent opposition in the South founded by Rev. M.P. Hall to offer an occurred in the bus station in Rock education to Rock Hill blacks before Hill. That night this church held a mass