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DERECHO PENAL A1 N3.Pdf AÑO I - NÚMERO 3 Derecho Penal PRESIDENCIA DE LA NACIÓN Dra. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner MINISTERIO DE JUSTICIA Y DERECHOS HUMANOS Dr. Julio Alak SECRETARÍA DE JUSTICIA Dr. Julián Álvarez SUBSECRETARÍA DE RELACIONES CON EL PODER JUDICIAL Dr. Franco Picardi DIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE FORMACIÓN E INFORMÁTICA JURÍDICO LEGAL Dra. María Paula Pontoriero ISSN 2250-7558 Revista Derecho Penal Año I - N° 3 - Diciembre 2012 Editorial Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación, Sarmiento 329, C.P. 1041AFF, C.A.B.A. Editado por la Dirección Técnica de Formación e Informática Jurídico-Legal. Directora: María Paula Pontoriero Directores Editoriales: Alejandro Alagia - Javier De Luca - Alejandro Slokar Correo electrónico: [email protected] La revista Derecho Penal y sus contenidos son propiedad del Ministerio de Justi- cia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. La legislación, la jurisprudencia y los artículos de doctrina que integran esta pu- blicación se encuentran disponibles en forma libre y gratuita en: www.infojus.gov.ar El contenido de la revista expresa la opinión de sus autores y no necesariamente la del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. Todos los derechos reservados. Prohibida su venta. Distribución gratuita. Se permi- te la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, su almacenamiento en un sistema informático, su transmisión en cualquier forma, o por cualquier medio, electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia u otros métodos, con la previa autorización del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación. Alejandro Alagia - Javier De Luca Alejandro Slokar Directores Ernesto Kreplak - Franco Picardi Rodolfo Tailhade - Renato Vannelli Viel Secretarios de Redacción Mariela Barresi - Francisco Figueroa Nahuel Perlinger - María Ángeles Ramos Colaboradores Consejo Académico Eduardo Aguirre Ricardo Álvarez Gustavo Bergesio Alberto Binder Cristian Cabral Carlos Caramuti Mariano Ciafardini María Graciela Cortázar Carlos Cruz Martín Degoumois Gabriel Di Giulio Daniel Erbetta Martín García Díaz Adriana Gigena de Haar Edmundo Hendler Lucila Larrandart Stella Maris Martínez Luis Niño Carlos Ochoa Omar Palermo Lucila Pampillo Daniel Pastor Jorge Perano Alfredo Pérez Galimberti Nelson Pessoa Marcelo Riquert Norberto Spolansky Fernando Valsangiacomo Blanco Gustavo Vitale Raúl Zaffaroni Académico Consejo VII Editorial Este número de la Revista de Derecho Penal propone la discusión de un tema atravesado por el derecho penal, el procesal penal, el constitucional, el político, la filosofía y la sociología. Un tema que, en lo fundamental, abor- da la siempre demorada participación popular en el gobierno judicial de la coerción y castigo público, y en el campo de los derechos humanos. Enten- demos que, tanto las resistencias de orden elitista, clasistas o simplemente profesionales para la intervención ciudadana —a la que no se considera capacitada para la función—, como el histórico debate sobre la falta de le- gitimación democrática de uno de los poderes del Estado que representa la magistratura judicial tienen que ser revisados a favor del cambio. El diseño institucional del modo de impartir justicia en materia penal re- fleja no sólo la adopción de criterios procedimentales, de gestión, sino la consagración de determinadas concepciones políticas sobre el Estado, la sociedad y el rol del Poder Judicial frente a la ciudadanía. Por eso fue que incitamos a los autores a que no se limitaran a escribir sobre su implementación y algunas soluciones procesales, sino que fueran un poco más allá y reflexionaran sobre el contexto en el que ellas se inser- tarían y el impacto que tendrían en la sociedad. Toda forma de participación de los habitantes en las decisiones judiciales genera resquemores, miedos, dudas, opiniones reservadas, etcétera, por- que se trata de la inclusión de los legos en un mundo preponderantemen- te técnico, gobernado por “los que saben”, y porque su incorporación genera reparto del poder y, con ello, limitación del que tradicionalmente ostentaron determinadas agencias. Muchas de estas prevenciones están signadas por la confusión entre la participación de los no abogados en asuntos jurídicos y la toma de deci- sión final en los procesos penales —en la que los aspectos jurídicos o téc- nicos ya fueron resueltos por especialistas—. Son dos aspectos diferentes o que deben ser diferenciados. Nadie pretende que los habitantes llama- dos a participar de la experiencia judicial se transformen en abogados y que se pongan a estudiar intrincados y centenarios problemas jurídico- Editorial IX EDITORIAL penales, sino que intervengan en un proceso desde el punto de vista de la política judicial, de la función de un poder del Estado, y que coadyuven en la generación de la voz final o producto de esa rama del gobierno. Más allá de la cláusula de nuestra Constitución que prevé el juicio por jurados desde siempre, y de que ello no se ha concretado en los 150 años de la Confederación Argentina (salvo en algunas provincias y de manera acotada), la discusión hoy pasa por considerar que su realización es un mandato de “democratización” del Poder Judicial, porque éste siempre ha sido refractario a una composición pluralista y heterogénea que alber- gue a todos los sectores de la sociedad. Pero el problema es el contenido del término, sobre lo que deberíamos ponernos previamente de acuerdo, porque la más amplia participación no genera automáticamente un producto acorde con el Estado de derecho, y porque la crítica a la composición elitista se podría aventar con una forma de ingreso a la “justicia” que fuera por concursos y no por conocimiento directo de quienes tienen el poder de nombramiento, es decir, sin ne- cesidad de dotarlo de participación ciudadana (no abogados o personal profesionalizado). El control de constitucionalidad difuso por parte del Poder Judicial marca definitivamente a nuestro sistema político y, en muchos casos, puede fun- cionar, y está bien que así sea, como una limitación a determinadas decisio- nes demagógicas, muy populares, con amplio consenso en la ciudadanía fomentado por los medios masivos de comunicación que, sin embargo, no se corresponden con la Constitución y los Pactos de Derechos Humanos. Según el derecho comparado y las experiencias en algunas regiones de la Argentina, existen muchos problemas a resolver. ¿Cómo se deben componer los jurados que intervendrán en un juicio oral penal?; ¿se debe tratar de jurados íntegramente compuestos por legos o también integrados por jueces técnicos?; ¿cómo será el proceso de selec- ción?; ¿nos valdremos de los padrones generales o se deben seleccionar entre miembros de la población que tengan las mismas pautas culturales que el acusado?, ¿que el acusado o que la víctima?; ¿cómo asegurar la comparecencia y dedicación o contracción al trabajo de todos los que fueron seleccionados?; ¿se debe compensar económicamente, o se trata- X EDITORIAL rá de una carga pública no remunerada?; ¿si se les abona, esto debe ser con sumas fijas o con sumas similares a las que cobra por día en su trabajo el ciudadano convocado?; ¿se tienen en cuenta las reformas que deberán realizarse en ese sentido en el derecho laboral, de salud pública, tributario, de seguros, etcétera?; ¿qué ocurre si una persona se lesiona cuando está yendo a trabajar de jurado?; ¿cuáles serán las causales de excusación y re- cusación?; ¿se tendrán en cuenta las mismas que fueron desarrolladas sobre imparcialidad (violencia moral, razones de decoro y delicadeza, contamina- ción objetiva y subjetiva) para los jueces técnicos?; ¿se exigirán análisis refe- ridos a su salud mental?; ¿cómo se resuelven los problemas que se suscitan con los jurados en los juicios de más de una jornada?, ¿y si son causas com- plejas y duran más de un año?; ¿se los aísla o se permite su contacto con el mundo ajeno al debate?; si se decide aislarlos, ¿cómo se concretará esto en los casos de juicios que duran más de una jornada o días o meses?; ¿cuáles son las instrucciones de tipo técnico que necesariamente deben darse a los jurados para desarrollar su labor?; ¿qué rol cumplirían los jueces técnicos que eventualmente integraran los jurados?; ¿juicios por jurados para todos los casos o sólo para algunos delitos?; ¿jurados obligatorios para todos los casos o posibilidades de vías de escape al sistema de jurados populares (acuerdos de juicios abreviados, etc.)?; ¿se debe tratar sólo de una modifi- cación que incluya los jurados o debe ir acompañada de otras soluciones de derecho sustantivo y procesal (por ejemplo, principio de oportunidad, facul- tades de los fiscales de no ejercer la acción penal por determinados delitos, etc.)?; ¿serán impugnables las decisiones de los jurados?, ¿cómo, si su vere- dicto es infundado?; ¿impugnables por la defensa y también por la fiscalía?, ¿en qué casos?; ¿cómo se compatibilizaría ese sistema con la obligación de jerarquía constitucional de procurar al condenado un recurso amplio contra la condena?; y la víctima, ¿tendrá alguna participación en todo esto?; ¿y en los delitos contra bienes jurídicos colectivos o estatales? En fin, podríamos estar un día entero haciéndonos preguntas. Lo que no debe perderse de vista es que siempre será bienvenida la participación plural y transparente en todas las actividades del Estado, porque es una forma de rendir cuentas y de fomentar las virtudes cívicas de la República. En cualquier caso, se nos hace difícil pensar que podremos estar peor que ahora. Y ése es un buen punto de partida para pensar en todo esto. Los directores Editorial XI Indice General Doctrina
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