DOCSLIB.ORG

NIDDK Recent Advances and Emerging Opportunities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NIDDK Recent Advances and Emerging Opportunities NIDDK Recent Advances & Emerging Opportunities January 2016 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases Cover Legend: The NIDDK has a long history of supporting research that employs cutting-edge tools and technologies to improve diagnoses, prevention strategies, and treatments for a broad array of human diseases and conditions. At the same time, the limits of technology are continually expanding, allowing an ever-deepening understanding of the biological processes underpinning health and disease. Images on the cover represent these interactions among technology, biology, and medicine in the quest to improve human health, exemplified by the NIDDK-supported research highlighted in this annual publication. Inset image credits: 1. Image provided by Dr. Richard Torres and Dr. Robert Safirstein. Republished with permission of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, from Torres R, Velazquez H, Chang JJ, et al. Copyright 2015; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 2. From graphics for Liver Injury from Herbal and Dietary Supplements Workshop. 3. Image provided by Dr. Wei Yang. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, Kim M-S, Lapkouski M, Yang W, and Gellert M. Copyright 2015. 4. Image provided by Dr. Xin Chen and Dr. Rayaz A. Malik. From: Chen X, Graham J, Dabbah MA, et al. American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care, American Diabetes Association, 2015. Copyright and all rights reserved. Material from this publication has been used with the permission of American Diabetes Association. 5. Image provided by Dr. Rebecca G. Wells. From: Lorent K, Gong W, Koo KA, et al, Sci Transl Med, 2015. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. 6. Image provided by Dr. C. Ronald Kahn. Reprinted from Cell Metab, Ussar S, Griffin NW, Bezy O, et al, copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier. 7. From graphics for Scientific Workshop: Urinary Stone Disease—Research Challenges and Opportunities. NIDDK Recent Advances & Emerging Opportunities January 2016 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases TABLE OF CONTENTS Combating Hypoglycemia Associated with Insulin Therapy .........................................................17 MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR Discovery of Brain Pathway That CROSS-CUTTING SCIENCE .........................1 Responds to Low Blood Glucose Levels ...........17 Insights into Protein Structure and Function............. 1 Replacing Beta Cells ................................................18 Solving Three-dimensional Structure of Molecule Shows Promise in Promoting Immune System Proteins .................................... 1 Beta Cell Replication .........................................18 Protein Folding Machinery— Advancing Type 2 Diabetes Treatments ..................19 GroEL Gives the Assist ........................................ 2 A Clearer Picture of the Molecular Friends of NIDDK Coalition Holds Underpinnings of Insulin Resistance and Congressional Reception ........................................... 3 Type 2 Diabetes .................................................19 NIDDK Workshop: How Microbes Residing in the Genetic Differences Throughout the Gut Influence the Health of Their Hosts .................... 4 Genome Affect the Function of a Key Metabolic Regulator ..........................................20 SPARC and NIDDK Organs of Interest ....................... 6 Discovery of Naturally Occurring Scientific Presentation: Dr. Wei Yang— Fats That May Alleviate Diabetes and Molecular Machines in DNA Biology ......................... 8 Inflammation .....................................................21 Understanding and Diagnosing DIABETES, ENDOCRINOLOGY, AND Diabetes Complications ..........................................22 METABOLIC DISEASES ...............................13 Insights into Development of Diabetes Prevalence ................................................15 Diabetes Complications ....................................22 First National Data on Diabetes For Diagnosing Diabetic Nerve Damage, the Rates in Asian Americans .................................15 Eyes May Have It ...............................................23 Type 1 Diabetes—Health Benefits of Effects of Insulin Resistance in the Brain ...............24 Good Glucose Management ....................................16 Linking Insulin Resistance in the Brain to Early and Intensive Glucose Control Can Behavioral Disorders ........................................24 Result in Better Eye Health and Longer Life for Those with Type 1 Diabetes .................16 Metabolic Regulators of Health and Disease .........25 Regulating the Cell’s Internal Recycling Ease of Weight Loss Influenced by Program During Feast and Famine ..................25 Individual Biology ..............................................57 Attention to Starving Has Been Healthier Weight in Impoverished Children .............57 Starving for Attention ........................................26 Head Start Participation Associated with Cystic Fibrosis Research ..........................................27 Healthy Changes in Body Weight Among Impoverished Overweight and Modest Benefit Seen from Treatment for Obese Children ..................................................57 Most Common Cystic Fibrosis Mutation ..........27 Multiple Brain Cell Pathways That NIDDK Director Testifies on Type 1 Diabetes Regulate Appetite .....................................................58 Research ...................................................................29 Brain Cells That Forge a Path from Exploring the Fourth Dimension on a Cellular Level: Hunger to a Quest for Food ...............................58 The 4D Nucleome .....................................................31 Hungry When You’re Full? Story of Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Cannabinoids Trigger a Surprising Harnessing the Kidneys To Help Switch in Brain Cells Known for Their Treat Diabetes ..........................................................33 Role in Suppressing Appetite ...........................59 Scientific Presentation: Dr. Jean E. Schaffer— Circadian Rhythm and Calorie Intake ......................60 An Unexpected Role for Certain Small RNAs in Diabetic Complications: sno in the Forecast ..........39 Time To Eat? ......................................................60 Patient Profile: Bariatric Surgery Offers Gut Microbiome, Genetics, and Obesity ..................61 Hope as a Treatment for Some People with Type 2 Diabetes ........................................................42 Nature, Nurture, and Nutrition— Gut Bacteria Native to Different Patient Profile: Improved Diagnosis Environments, Genetics, and Diet Leads to an Easier Treatment for Influence Metabolism .......................................61 Monogenic Diabetes ................................................48 Bariatric Surgery Research ......................................62 OBESITY .....................................................55 Bariatric Surgery May Help Reduce Urinary Incontinence ........................................62 Biological Factors in Human Body Weight...............56 Redirecting the Flow of Bile to the Distal Small Belly Fat, or Hip Fat? And How Much? Intestine Could Provide Metabolic Health Mining the Genome for Answers ......................56 Benefits Similar to Bariatric Surgery ................63 Burning Calories: Brown Fat, Beige Fat, and Digging Deeper for the Genetic Roots of Body Temperature ....................................................64 Inflammatory Bowel Disease ............................80 Mimicking a Meal To Reduce Viruses in Gut Linked to Inflammatory Weight Gain .......................................................64 Bowel Disease ...................................................80 A New Role for a Class of Immune Cells in Insights into Gut Development and Activities .........81 Regulating Beige Fat Development ..................65 Gut Sensory Cells Can Signal Directly to the Improved Utility of Mice as Models of Nervous System ................................................81 Human Obesity..................................................67 Animal Models Provide Important Clues to A Technological Partnership Between the Gut Vessel Development...................................82 NIH and the USDA Aims To Help People Achieve and Maintain a Healthy Weight ..................68 Human Intestinal Model from Stem Cells Grown in Culture and Transplanted into Mice .....................................83 DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND NUTRITION ...... 71 Intestinal Cancer Genetics.......................................84 Gut Microbes in Health and Disease .......................73 Identification of Genetic Mutation May Gut Microbial Communities Shaped by Lead to Better Screening for Carcinoid Human Genetic Factors ....................................73 Tumors, a Type of Intestinal Cancer .................84 Harmful Gut Bacterial Effects Behind Symptom Reporting in Irritable Persistent Childhood Undernutrition ...............74 Bowel Syndrome .......................................................85 Viruses Can Cover for Helpful Bacteria in the “Total Recall”? Variations in Memory of Gut’s Microbial Community ..............................75 Pain and Other Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms Over Time ........................................85 Early Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Washington University School of Medicine Bulletin, 1982-1983
    Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Washington University School of Medicine Washington University Publications Bulletins 1982 Washington University School of Medicine bulletin, 1982-1983 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/med_bulletins Recommended Citation Washington University School of Medicine bulletin, 1982-1983. Central Administration, Publications. Bernard Becker Medical Library Archives. Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri. http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/ med_bulletins/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University School of Medicine Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bulletin of Washington University r "j r i f i L 1 [ BULLETIN OF WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY (USPS: 078-340) SERIES II, VOLUME LXXX, NUMBER V, JUNE 30, 1982. Published once a month in February, March, April, May, June and September, twice in July, and three times in August by Washington University Lindell and Skinker Boulevards, St. Louis, Mo. 63130. Second-class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. 1 r-1 j Bulletin of j Washington 1 University St. Louis _3 1 J J School of Medicine ' 1982/83 L_i \ ■ 4 1: You must always be students, learning and unlearning till your life's end, and if . you are not prepared to follow your profession in this spirit, I implore you to leave its ranks and betake yourself to some third-class trade. Joseph, Lord Lister (1827-1912) 1 J To gather knowledge and to find out new knowledge is the noblest occupation of the physician.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Author
    About the Author My name is Mark Sircus Ac., OMD and I am the director of the International Medical Veritas Association (IMVA). I was trained in acupuncture and oriental medicine at the Institute of Traditional Medicine in Santa Fe, N.M., and in the School of Traditional Medicine of New England in Boston. I served at the Central Public Hospital of Pochutla, in Mexico, and was awarded the honorary title of doctor of oriental medicine for my work there in the early eighties and I was one of the first nationally certified acupuncturists in the United States. That was in the early part of my life. For many years I lived the life of a recluse exploring inner ground and wrote poetry, music, and then dived into intense writings on a wide variety of subjects in the area of psychology and spirituality. When my third child was born in 2003 I started researching vaccines and was inspired in a very short period of time to write and publish Cry of the Heart , which is about childhood vaccination. The Terror of Pediatric Medicine came three years later, which I launched as a cruise missile against the western medical establishment. It’s available as a free ebook download from the IMVA site . As you will see from the first page it is Robert F. Kennedy Jr. who is spearheading a confrontation with the worst elements of the medical industrial complex. A colossal mistake has been made and it threatens the very fabric of western medicine, whose integrity is smashed, intelligence questioned. his book confronts the cancer industry’s basic philosophy and practice by presenting comprehensive answers and a new paradigm for cancer treatment all of which is supported by empirical medical science.
    [Show full text]
  • CARL VERNON MOORE August 21, 1908-August 13, 1972
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES C ARL VERNON M OORE 1908—1972 A Biographical Memoir by O L I V E R H . L O WRY Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1994 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. CARL VERNON MOORE August 21, 1908-August 13, 1972 BY OLIVER H. LOWRY ARL VERNON MOORE was a truly unique human being. CThis is said advisedly. I have known no other person who so combined exceptional ability with the most admi- rable personal traits, including leadership, teaching ability, skill in patient care, modesty, and, above all, consideration and service for others. He also belonged to a new breed of clinicians who thought that basic medical science is too important to be left to the preclinicians. Many who knew Carl as the epitome of integrity, industri- ousness, unselfishness, and devotion to medicine may not have realized how human he was and that he may have had a few potential weaknesses like the rest of us, one of which he freely admitted. Carl Moore was a St. Louisan all his life. He was born in St. Louis and was largely trained there, and there he spent all but four years of his career. His grandmother on his father's side was a relative of Henry Clay. She married a Missouri farmer and died while Carl's father (also Carl Moore) was still a boy. When the grandfather remarried, Carl Moore senior ran away from home and eventually be- came a St.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker
    Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Outlook Magazine Washington University Publications 1978 Outlook Magazine, June 1978 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/outlook Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Outlook Magazine, June 1978. Central Administration, Medical Public Affairs. Bernard Becker Medical Library Archives. Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri. http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/outlook/48 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Outlook Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. .r Construction of the West Pavilion, which is adjacent to the East Pavilion of Barnes Hospital, will be completed in 1980. @rnltil@@lli ih Washington University School of Medicine ...... Contents ,i,iri\. ... Computers assist in Virginia Minnich : John Knowles, Alumnus enjoys research, patient Overcoming the M. D. '51 : Advocate lifestyle on kibbutz care .......... 2 odds ..... .. 8 for individual .. 16 responsibility . .. 12 :'_. ~ ',-,?-:': •.­ ~ . " _~f d~ .·. :-;) ::r- .~ri ' ;,. -J.,.. f~. .:. , ~. ( ~ ~ ! rr ' / fl-' ~ ~" .... ,'4-- ~-:.. <~~ ' . ~ Graduation 1978 The Six Million Etc .. ... ... ... 27 . 18 Dollar Physician . .......... 23 ON THE COVER: Computers have become an '- June, 1978 important part of modern Volume XV, Number" medicine. Shown on the cover is Outlook (Publication No. 915840) an example of a long-standing is published quarterly by the computer system in use at the Washington University School of Medical Center. See story on Medicine at 1705 Dielman Rd ., page one. SI. Louis, Mo. , 63132. Second­ Photo Credits class postage paid at SI.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Meeting of the Diabetes Centers' Directors
    22001133 MMeeeettiinngg ooff tthhee DDiiaabbeetteess CCeenntteerrss’’ DDiirreeccttoorrss May 29, 2013 Hyatt Regency Bethesda Bethesda, MD ________________________________________ ________________________ 2013 Meeting of the Diabetes Centers’ Directors Table of Contents 1. Agenda 2. List of Meeting Participants 3. Up-Coming NIH/NIDDK Meetings 4. NIH/NIDDK Funding Opportunities 5. NIDDK Introductions a. Presentation (J. Hyde) b. Presentation (J. Fradkin) c. Presentation (R. Margolis) 6. Diabetes Centers Executive Committee a. 2012-13 Members b. Report c. Presentation (J. Schaffer) 7. Funding Opportunities: ADA a. Presentation (T. Darsow) 8. NIDDK Summer Medical Student Program a. Information b. Presentation (A. Powers; S. Kahn) c. Presentation (J. Hyde) 9. Common Fund Metabolomics Program a. Presentation (A. Castle) 10. DRC Biomedical Research Cores a. Presentation (D. Accili) b. Presentation (J. Schaffer) c. Presentation (M. Lazar) d. Presentation (G. King) e. Presentation (J. Schaffer) 11. List of Institutional Diabetes Centers Websites 12. Diabetes Centers Annual Progress Report Template 13. Diabetes Research Center RFAs a. Presentation (J. Hyde) 14. Submitting Complex Electronic Applications a. Presentation (J. Hyde) 15. Update: Diabetes Research Centers Website a. Presentation (J. Hyde) 16. Diabetes Research Center Featured Publications [2011-2012] a. Albert Einstein College of Medicine b. Baylor College of Medicine c. Boston Area d. Columbia University e. JHU-UMD f. Joslin Diabetes Center g. University of Alabama at Birmingham h. UCSD/UCLA i. UCSF j. University of Chicago k. University of Michigan l. University of Pennsylvania m. University of Washington n. Vanderbilt University o. Washington University in St. Louis p. Yale University 17. Map of Downtown Bethesda Agenda 2013 Diabetes Center Directors’ Meeting Wednesday, May 29, 2013 Hyatt Regency Bethesda One Bethesda Metro Center (7400 Wisconsin Avenue) Bethesda, MD 20814 7:30 – 8:00 am Registration 8:00 – 8:10 am Welcome and opening remarks (Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington University School of Medicine Bulletin, 1980-1981
    Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Washington University School of Medicine Washington University Publications Bulletins 1980 Washington University School of Medicine bulletin, 1980-1981 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/med_bulletins Recommended Citation Washington University School of Medicine bulletin, 1980-1981. Central Administration, Publications. Bernard Becker Medical Library Archives. Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri. http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/ med_bulletins/81 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University School of Medicine Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. r BULLETIN OF WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY (USPS: 078-340) SERIES II, VOLUME LXXVIII, NUMBER V, JUNE 30, 1980. Published once a month in February, March, April, May, June, and September, twice in July, and three times in August by Washington University, Lindell and Skinker Boulevards, St. Louis, Mo. 63130. Second-class postage paid at St. Louis, Mo. To gather knowledge and to find out new knowledge is the noblest occupation of the physician. To apply that knowledge... with sympathy born of understanding, to the relief of human suffering, is his loveliest occupation. Edward Archibald (1872-1945) A medical center is one of the weighing of the moral and ethical few places —perhaps the only questions that inevitably arise place —where one can see the concerning its use; and its entire exciting process of the discriminating application for the mind of man working at its best benefit of a particular human from start to finish..
    [Show full text]
  • Orientation for New Advisory Council Members
    Orientation for New Advisory Council Members A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR, NIDDK The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) is one of 27 Institutes and Centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), part of the Public Health Service in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Institute conducts and supports basic and clinical research in some of the most serious, common, disabling, and costly conditions affecting the public’s health. The diseases in NIDDK’s research mission cut across the full spectrum of medicine and include: Diabetes and other endocrine diseases; Cystic fibrosis and other inherited diseases; Digestive diseases; Obesity; Nutrition; Diseases of the kidney, genitourinary tract, and blood. Most arise from the complex interaction of genetic, autoimmune, neuroendocrine, metabolic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Some diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hepatitis, and kidney failure disproportionately affect minority populations. NIDDK funds research projects that relate directly to these diseases, but it also places a high priority on fundamental, untargeted research. Training is critically important to continued progress in medical research. NIDDK supports research training and career development, with special emphasis on increasing the ranks of physician scientists and recruiting underrepresented minorities and women into biomedical research careers. The National Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Advisory Council’s most important purpose is to make recommendations regarding the funding of grant applications, focusing primarily on the relevance to the programmatic missions and priorities of the Institute. The Council also has the responsibility to ensure the adequacy of the scientific review by the initial review groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Outlook Magazine, June 1978
    Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Outlook Magazine Washington University Publications 1978 Outlook Magazine, June 1978 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/outlook Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Outlook Magazine, June 1978. Central Administration, Medical Public Affairs. Bernard Becker Medical Library Archives. Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri. http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/outlook/48 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Outlook Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. .r Construction of the West Pavilion, which is adjacent to the East Pavilion of Barnes Hospital, will be completed in 1980. @rnltil@@lli ih Washington University School of Medicine ...... Contents ,i,iri\. ... Computers assist in Virginia Minnich : John Knowles, Alumnus enjoys research, patient Overcoming the M. D. '51 : Advocate lifestyle on kibbutz care .......... 2 odds ..... .. 8 for individual .. 16 responsibility . .. 12 :'_. ~ ',-,?-:': •.­ ~ . " _~f d~ .·. :-;) ::r- .~ri ' ;,. -J.,.. f~. .:. , ~. ( ~ ~ ! rr ' / fl-' ~ ~" .... ,'4-- ~-:.. <~~ ' . ~ Graduation 1978 The Six Million Etc .. ... ... ... 27 . 18 Dollar Physician . .......... 23 ON THE COVER: Computers have become an '- June, 1978 important part of modern Volume XV, Number" medicine. Shown on the cover is Outlook (Publication No. 915840) an example of a long-standing is published quarterly by the computer system in use at the Washington University School of Medical Center. See story on Medicine at 1705 Dielman Rd ., page one. SI. Louis, Mo. , 63132. Second­ Photo Credits class postage paid at SI.
    [Show full text]