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Female Drug Users in European Prisons – University of Hamburg With financial support from the AGIS Programme European Commission Directorate General Justice and Home Affairs Female drug users in European prisons – best practice for relapse prevention and reintegration FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS NOVEMBER 2004 Project number: JAI/2003/AGIS/191 Responsible Scientist Heike Zurhold ● Heino Stöver ● Christian Haasen Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research University of Hamburg Martinistraße 52 D-20246 Hamburg Germany Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements This study made considerable demands on different groups of participants who provided us with requested data described in this report. The responsible partners of the European research project are grateful to all European Ministries of Justice joining the prison service survey. We are also grateful to numerous staff of prison authorities and drug services who provided us with access to female drug users in prison and with necessary information. Last not least special thanks to the female drug users who agreed to be interviewed about their about their history of drug use and imprisonments and their experiences with drug services. Heike Zurhold, Hamburg Jacek Moskalewicz & Justyna Zulewska-Sak, Warsaw Xavier Majo Roca & Cristina Sanclemente, Barcelona Gabriele Schmied, Vienna David Shewan & Gabriele Vojt, Glasgow Heino Stöver, Bremen TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................... 8 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................18 1.1 Project partners .....................................................................................................................20 1.2 Objectives...............................................................................................................................22 1.3 Definition of the target group.............................................................................................23 1.4 Methods..................................................................................................................................24 1.4.1 Questionnaire among the 25 European Union member states ...........................................25 1.4.2 Questionnaire among female drug users in prison ..............................................................27 1.4.3 Key-person information on the prison setting......................................................................31 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “DRUGS & PRISON”................. 32 2.1 International findings on drugs & prison..........................................................................33 2.1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................33 2.1.2 Characteristics of female drug using prisoners....................................................................34 2.1.3 Health and social problems of female drug users entering prison.........................................35 2.1.4 Drug and treatment services for female drug users in prison ...............................................38 2.1.5 Evaluation results of intervention programmes ..................................................................40 2.1.6 References ........................................................................................................................43 2.2 European research on drugs & prison...............................................................................47 2.2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................47 2.2.2 Characteristics of female drug using prisoners....................................................................48 2.2.3 Health and social problems of female drug users entering prison.........................................48 2.2.4 Drug treatment services for female drug users in prison ......................................................51 2.2.5 Evaluation results of intervention programmes ..................................................................55 2.2.6 References ........................................................................................................................59 2.3 National reports ....................................................................................................................61 2.3.1 GERMANY ................................................................................................................61 2.3.2 AUSTRIA....................................................................................................................73 2.3.3 POLAND ....................................................................................................................82 2.3.4 SCOTLAND ...............................................................................................................91 2.3.5 SPAIN........................................................................................................................105 3 RESULTS OF THE EUROPEAN PRISON SURVEY............... 113 3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................113 3.2 Prison population of the 25 European Union member states .....................................113 3.3 Adult female prisoners in Europe ....................................................................................115 2 3.3.1 Prevalence of adult female drug users in European prisons...............................................117 3.3.2 Assessment of drug-related problems in prison.................................................................125 3.4 Provision of drug and treatment services in European prisons ...................................129 3.4.1. Country specific comparison of available drug services in prison ........................................133 3.4.2 Pre-and post-release services for female drug users ............................................................146 3.5 Quality assurance of drug care in prison..........................................................................149 3.6 Future demands for drug services in prison....................................................................152 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRISON SETTINGS........................156 4.1 Hamburg – the prison Hahnöfersand..............................................................................157 4.1.1 General information.......................................................................................................157 4.1.2 Prison structure..............................................................................................................157 4.1.3 Prison setting and drug services.......................................................................................159 4.1.4 Available drug and treatment services for female drug using prisoners...............................160 4.2 Barcelona – the prisons Brians and Wad-Ras .................................................................163 4.2.1 General information.......................................................................................................163 4.2.2 Prison structure..............................................................................................................164 4.2.3 Prisons settings and drug services ....................................................................................164 4.2.4 Available drug and treatment services for female drug using prisoners...............................165 4.3 Glasgow – the prison Cornton Vale.................................................................................166 4.3.1 Prison structure..............................................................................................................166 4.3.2 Prison setting and drug services.......................................................................................168 4.3.3 Available drug and treatment services for female drug using prisoners...............................168 4.4 Vienna – the prisons Favoriten and Schwarzau..............................................................171 The prison “Vienna-Favoriten”...................................................................................................171 4.4.1 Prison structure..............................................................................................................171 4.4.2 Prison setting and drug services.......................................................................................172 The prison Schwarzau .................................................................................................................174 4.4.3 Prison structure..............................................................................................................174 4.4.4 Prison setting and drug services.......................................................................................175 4.5 Warsaw – the prison Lubliniec..........................................................................................176 4.5.1 General information.......................................................................................................176 4.5.2 Prison structure..............................................................................................................177 4.5.3 Prison setting and drug services.......................................................................................177 5 FEMALE DRUG
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