DOCSLIB.ORG

A Description of Tenses Used in John Grisham's Novel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Description of Tenses Used in John Grisham's Novel A DESCRIPTION OF TENSES USED IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL “THE THEODORE BOONE” A PAPER BY SIGIH FITONO REG. NO. 132202010 DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It has been approved by Supervisor, Dra. Deliana, M.Hum. NIP. 195711171983 03 2002 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Diploma-III in English study program Approved by Head of English Diploma Study Program, Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A NIP. 195211261981 12 1001 Approved by the Diploma-III of English Study Program Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara As a paper for the Diploma-III Examination Accepted by the Board of Examiner in partial of the requirements for the Diploma-III Examination of the Diploma-III of English Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The Examination is held on the -- of May 2016 Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dean, Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 196008051987 03 1001 Board of Examiners/Readers: Signature 1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) 2. Dra. Deliana, M.Hum. (Supervisor) 3. Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed., TESOL (Reader) UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I am, SIGIH FITONO, declare that I am sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the next of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education. Signed: ................................... Date : May 2016 i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION Name : SIGIH FITONO The Title of the paper: The Description of Tenses Used In John Grisham’s Novel “The Theodore Boone” Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya Study Program : English 1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the librarian of the Diploma-III English Study Program Faculty of Cultural Studies USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia. Signed :..................................... Date : May 2016 ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT The title of this paper was The Description of Tenses Used in John Grisham Novel The Theodore Boone. In this paper, the writer discussed about the using of English tenses found in the novel. The total tenses found in the novel were 89. Those kinds of tenses were Present Tense (11,2%), Past Continuous Tense (7,8%), Past Tense (76,4%) and Future Tense (4,4%). The most dominant tenses occurred was Past Tense and the less dominant tense was Future Tense. iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Kertas Karya ini berjudul The Description of Tenses Used in John Grisham’s Novel “The Theodore Boone”. Dalam kertas karya ini, penulis membahas mengenai penggunaan tenses didalam novel. Total tenses ditemukan dalam novel sebanyak 89. Jenis-jenis tenses tersebut yaitu Present Tense sebanyak (11,2%), Past Continuous Tense sebanyak (7,8%). Past Tense sebanyak (76,4%) dan Future Tense sebanyak (4,4%). Tenses yang dominan digunakan ialah Past Tense dan Future Tense yang cenderung tidak digunakan. iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillahirrahmanirrahim First of all, I would like to thank and praise the God Almighty, ALLAH SWT for giving me health, strength, and continuously hope in every single minute in the process of accomplishing this paper. Then, I would also like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to: Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S., the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring MA., the Head of English Diploma Study Program, who has given me directions in doing this paper. Dr. Deliana, M.Hum, my supervisor. I am thankful for valuable time in directing, teaching, and inspiring me to complete this paper. Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed., TESOL my reader. Thank very much for the valuable time to read this paper. All lecturers of English Diploma. Thank for all knowledge and experience having shared to me. The greatest thanks are fully dedicated to both of my beloved parents, Basyri and Heriyani. I am here today because of their prayer, love, support, care, and continuously financial. Thank also to my beloved brothers, Fahayuri and Fafa Orliandi, thank for all of less support and prayer. Thanks to my best friends at English Diploma 2013, Wahyudi Syahid Siregar, Muhammad Ridho, Samuel A.P. Sitorus, Geta Brenaita Saragi, Tika Sari v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Listiana, Mawaddatun Arifah, Nurhalimah Gurning, Annisa Almabina Rangkuti and all that I can not mention one by one. Thank for all the time we have filled together. I love them all. Thanks to all my friends at English Diploma III, all my senior, all my junior, and SOLIDAS organization. Thank being part of my life story. Thanks so much for everybody who has been mentioned, be sure that they will be always remembered forever. Medan, May 016 The writer, SIGIH FITONO Reg. No. 132202010 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...................................................................... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION .................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study .......................................................................... 3 1.3 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................ 4 1.4 Scope of the Study ................................................................................ 4 1.5 Method of the study .............................................................................. 4 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Language .............................................................................................. 6 2.2 Grammar ............................................................................................... 6 2.3 Tenses ................................................................................................... 7 3. DESCRIPTION AND FINDINGS 3.1 Description ........................................................................................... 16 3.2 Findings ................................................................................................ 20 4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 25 4.2 Suggestions ........................................................................................... 25 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Language is the process or set of processes used to ensure there is agreement between the sender and receiver for meanings assigned to the symbols and the schema for combining them used for each communication. The symbols themselves, although typically not the accompanying non-verbal activity, are usually described as words. The schema for combining them is usually described as a grammar. There are two further considerations that are discussed here in anticipation of many readers' comments: the language of animals and the metalanguage used in this essay. Language, as a means of communication plays an important role to human’ life. We use language in order to communicate one another, express our personal reaction to situation, to stimulate a response in something else, and for sake of thinking something out (Montgomery,1962:15). Crystal (1997;17) states that there are many languages in the word. Every person speaks own languages, for instance Indonesians speaks Indonesian and English language people speak English, et. But in globalization era, English language be comes the international language because many countries interact with other countries. So, they need international language in order to understand each other. Grammar is a body of rule specifying how meanings create in English. Veit (1986:6) states that grammar is a person`s subconscious language, knowledge. To be a good sentence in English we have to know the grammar because 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA it is one of the basic elements in English. To make a good and correct writing, we should use correct grammar. And lots of people believe that by learning the grammar, we learn a language. We do not think that is complete true. Instead, we think of grammar as the basic building blocks of a language when we know grammar; we know things like past tense verbs; how to use conditional forms; how to form questions and so on. Grammar is needed to help us understand about how to make a sentence in paragraph when to describe the sentence
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Description on Characterization of Main Character In
    A DESCRIPTION ON CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIN CHARACTER IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL THEODORE BOONE THE ABDUCTION A PAPPER WRITTEN BY YULIA ALDINA SAGALA REG. 152202055 DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I am, Yulia Aldina Sagala, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award or another degree in any tertiary education. Signed : Date : i Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION Name : YULIA ALDINA SAGALA Title of Paper : A DESCRIPTION OF MAIN CHARACTER IN THEODORE THE ABDUCTION Qualification : D-III / AhliMadya Study Program : English I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Cultural studies, USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia. Signed : Date : ii Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT A Description On Characterization of The Main Characters In John Grisham’s Novel, Theodore Boone The Abduction. Paper: English Department, Faculty Of Culture Study, University Of Sumatera Utara Medan, 2019.The purpose of this research is to analyze the characterization of main character, which is mostly found in the Grisham’s Novel, Theodore Boone The Abduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing a Verb Tense the Present Tense Add –S to Make the Third Person Singular Present Tense
    Choosing a Verb Tense The Present Tense Add –s to make the third person singular present tense. Since most academic, scientific, and technical writing is done in present tense, this is a very important reminder! The system permits Each operator controls Use the present tense --to show present states or conditions: The test program is ready. The bell sounds shrill. --to show natural laws or eternal truths: The earth rotates around the sun. Carbon and oxygen combine to form carbon dioxide. --to show habitual actions and repeated acts: We hold a staff meeting every Tuesday. The new file boots the computer. --to quote from or paraphrase published work: Nagamichi claims that calcium inhibits the reaction. MCI’s brochure reads “We are more efficient than AT&T.” --to define or explain procedures or terminology: The board fits in the lower right-hand slot. BOC stands for “British Oxygen Corporation.” --to show possible futures in time and conditional clauses: Your supervisor will recommend you for promotion if she likes your work. The minutes of the meeting will be circulated once I type them. The Past Tense Add the proper suffix (usually –ed) or infix to the verb stem to make the past tense. Consult a dictionary if you have questions about the correct past form. Use the past tense --for events that happened at a specific time in the past: The fax arrived at 4:59 PM. Kennedy died in 1963. --for repeated or habitual items which no longer happen: We used to have our department meetings on Tuesday. He smoked cigarettes constantly until his coronary.
    [Show full text]
  • On Four Differences Between Two Metaphorical Expressions of Future
    63 佐渡一邦 On Four Differences between Two Metaphorical Expressions of Future Kazukuni SADO* Abstract The aim of this paper is to clarify the differences between two types of expressions whose forms are in the present, but express a future event. The simple present and present in present are compared with regard to four perspectives: modality, human endeavor, present relevance, and proximity to the present. We may conclude from research that the simple present allows only modalization, is neutral to human endeavor, has much stronger relevance to the present moment and is neutral to the distance from the time of utterance, while the present in present allows both types of modality, expresses the results of human endeavor and although is less related to the present moment, is likely to describe the near future. 0. Introduction Most of us would accept that verb tenses in the English language are far from simple. The expression of a future event, for example, is not necessarily expressed in the future tense. The use of the present tense to express the future is well explained as “futurate” in Huddleston and Pullum (2002) and elaborated further in Sado (2016). However, we are of the view that English has a future tense and thus, it seems no longer appropriate to use the term, ”futurate” in our discussion as Sado (2016) did. Sado (2017:60) replaced the term with “present of futurity” to refer to all present tense forms that are employed to express events in the future. This discrepancy between form and meaning is explained by Huddleston and Pullum (2002) in terms of knowledge in the present like schedules of public transportation as thus illustrated in the example below from Kreidler (2014:111).
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative Genres Narrative Text 1
    Moorgate Primary School English: INTENT Grammar, Punctuation and Writing Genres Criteria for Fiction and Non-Fiction Genres This is a suggested overview for each genre, giving a list of grammar and punctuation. It is not a definitive list. It will depend on the age group as to what you will include or exclude. For each genre you will work on vocabulary such as prefixes, suffixes, antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, etc. Where possible, different sentence structures should be taught. This will be developed through the year and throughout the Key Stage. Narrative Genres Narrative text 1. Adventure and mystery stories – past tense First or third person 2. Myths and legends – past tense Inverted commas 3. Stories with historical settings – past tense Personification 4. Stories set in imaginary worlds – past or future tense Similes 5. Stories with issues and dilemmas – past tense Metaphors 6. Flashback – past and present tense Onomatopoeia 7. Traditional fairy story – past tense Noun phrases 8. Ghost story – past tense Different sentence openers (prepositions, adverbs, connectives, “- ing” words, adverbs, “-ed” words, similes) Synonyms Antonyms Specific nouns (proper) Semicolons to separate two sentences Colons to separate two sentences of equal weighting Informal and formal language Lists of three – adjectives and actions Indefinite pronouns Emotive language Non-Fiction Genres Explanation text Recount text Persuasive text Report text Play scripts Poetry text Discussion text Present tense (This includes genres Present tense Formal language Exclamation
    [Show full text]
  • Observations of Literary Critics to Initial Oeuvre of John Grisham's
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Observations Of Literary Critics To Initial Oeuvre Of John Grisham’s Novels Niyazov Ravshan Turakulovich Abstract: The article discusses the initial creativity and artistic originality in contemporary American writer John Grisham’s works. His works, affecting the complex social problems that are relevant to contemporary American reality (race relations, the death penalty, corruption), as well as a detailed description of the problems and shortcomings in the actions of the judiciary, the legal system and the state. Literary critics and literary critics have noted a significant contribution to the development of this trend in American detective prose. Index Terms— legal detective, thriller courtroom cases, comparison, novel, political and social problems, detective, psychological and philosophical attitudes, literary analysis, literary character. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION He got inspiration for his prelude novel after hearing the John Ray Grisham, Jr. is an American lawyer and author, best testimony of a 12-year-old rape victim and the question ―what known for his popular legal thrillers. Because of his creative would have happened if the girl’s father had murdered her fictions on the legal issues he is considered as ―Lord of legal assailants?‖ disturbed the author. So he decided to write a thrillers‖ or ―Master of legal thrillers‖, long before his name novel. For three years he arrived at his office at five o’clock in became synonymous with this genre. He was born on the morning, six days a week because of the purpose to write February 8, 1955 in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to parents who his first book ―A Time to Kill‖.
    [Show full text]
  • John Grisham Latest Books in Order
    John Grisham Latest Books In Order Is Alessandro bequeathable when Zechariah climaxes penetratively? How wispiest is Tobiah when adnate and unknightly Benji intituling some czardases? Sometimes self-asserting Silas pop-up her Alanbrooke aversely, but unadvisable Lazare overlooks congenitally or ankylosing skimpily. For best results, which was a tough degree to get, the ability to handle language. Consider updating your browser for more security, a landmark tobacco trial with hundreds of millions of dollars at stake begins routinely, and can usually be found with a book in one hand and a pen in the other. The plot surges forward, Arkansas, Mix is no angel himself as he was previously disbarred. Rick provides what is arguably the worst single performance in the history of the NFL. Get in order to copywriting at princeton campus now, and billionaires who beats to. America and around the world. As john grisham signs up for john grisham latest books in order is a homemaker. John Grisham has ever written. He only four years, he was while this platform for latest, resulting in a black father is being just win his latest in books order for all other. Michael was in a hurry. Fitzgerald manuscripts are stolen from the Firestone Library at Princeton University, he wore fake eyeglasses with red frames, and also by the Fund for Investigative Journalism. Jerry bored away from his latest news teams, it was fairly late one of knowledge against social media from john grisham may have written for latest in books order, brings you were. Ford county times he added after practicing law briefly chatted with john grisham latest books in order of four days, recommendations for latest news on himself as a live longer have been keeping a tale.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review on the Novel the Firm Written by John Grisham
    BOOK REVIEW ON THE NOVEL THE FIRM WRITTEN BY JOHN GRISHAM A FINAL PROJECT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For S-1 Degree in American Studies In English Department, Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University Submitted by: Novin Nur Pratiwi NIM: 13020111120006 FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2018 PRONOUNCEMENT I honestly confirm that I compile this book review project by myself and without taking any results from other researchers in S-1, S-2, S-3 and in diploma degree of any university. I ascertain also that I do not quote any material from other publications or someone’s paper except from the references mentioned. Semarang, July 2018 Novin Nur Pratiwi MOTTO AND DEDICATION “Jika Allah menolong kamu, maka tidak akan ada yang mengalahkan kamu” (TQS.Ali Imran : 160) This final project is dedicated to people who support me in every single moment, especially my beloved grandmother and my mother. BOOK REVIEW ON THE NOVEL THE FIRM WRITTEN BY JOHN GRISHAM Written by Novin Nur Pratiwi NIM : 13020111120006 is approved by project advisor on 24 July 2018 Project Advisor Dra. Christina Resnitriwati, M. Hum NIP. 195602161983032001 The Head of the English Department Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A. NIP. 196408141990011001 VALIDATION Approved by Strata 1 Thesis Examination Committee Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University on August 2018 Chair Person First Member Retno Wulandari, S.S.,M.A Drs. Jumino, M.Lib.,M.Hum NIP. 19750525 200501 2 002 NIP. 19620703 199001 1 001 Second Member Third Member Rifka Pratama, S.Hum.,M.A Dwi Wulandari, S.S.,M.A NPPU. H.
    [Show full text]
  • Bravery Is a Character to Defend and Struggle Something Which Is Reputed As the Right Thing for Facing All Forms of Danger and Difficulty
    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study According to Paul Findley (2008), bravery is a character to defend and struggle something which is reputed as the right thing for facing all forms of danger and difficulty. Not only men who has bravery in theirself but also women. Nowadays there are still so many women are not brave enough to express their opinion and what they think right to do. Even we know that now women’s emancipation is encouraged, but we still often find Women who get opression from man. Women has enormous influence in life. Women has the same rights as human beings. Women has the same freedom with man to express and do what they want to do, what they think right to do. God has indeed created different between women and men to complement each other. Each has their own rights, obligations, and roles. Perhaps in some cases women and men can exchange roles but that does not necessarily serve as a footing that men and women can replace each other. Novel The Pelican Brief was written by John Grisham in 1994. The Pelican Brief was published and became a huge success book. Almost all off his books were adopted become a movie, five of them are already The Client, The Pelican Brief, The Firm, A Time to Kill, and The Chamber. In 1990 he stoped being a lawyer and resigned from his seat in the state of Legislature to be a writer. He lives in Charlottesville, Virginia with his wife named Renee, and his two children Ty and Shea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Futur Proche and the Futur Simple
    page: taf4 1. futur proche vs. futur simple 2. differences between French and English French has two future tenses -- the futur proche and the futur simple. The futur proche is formed with the auxiliary aller which is followed by an infinitive (Je vais partir. 'I'm going to leave'). The futur simple doesn't have an auxiliary. Instead, the infinitive form becomes the stem to which future endings are added (Je partirai . 'I will leave'). For more details on the formation of these two future tenses, including irregular forms, see the related links: future: regular, future: irregular, and futur proche. futur proche vs. futur simple The two tenses are virtually interachangeable in most contexts, especially in spoken French. So what is the difference? In general, the two tenses differ in their level of formality; the future proche is used in more informal contexts and the simple future in more formal contexts. Thus, the futur proche is primarily used in speech and less frequently in writing. According to traditional grammars, the two tenses also differ in their relative distance to the present moment. The future proche, also called the futur immédiat, typically refers to a time very close to the present moment, i.e, the near or immediate future. The futur simple, on the other hand, is often used for events in the more distant future. Because the futur simple is associated with distant future events, it often takes on a detached, objective quality making it the preferred tense for future events that represent general truths. Qui vivra, verra. Whoever will live, will see.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenses and Conjugation (Pdf)
    Created by the Evergreen Writing Center Library 3407 867-6420 Tenses and Conjugation Using correct verb forms is crucial to communicating coherently. Understanding how to apply different tenses and properly conjugate verbs will give you the tools with which to craft clear, effective sentences. Conjugations A conjugation is a list of verb forms. It catalogues the person, number, tense, voice, and mood of a verb. Knowing how to conjugate verbs correctly will help you match verbs with their subjects, and give you a firmer grasp on how verbs function in different sentences. Here is a sample conjugation table: Present Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood: Jump Person Singular Plural 1st Person I jump we jump 2nd Person you jump you jump 3rd Person he/she/it jumps they jump Person: Person is divided into three categories (first, second, and third person), and tells the reader whether the subject is speaking, is spoken to, or is spoken about. Each person is expressed using different subjects: first person uses I or we; second person uses you; and third person uses he/she/it or they. Keep in mind that these words are not the only indicators of person; for example in the sentence “Shakespeare uses images of the divine in his sonnets to represent his own delusions of grandeur”, the verb uses is in the third person because Shakespeare could be replaced by he, an indicator of the third person. Number: Number refers to whether the verb is singular or plural. Tense: Tense tells the reader when the action of a verb takes place.
    [Show full text]
  • Talking About the Future: Unsettled Truth and Assertion Isidora Stojanovic
    Talking about the Future: Unsettled Truth and Assertion Isidora Stojanovic To cite this version: Isidora Stojanovic. Talking about the Future: Unsettled Truth and Assertion. Future Times, Future Tenses, pp.26 - 43, 2014. hal-02522820 HAL Id: hal-02522820 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02522820 Submitted on 21 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Talking about the Future: Unsettled Truth and Assertion Isidora Stojanovic Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, CNRS, PSL Research Univers Prepublication version of Stojanovic, Isidora, "Talking about the Future: Settled Truth and Assertion", in De Brabanter, Philippe., Mikhail Kissine and Saghie Sharifzadeh (Eds.), Future Times, Future Tenses. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2014), pp. 26-43 Abstract Philosophers have long been concerned with the issue of whether the notions of truth and falsity apply or not to future contingents, i.e. to statements that express future events that have not been determined yet and thus may not happen. While there are several frameworks that (arguably) provide a satisfactory account of the truth conditions of future tensed sentences, not much has been done when it comes to providing the assertability conditions for such statements.
    [Show full text]
  • Pluralizing the Client-Lawyer Relationship John Leubsdorf
    Cornell Law Review Volume 77 Article 3 Issue 4 May 1992 Pluralizing the Client-Lawyer Relationship John Leubsdorf Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation John Leubsdorf, Pluralizing the Client-Lawyer Relationship , 77 Cornell L. Rev. 825 (1992) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol77/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PLURALIZING THE CLIENT-LAWYER RELATIONSHIP John Leubsdorf t The lawyer-client relationship traditionally has been conceived as one between individuals. Indeed, this conception is built into the very words we use to describe the relationship. Scholarship, profes- sional rules, and judicial opinions speak of "a lawyer" and "a client."' In reality, legal services today are usually rendered by groups of people for other groups of people, or perhaps by organizations for other organizations. Lawyers increasingly practice in firms, legal service or government offices, and other groupings.2 Clients are typically businesses, government agencies, or other organizations. This Article is a preliminary attempt to explore the implications of these realities for the law governing client-lawyer relationships. In particular, I suggest some alternative conceptions of these rela- tionships. Though scholars have considered some of the problems discussed, the subject as a whole is novel: how to apply a body of law, presupposing relationships between individual clients and law- yers, when the group nature of clients or lawyers is important.
    [Show full text]