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A DESCRIPTION OF TENSES USED IN ’S “THE

A PAPER

BY

SIGIH FITONO REG. NO. 132202010

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It has been approved by

Supervisor,

Dra. Deliana, M.Hum. NIP. 195711171983 03 2002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Diploma-III in English study program

Approved by

Head of English Diploma Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A NIP. 195211261981 12 1001

Approved by the Diploma-III of English Study Program

Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

As a paper for the Diploma-III Examination

Accepted by the Board of Examiner in partial of the requirements for the

Diploma-III Examination of the Diploma-III of English Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The Examination is held on the -- of May 2016

Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dean,

Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 196008051987 03 1001

Board of Examiners/Readers:

Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP)

2. Dra. Deliana, M.Hum. (Supervisor)

3. Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed., TESOL (Reader)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, SIGIH FITONO, declare that I am sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the next of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed: ......

Date : May 2016

i

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : SIGIH FITONO

The Title of the paper: The Description of Tenses Used In John Grisham’s Novel

“The Theodore Boone”

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the

discretion of the librarian of the Diploma-III English Study Program

Faculty of Cultural Studies USU on the understanding that users are made

aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :......

Date : May 2016

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

The title of this paper was The Description of Tenses Used in John Grisham Novel The Theodore Boone. In this paper, the writer discussed about the using of English tenses found in the novel. The total tenses found in the novel were 89. Those kinds of tenses were Tense (11,2%), Past Continuous Tense (7,8%), (76,4%) and Tense (4,4%). The most dominant tenses occurred was Past Tense and the less dominant tense was Future Tense.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Kertas Karya ini berjudul The Description of Tenses Used in John Grisham’s Novel “The Theodore Boone”. Dalam kertas karya ini, penulis membahas mengenai penggunaan tenses didalam novel. Total tenses ditemukan dalam novel sebanyak 89. Jenis-jenis tenses tersebut yaitu sebanyak (11,2%), Past Continuous Tense sebanyak (7,8%). Past Tense sebanyak (76,4%) dan Future Tense sebanyak (4,4%). Tenses yang dominan digunakan ialah Past Tense dan Future Tense yang cenderung tidak digunakan.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

First of all, I would like to thank and praise the God Almighty, ALLAH

SWT for giving me health, strength, and continuously hope in every single minute in the process of accomplishing this paper.

Then, I would also like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S., the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara.

Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring MA., the Head of English Diploma Study

Program, who has given me directions in doing this paper.

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum, my supervisor. I am thankful for valuable time in directing, teaching, and inspiring me to complete this paper.

Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed., TESOL my reader. Thank very much for the valuable time to read this paper.

All lecturers of English Diploma. Thank for all knowledge and experience having shared to me.

The greatest thanks are fully dedicated to both of my beloved parents,

Basyri and Heriyani. I am here today because of their prayer, love, support, care, and continuously financial. Thank also to my beloved brothers, Fahayuri and Fafa

Orliandi, thank for all of less support and prayer.

Thanks to my best friends at English Diploma 2013, Wahyudi Syahid

Siregar, Muhammad Ridho, Samuel A.P. Sitorus, Geta Brenaita Saragi, Tika Sari

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Listiana, Mawaddatun Arifah, Nurhalimah Gurning, Annisa Almabina Rangkuti and all that I can not mention one by one. Thank for all the time we have filled together. I love them all.

Thanks to all my friends at English Diploma III, all my senior, all my junior, and SOLIDAS organization. Thank being part of my life story.

Thanks so much for everybody who has been mentioned, be sure that they will be always remembered forever.

Medan, May 016

The writer,

SIGIH FITONO Reg. No. 132202010

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ABSTRACT ...... iii ABSTRAK ...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 3 1.3 Purpose of the Study ...... 4 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 4 1.5 Method of the study ...... 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Language ...... 6 2.2 ...... 6 2.3 Tenses ...... 7

3. DESCRIPTION AND FINDINGS 3.1 Description ...... 16 3.2 Findings ...... 20

4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Conclusions ...... 25 4.2 Suggestions ...... 25

REFERENCES ...... 26

APPENDIX

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Language is the process or set of processes used to ensure there is agreement between the sender and receiver for meanings assigned to the symbols and the schema for combining them used for each communication. The symbols themselves, although typically not the accompanying non-verbal activity, are usually described as words. The schema for combining them is usually described as a grammar. There are two further considerations that are discussed here in anticipation of many readers' comments: the language of animals and the metalanguage used in this essay.

Language, as a means of communication plays an important role to human’ life.

We use language in order to communicate one another, express our personal reaction to situation, to stimulate a response in something else, and for sake of thinking something out (Montgomery,1962:15).

Crystal (1997;17) states that there are many languages in the word. Every person speaks own languages, for instance Indonesians speaks Indonesian and

English language people speak English, et. But in globalization era, be comes the international language because many countries interact with other countries. So, they need international language in order to understand each other.

Grammar is a body of rule specifying how meanings create in English.

Veit (1986:6) states that grammar is a person`s subconscious language, knowledge. To be a good sentence in English we have to know the grammar because

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA it is one of the basic elements in English. To make a good and correct writing, we should use correct grammar. And lots of people believe that by learning the grammar, we learn a language. We do not think that is complete true. Instead, we think of grammar as the basic building blocks of a language when we know grammar; we know things like past tense ; how to use conditional forms; how to form questions and so on.

Grammar is needed to help us understand about how to make a sentence in paragraph when to describe the sentence in the novel. Rodney Huddles says that grammar is one who has mastered and can apply these rules to express himself or herself in what would be considered acceptable language forms. We of course also use grammar for the contents of the book. When we compare for their coverage and accuracy, we are referring to the contents of the book: a grammar is a book on grammar, just a history a book on history.

Grammar is very important because grammar has related with the structure language. Tenses as one of the English structure that use in writing and very important to study about it. Tenses have a function when write sentences. Problem of

English language structure have to be overcome by all students, and the difficulties they find are similar in all parts of the world. The writer chooses the topic because it contains of tenses. Tenses are very important to learn it and it can be understood that the English language has sixteen different tenses.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A tense is grammatical category tht locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. The tenses are present, past and future. The description of the time will change the form of sentence. This change of the time called tenses.

Example:

- We usually have break past at seven o’clock in the morning (Simple

Present Tense).

- I when to the town last year (Past Tense).

- She said that he had fixed my cyle ( Tense).

- He woul sing a song but this throat was sick (Future Tense)

The language used in the novel to present the tense and exact meaning, of the

language. And the tensesin the novel plays the important rule in the sentence in

order to make the reader understand the idea of its contains. Moreover, it is novel

there are types of tenses used suck as present simple tense (simple present

tense),past tense, future tense, and past future tense.

The writer used this novel because it is most found the tense. And tense writer

want to know how often the tenses are used in those novel.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

The problems of the study are:

1) What are the tenses used in the Novel “The Theodore Boone”?

2) What are the dominant tenses used in the novel?

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.3 The Purpose of the Study

The purposes of the study are:

1) To find out the tenses used in the Novel “The Theodore Boone”

2) To find out the dominant types of tenses used in the Novel “The Theodore

Boone”

1.4 The Scope of the Study

The writer wants to describe the tenses used in the novel “The Theodore

Boone” The tenses will be described in more details. There are many things in

English to be describe. It is necessary to limit the description only on the tenses found in the Theodore Boone Novel. Such as; Simple Present Tense, Past Tense,

Past Continuous Tense and Future Tense.

1.5 The Method of the Study

In writing this paper, the writer usedthe method of library research by reading, learning some books, collect all the information from books. internet and data from novel. finally, the writer wants to show the dominant Tenses Used

In John Grisham’s Novel.

To complete this paper, the writer collected all the required data from the

John Grisham Novel published in the United States of America by Dutton

Children’s Books, an imprint of Penguin Young Readers Group (USA) 2014.

In order the percentage of tenses that mostly occurred in the John Grisham

Novel, the following formula from Nawawi (1991:150) is used:

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

푋XXXhhhcddcddcd ×100%=N 푌

X= Number of tenses

Y= Total number of all data

N= Percentage of the tense

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2 THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Language

Sukartiko (2007:35) says that “Language is the words and pronunciation, shape or used in a lot of countries, method or manner of disclosure” It means that language are words and their speech, form of this prevalent in one or more countries, method or style of expression. Language is the purpose of communication for social co- operation.

Siahaan (2008:43) says that language is a unique human inheritance that plays very important role in human’s life, such as thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating with the other. Language is the way. The languages show the similarities in their principle. All languages have this complex, many-layered structure. If someone wants to talk about tenses, they may not escape from grammar because tenses are parts of structure.

2.2 Grammar

Grammar provides us with a theory how language works. It helps us to understand how the words used into sentences, to express an observations, opinions, and feelings. A grammar should arrange the fact of language in logical order. In grammar, a tense is a distinctive form or phrase of a . Kathryn (1998:24) says that grammar is a technical description of language. Grammar is the structure and content of language. It varies according to language, regions, individuals, and environments. Grammar of a language may be understood to be a full description of

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the form and meaning of the sentence from language, variously delimited parts of such a description. The writer of this paper will discuss about the understanding of the tenses of English language. In English, tenses are the most important elements in the language. Briefly tenses are interpreted as a form of the verb that changes depending on the time and the incident.

2.3 Tenses

Rhomdony (2008:124) says that tense is a sentence pattern or sentence structure

(change the title) that is based on the time, when an , event, or condition lasts.

Hotben and Lim (2007:428) say that tenses are the form of the verb that is based on time and an action at the past, present and future. A sentence is a group of words that make sense to the reader or hearer, contains both subject and predicate (verb) that are expressed clearly or implied.

Manurung (2007:27) says that simple sentence includes only one of predication. Tenses show the time of the action or state of being expressed by a verb

(predicate). For examples:

1) Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is the tense for a description, and statement of general

truth. Usually, simple present tense is used to show an event, and an action.

Simple present tense untuk menyatakan habitual action (kebiasaan) dimana

sering digunakan adverb of frequency (always, often, usually, every day/week,

month, all the time, etc) sebagai time signals.Simple present tense is often used

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA with adverbs of frequency, such as: always, never, often, sometimes, usually, and

every week.

Example:

1. He always consumes low GI rice

2. She sends much money to her parents in the village every month

2) Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense is used to express an action when definite arrangements have been made. This tense tells us that an action starts before in progress during and continue after next time of action.

This tense is used to state activity or event which is happening when another activity or event occurred.

Example:

1. My mother is cooking in the kitchen when I take a bath.

2. My father is washing a car in the garage when I back yo school.

To sate an activity which happens right now?

Example:

1. I am studying English.

2. He is driving a car.

3. I’m playing cricket.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3) Tense

Present Perfect Tense is formed with the present tense of have + past participle.

The activity in the present perfect tense is began in the past. Present Perfect Tense used for past actions whose time is not definite.

Example:

1. I have written a paper but I don’t understand about it.

An activity that has been completed before now.

Example:

1. He has lost his oppurtunity to study hard.

An activity that has been completed and the results or the consequences could be felt today.

Example:

1. He has turned on the light

An activity that lasts for a certain period. This activity has not been completed and still continues to this day.

Example:

1. I have lived in Jakarta for 25 years.

4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense is the formed by the present perfect of the verb. This tense is the focus of the statement. Present Perfect Continuous Tense is

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA used to state an event which has been started in the past and still continuing of the moment.

Example:

1. I have been studying English for three hours.

This activity has not stopped till now; still ongoing.

Example:

1. I have been learning.

2. Jack has been watching

3. The mechanic has been repairing my car for three hours.

5) Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is used to express an action.When a definite point of time in the past habit, and in . The time of action is indefinitely, for example: yesterday, last night, this morning, yesterday afternoon, last week, last month, last year, a week ago, and two month ago.

Simple past tense is used for actions complete in the past a definite time. It is for a past action when the time is given.

Example:

1. I went with you yesterday morning.

This tense uses a past habit with adverb of frequency.

Example:

1. She never spoke with the tour

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6) Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense is formed by the past tense of the verb to be + present participle. Usually the activity or the action of a statement in the past progressive takes place in the certain time.

This tense is used to state an event in progress at one point in the past.

Example:

1. They were swimming at that time.

To state an event that begins before the given time.

Example:

1. At 7.00 o’clock I was going to school.

7) Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action, event and activity which have been completed before other actions in definite time in the past. Past perfect tense is used to state an event activity or action which is completed in the past before another event occurred.

Example:

1. I had sung before they come.

8) Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action definitely in the past, and was still continuing at the past moment. Past perfect continuous tense is

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA used to state an event, activity, and action which are still in a continuous progress in the past time.

Example:

1. You had been studying for three hours.

2. He had been living in this city for seven years before he moved to Ambon.

An ongoing acivity long in the past/last.

Example:

1. A lot of passengers had waited for two hours before the plane landed.

2. All ministers had arrived at the Presidential Palace before Mr. President

came.

3. Mrs. Lenny had dropped in at the supermarket before she went home.

4. The policeman came after the robber had shot dead the security staff of the

bank.

9) Future Tense

Future Tense used to express an action that will take place or a certain condition will exist in the future. This tense usually uses shall. Where American people use the form but shall form is usually used by English people. Future tense is used to state an event, activity that will happen in the future.

Example:

1. Shanty will go to the zoo with her boyfriend next month.

To state an event and terms in conditional clause.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Example:

1. She will run if he kisses her.

10) Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense is used to express an action which will be going on at a time in the future. This tense is used as an ordinary continuous tense, it is normally with a point in time and express an action.

This tense is used to express future without intention

Example:

1. You will be helping him tomorrow.

11) Tense

Future Perfect Tense is used to express a certain action that is represented completed by a certain future time in the past.

Tenses are used to state an event and an action which began in the past and will be completed at some time.

Example:

1. By the end of the week, he shall be rich.

12) Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action that started in the past and finally continues in the future. The action expresses a continuous action or event.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Example:

1. By the end of the month they will have been climbing mountains for three

months.

13) Past Future Tense

Past Future Tense describes the activity that is taken in the future when they were walking in the past time. Past Future Tense has the time of expression, such as: yesterday, last night, this morning, yesterday afternoon, last week, last month, and last year. Past Future Tense is used to express an action and event which would take in the past time.

Example:

1. If you had saved your jewelry and foreign currency in a safety deposit box,

they wouldn’t have gone.

14) Past Future Continuous Tense

Past Future Continuous Tense is a verb form used to express an action in the future when the event in the past. This tense is the contrast of the future tense.

Usually, past future continuous tense has the time expressions, for example: yesterday, last night, this morning, yesterday afternoon, last week, and last month.

Example :

1. I would be attending the conference if I was in Jakarta. But, I’m not in

Jakarta.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 15) Past Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense is a verb form in the past. This tense is used to express an action in the third type of conditional in the past form. This tense is used to tell the action that happened in the past.

Example:

1. If his Visa had been approved, he would have been working abroad for a

week. But, his Visa wasn’t approved.

16) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action and event in the past form before action in the future. Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used the time expression, for example: for one hour tomorrow, this week, and for two hours by the end.

In English, the present form the pattern. Typical have four or five different forms: drink, drinks, drank, drunk, drinking. It is very unusual verb. It has eight different forms, like that am, are, is, was, were, be, been, and being. Besides that, we can know to learn a certain structure through exercise that concentrate on meaningless manipulation of language and will be successful communication.

Example:

1. If his Visa had been approved, he would have been working abroad for a

week. But, his Visa wasn’t approved.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. THE DESCRIPTION AND FINDINGS

Traditionally tenses are have six tenses: Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Future,

Future perfect. Of these, the imperfect and perfect can be considered to represent a past tense combined with imperfective and respectively (the first is used for habitual or ongoing past actions or states, and the second for completed actions). The perfect and future perfect are relative tenses, referring to the past relative to a past time or relative to a future time. Otherwise, in this study refer to

Present tense, Continues tense, past tense, and Future.

3.1 Present Tense

1) He argues that someone who breaks the law (p.6)

2) We have students in this school (p.7)

3) It plainly states the school (p.15)

4) I wish you the best (p.15)

5) She meets with us (p.15)

6) She’s busy, in a very important meeting (p.17)

7) I suggest you and your friends (p.18)

8) Who says we can’t wait (p.18)

9) It seems as though the Strattenburg city (p.20)

10) All three contribute to the school’s budget (p.20)

3.2 Past Continuous Tense

1) Theo wasn’t thinking about other debates at the moment (p.4)

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2) Mr. Mount, Theo’s adviser, friend, and debate coach, was speaking into a

microphone (p.4)

3) His father was sitting in the front row (p.4)

4) She was missing her only child in action (p.4)

5) April Finnemore was inspecting her violin when Theo approached (p.12)

6) Theo was standing (p.15)

7) Under the large conference table is the lawyer weren’t using it.(p.24)

3.3 Past Tense

1) Theo glanced at the crowd (p.4)

2) Theo spent little time in the cheering for the other kids (p.5)

3) He hung around courtrooms (p.5)

4) Theo stood and walked business (p.5)

5) Theo did not feel sick to his stomach (p.5)

6) He touched the microphone (p.6)

7) Theo opened a large case (p.12)

8) April and a few of the other students owned their instruments (p.12)

9) The girls seemed to prefer the violins and violas (p.12)

10) Theo knew from the moment he first held it that (p.12)

11) He claimed to have conducted several orchestras over his long career (p.13)

12) He looked at the kids as if he wasn’t sure what to say, then began (p.14)

13) They also felt sorry for Mr. Sasstrunk (p.14)

14) Theo took a breath (p.6)

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 15) Theo looked at objects when he spoke (p.6)

16) Their parents made the decision to enter (p.7)

17) Mr. Mount worked hard to suppress a grin (p.9)

18) Theo paused again and slowly (p.9)

19) Mr. Mouth appeared at the edge of the stage (p.10)

20) Theo nodded to his father (p.10)

21) He was savouring another victory (p.11)

22) He entered the large band hall and went to a smaller (p.12)

23) He raised a finger (p.8)

24) April rarely spoke loud enough for anyone else to hear (p.12)

25) Theo looked around the large reception room (p.17)

26) Turned away and walked out of the room (p.15)

27) The door closed quietly (p.15)

28) The students stared at it in silence (p.15)

29) They followed Theo from the room (p.16)

30) The marched inside and stopped at the desk (p.16)

31) You could discuss your business with Mrs. Gladwell (p.16)

32) Theo knew from experience (p.16)

33) Miss Gloria arched her eyebrows (p.17)

34) She nodded to the door of Mrs. Gladwell’s office (p.17)

35) Miss Gloria’s face turned red (p.18)

36) She seemed ready to explode (p.18)

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 37) Theo took a stand against unfairness (p.18)

38) She sighed and smiled (p.19)

39) The students filed (p.19)

40) He closed the door (p.19)

41) She returned the smile (p.19)

42) Mrs. Gladwell understood this (p.19)

43) It came directly from Mr. Otis McCord (p.19)

44) The school board met last night (p.19)

45) I said to wait out there (p.18)

46) The kids absorbed every word (p.20)

47) Several of the students looked at each other as reality settled in (p.21)

48) The students filed sombrely out of the office (p.21)

49) He Installed a card table as his desk. (p.23)

50) He found an abandoned swivel chair that he held together with wire and

superglue (p.23)

51) Judge weighed forty pounds (p.24)

52) He never gained an ounce (p,24)

53) Judge preferred saltier (p.24)

54) Judge expected his own scoop, preferably vanilla (p.24)

55) He preferred to eat what theo ate (p.24)

56) He was surrounded by lawyers (p.24)

57) The clock seemed to rule everything (p.25)

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 58) Theo arrived after school around 4.00 p.m.(p.25)

59) Judge plopped down beside him (p.26)

60) Theo decided against sweet and sour shrimp (p.33)

61) His father got the chinese (p.33)

62) The boones took their places (p.33)

63) Mr bone blessed the food (p.33)

64) Judge sat beside Theo’s chair (p.33)

65) Mrs Boones finally turned on the television (p.34)

66) She watched little TV (p.34)

67) She finally stopped at a show called Strattenburg today (p.34)

68) Governor Waffler was joined by local business (p.34)

3.4 Future Tense

1) You’re going to be a great lawyer (p.12)

2) You’ll have to ask someone else (p.14)

3) System will receive about a million dollars (p.20)

4) The school board will hear a lot of complaints (p-21)

a. Findings

Table 1. Sample sentences of Tenses used in the novel

No Sentences Present Present Past Futur Tense Continous Tense e Tense Tense 1. He argues that someone who breaks the law √ (p.6) 2. We have students in this school (p.7) √

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3 He hung around courtrooms (p.5) √ 4 I wish you the best (p.15) √ 5 She meets with us (p.15) √ 6 She’s busy, in a very important meeting √ (p.17) 7 I suggest you and your friends (p.18) √ 8 Who says we can’t wait (p.18) √ 9 It seems as though the Strattenburg city √ (p.20) 10 All three contribute to the school’s budget √ (p.20) 11 Theo wasn’t thinking about other debates at √ the moment (p.4) 12 Mr. Mount, Theo’s adviser, friend, and √ debate coach, was speaking into a microphone (p.4) 13 His father was sitting in the front row (p.4) √

14 She was missing her only child in action √ (p.4) 15 April Finnemore was inspecting her violin √ when Theo approached (p.12) 16 Theo was standing (p.15) √ 17 Under the large confrence table is the √ lawyer weren’t using it.(p.24) 18 Theo glanced at the crowd (p.4) √ 19 Theo spent little time in the bleachers √ cheering for the other kids (p.5) 20 He hung around courtrooms (p.5) √ 21 Theo stood and walked business (p.5) √ 22 Theo did not feel sick to his stomach (p.5) √ 23 He touched the microphone (p.6) √ 24 Theo opened a large case (p.12) √ 25 April and a few of the other students owned √ their instruments (p.12) 26 The girls seemed to prefer the violins and √ violas (p.12) 27 Theo knew from the moment he first held it √ that (p.12) 28 He claimed to have conducted several √ orchestras over his long career (p.13) 29 He looked at the kids as if he wasn’t sure √ what to say, then began (p.14) 30 They also felt sorry for Mr. Sasstrunk √ (p.14)

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 31 Theo took a breath (p.6) √ 32 Theo looked at objects when he spoke (p.6) √ 33 Their parents made the decision to enter √ (p.7) 34 Mr. Mount worked hard to suppress a grin √ (p.9)

35 Theo paused again and slowly (p.9) √ 36 Mr. Mouth appeared at the edge of the stage √ (p.10) 37 Theo nodded to his father (p.10) √ 38 He was savoring another victory (p.11) √ 39 He entered the large band hall and went to a √ smaller (p.12) 40 He raised a finger (p.8) √ 41 April rarely spoke loud enough for anyone √ else to hear (p.12) 42 Theo looked around the large reception √ room (p.17) 43 Turned away and walked out of the room √ (p.15) 44 The door closed quietly (p.15) √ 45 The students stared at it in silence (p.15) √ 46 They followed Theo from the room (p.16) √ 47 The marched inside and stopped at the desk √ (p.16) 48 You could discuss your business with Mrs. √ Gladwell (p.16) 49 Theo knew from experience (p.16) √ 50 Miss Gloria arched her eyebrows (p.17) √ 51 She nodded to the door of Mrs. Gladwell’s √ office (p.17) 52 Miss Gloria’s face turned red (p.18) √ 53 She seemed ready to explode (p.18) √ 54 Theo took a stand against unfairness (p.18) √ 55 She sighed and smiled (p.19) √ 56 The students filed (p.19) √ 57 He closed the door (p.19) √ 58 She returned the smile (p.19) √ 59 Mrs. Gladwell understood this (p.19) √ 60 It came directly from Mr. Otis McCord √ (p.19) 61 The school board met last night (p.19) √ 62 I said to wait out there (p.18) √ 63 The kids absorbed every word (p.20) √

22

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 64 Saveral of the students looked at each other √ as reality settled in (p.21) 65 The students filed somberly out of the √ office (p.21) 66 He Installed a card table as his desk. (p.23) √ 67 He found an abandoned swifel chair that he √ held together with wire and super glue (p.23) 68 Judge weighed forty pounds (p.24) √ 69 He never gained an ounce (p,24) √ 70 Judge prefered saltier (p.24) √ 71 Judge expected his own scoop,preferably √ vanilla.(p.24) 72 He prefered to eat what theo ate (p.24) √ 73 He was surrounded by lawyers (p.24) √ 74 The clock seemed to rule everything (p.25) √ 75 Theo arrived after school around 4.00 √ p.m.(p.25) 76 Judge plooped down beside him (p.26) √ 77 Theo decided against sweet and sour √ shrimp (p.33) 78 His father got got the chinese (p.33) √ 79 The boones took their places (p.33) √ 80 Mr bone blessed the food (p.33) √ 81 Judge sat beside Theo’s chair (p.33) √ 82 Mrs Boones finally turned on the television √ (p.34) 83 She watched little tv (p.34) √ 84 She finally stopped at a show called √ Strattenburg today (p.34)

85 Governor Waffler was joined by local √ business (p.34) 86 You’re going to be a great lawyer (p.12) √ 87 You’ll have to ask someone else (p.14) √ 88 System will receive about a million dollars √ (p.20) 89 The school board will hear a lot of √ complaints (p.21)

23

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table.2 The percentage of Tenses used in the novel can be seen through the

following table.

No. Kinds of Tenses Number Percentage 1 Present Tense 10 11’2% 2 Past Continuous Tense 7 7’8% 3 Past Tense 68 76’4% 4 Future Tense 4 4’4% Total 89 100%

From the table above, the most dominant tense used in John Grisham’s novel is past tense with 68 sentences (76,4%). And the less dominant tenses is future tense with 4 sentences (4,4%).

24

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusion

Based on the finding, the writer would like to give the conclusion, as follows:

1) There are four tenses found in the novel (Present Tense, Past Tense, Past

Continuous Tense and Future Tense).

2) Present Tense with 10 sentences or (11,2%), Past Continuous Tense with 10

sentences or (11,2%), Past Tense with 68 sentences or (76,4%) and Future

Tense with 4 sentences or (4,4%).

3) The most dominant tense is Past Tense with (76,4%) and the less dominant

tense is Future Tense with (4,4%).

4.2 Suggestion

Having discussion of this study, the writer would like to suggest those who are interested in studying tenses.

1) It is suggested that the readers can practice the use of tense regularly, in other

to minimize the mistakes in tenses.

2) It is suggested other researchers can do more further research to get more

understanding in using tenses.

25

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Hartman, R. R. K. 1972. Dictionary of Language And . London:

University. Press.

Huddlestone, Rodney. 1985. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cmbridge:

University Press.

Muhsm, Muhamad.1979. Introduction to literature. Medan: USU

Rhomdony. Deny. 2008. Integrated Comprehensive. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Rhomdony. Deny. 2008. Integrated Comprehensive. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Sembiring, Matius C.A, 2014. Buku Panduan Program D3 Bahasa Inggris

Medan: Sumatera Utara University, Faculty of Culture Study..

Siahaan Sanggam and Shinoda Kisno. 2008. Generic Text Structure.

Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Surayin. 1999. Perfect . Bandung: CV. Yrama Widya.

Surachmad, Winarno. 1982. Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah. Bandung : Tarsitu.

Surya, Brata. 1984. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta : Angkasa.

Winston, Rinehart 1993. Language. New York: Leonard Publishing.

26

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX

Biography

Long before his name became synonymous with the modern legal , he was working 60-70 hours a week at a small Southaven, Mississippi, law practice, squeezing in time before going to the office and during courtroom recesses to work on his hobby—writing his first novel.

Born on February 8, 1955 in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to a construction worker and a homemaker, John Grisham as a child dreamed of being a professional baseball player. Realizing he didn’t have the right stuff for a pro career, he shifted gears and majored in accounting at Mississippi State University. After graduating from law school at Ole Miss in 1981, he went on to practice law for nearly a decade in

Southaven, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. In 1983, he was elected to the state House of Representatives and served until 1990.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA One day at the Desoto County courthouse, Grisham overheard the harrowing testimony of a twelve-year-old rape victim and was inspired to start a novel exploring what would have happened if the girl’s father had murdered her assailants. Getting up at 5 a.m. every day to get in several hours of writing time before heading off to work,

Grisham spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. Initially rejected by many publishers, it was eventually bought by Wynwood Press, who gave it a modest 5,000 copy printing and published it in June 1988.

That might have put an end to Grisham’s hobby. However, he had already begun his next book, and it would quickly turn that hobby into a new full-time career—and spark one of publishing’s greatest success stories. The day after Grisham completed A Time to Kill, he began work on another novel, the story of a hotshot young attorney lured to an apparently perfect law firm that was not what it appeared.

When he sold the film rights to to Paramount Pictures for $600,000,

Grisham suddenly became a hot property among publishers, and book rights were bought by Doubleday. Spending 47 weeks on The New York Times bestseller list,

The Firm became the bestselling novel of 1991.

The successes of , which hit number one on the New York

Times bestseller list, and , which debuted at number one, confirmed

Grisham’s reputation as the master of the . Grisham’s success even renewed interest in A Time to Kill, which was republished in hardcover by

Doubleday and then in paperback by Dell. This time around, it was a bestseller.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Since first publishing A Time to Kill in 1988, Grisham has written one novel a year (his other books are The Firm, The Pelican Brief, The Client, , The

Rainmaker, The , The Partner, , The Testament, The

Brethren, , , , ,

Bleachers, The Last Juror, , Playing for Pizza, , ,

The Confession, , , , Sycamore Row, and Gray

Mountain) and all of them have become international bestsellers. There are currently over 300 million John Grisham books in print worldwide, which have been translated into 40 languages. Nine of his have been turned into films (The Firm, The

Pelican Brief, The Client, A Time to Kill, , The Chamber, A Painted

House, The Runaway Jury, and Skipping Christmas), as was an original ,

The Gingerbread Man. The Innocent Man (October 2006) marked his first foray into non-, and Ford County (November 2009) was his first collection.

Grisham took time off from writing for several months in 1996 to return, after a five-year hiatus, to the courtroom. He was honouring a commitment made before he had retired from the law to become a full-time writer: representing the family of a railroad brakeman killed when he was pinned between two cars. Preparing his case with the same passion and dedication as his books’ , Grisham successfully argued his clients’ case, earning them a jury award of $683,500—the biggest verdict of his career.

When he’s not writing, Grisham devotes time to charitable causes, including most recently his Rebuild The Coast Fund, which raised 8.8 million dollars for Gulf

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Coast relief in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. He also keeps up with his greatest passion: baseball. The man who dreamed of being a professional baseball player now serves as the local Little League commissioner. The six ball fields he built on his property have played host to over 350 kids on 26 Little League teams.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA