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Animals in the Symbolic World of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, South-Eastern Turkey: a Preliminary Assessment

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Animals in the Symbolic World of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, South-Eastern Turkey: a Preliminary Assessment Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment Joris PETERS Institut für Paläoanatomie und Geschichte der Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Kaulbachstraße 37, D-80539 München (Germany) [email protected] Klaus SCHMIDT Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Podbielskiallee 69-71, D-14195 Berlin (Germany) [email protected] Peters J. & Schmidt K. 2004. – Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment. Anthropozoologica 39 (1) : 179-218. ABSTRACT The recently discovered Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe (SE- Turkey) is unparalleled in its architecture and art. The latter is particularly rich in animal depictions — stone figurines, sculptures and megalithic pillars decorated with bas-reliefs — and illustrates the prominent role animals played in the spiritual world of PPN human groups frequenting the site. Up to now, ten vertebrate taxa could be identified, nine of which also appeared in the archaeofaunal record of the site. Discussion focussed upon the possible role of the animal species figured at Göbekli Tepe, in particular whether the space demarcated by the pillars could have witnessed the performance of KEY WORDS Turkey, hunting rituals, initiation and passage rites, spiritual encounters or funeral SE Anatolia, practices. In view of our limited knowledge about the role animals played in megalithic art, the symbolic world of the PPN, in particular with respect to the logic and PPNA, animal symbolism, metaphysics governing the choice of species, the question of what purpose the archaeofauna. enclosures served will take much more time to be properly answered. ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2004 • 39 (1) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. 179 Peters J. & Schmidt K. RÉSUMÉ Les animaux dans le monde symbolique du PPNB de Göbekli Tepe, Turquie du Sud-Est : première évaluation. Le site néolithique PPNB de Göbekli Tepe (Sud-Est de la Turquie), récem- ment mis au jour, présente une architecture et un art sans pareils. L’art est particulièrement riche en représentations animales — figurines en pierre, sculptures et piliers mégalithiques décorées en bas-relief — et montre le rôle important joué par les animaux dans le monde spirituel de groupes humains PPN fréquentant le site. Jusqu’ici dix taxons de vertébrés ont été identifiés, dont neuf sont aussi présents dans l’archéofaune du site. Le débat porte sur le rôle éventuel des espèces animales figurées à Göbekli Tepe, en particulier à savoir si l’espace démarqué par les piliers a pu être témoin de rituels de chasse, MOTS CLÉS Turquie, d’initiation et rites de passage, de rencontres spirituelles ou de pratiques Anatolie du Sud-Est, funèbres. Étant donné notre connaissance limitée concernant le rôle joué par art mégalithique, les animaux dans le monde symbolique du PPN, en particulier par rapport à PPNA, symbolisme animal, la logique et à la métaphysique gouvernant le choix des espèces, il faudra du archéofaune. temps pour résoudre la question relative à la fonction des enclos. INTRODUCTION specialised workshop areas as well as by the gro- wing importance given to open courtyards as The transformation from a (semi-)mobile hun- communal space (Cauvin 1977, 1997; ter-forager way of life into the highly productive Hauptmann 1993; Rosenberg et al. 1995; and successful system of crop-livestock farming Özdogan˘ and Özdogan˘ 1998; Schmidt 1998a, b, was a lengthy and complex process, triggered, 2000; Stordeur 1999, 2000). among other things, by the establishment of Since 1995, members of the Museum of (semi-)sedentary communities, a move that Șanlıurfa and the German Archaeological reflects the degree of control exerted by a human Institute (DAI) have been carrying out archaeolo- group over a particular territory and its resources gical research at the PPN site of Göbekli Tepe. (Cauvin 1979, 1997; Bar-Yosef 2000). In the Located on top of a hill (c. 800 m asl), the site northern Fertile Crescent, the appearance of such is unique because of its impressive architecture communities dates to the 11th millennium cal. and highly diverse yet unparalleled set of objects BC. Based on the work at Tell Mureybet (Fig. 1) depicting animals, ranging from small stone and related sites by the late Jacques Cauvin — to figurines through sculptures and statues of whom this contribution is dedicated —, it could animals to representations on megaliths (Beile- be demonstrated that in the following millennia, Bohn et al. 1998; Hauptmann 1999, 2002; the Euphrates drainage area witnessed not only Hauptmann and Schmidt 2001; Schmidt 1995, considerable demographic growth but also an 1999, 2001, 2003; Schmidt and Hauptmann increase in socio-cultural complexity, as reflected 2003). Although the site is only partly excavated, by settlement size and architecture. Sites dating it is not unlikely that the finds from Göbekli to the (second half of the) 10th and the 9th mil- Tepe may contribute to our understanding of lennium cal. BC, e.g., Jerf el Ahmar, Dja’de, Tell the transition from a subsistence pattern based Cheikh Hassan, Çayönü Tepesi, Nevalı Çori, are upon hunting and foraging at the end of the characterised by spatial division of residential and Pleistocene to the appearance of agriculture and 180 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2004 • 39 (1) Animals in the symbolic world of PPN Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) FIG. 1. – Map with location of major sites mentioned in the text. ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2004 • 39 (1) 181 Peters J. & Schmidt K. animal husbandry in the course of the Early to form round or oval enclosures. Excavations Holocene (Peters et al. in press). revealed the presence of four such structures, each In this contribution, we will focus on the site’s of them being delineated by a number of mono- animal iconography associated with the megali- liths positioned symmetrically. The latter, which thic architecture. An overview of the taxa depic- may number up to twelve (enclosure D), are ted will be presented and the information interconnected by stone benches or walls (Figs 3-5). compared with our present knowledge about the Two huge monoliths, the so-called twin pillars, PPN faunal record of the region. Discussion will dominate the centre of each enclosure (Figs 4; 5). centre on the possible meaning(s) of the site’s They are, as a rule, larger than the surrounding diverse but enigmatic iconography. pillars and of superior fabrication, i.e. their surfa- ce is extremely well prepared and they are always decorated. By the end of the 2002 excavation sea- THE PPN ENCLOSURES son, 37 pillars had been found in situ in Layer III, AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL 22 of which have animal decorations in relief. CONTENTS During the Neolithic and for reasons unknown to us, PPN settlement refuse was deliberately Architecture at Göbekli Tepe is distinctive dumped onto Göbekli Tepe’s megalithic archi- (Fig. 2), consisting of larger curvilinear (probably tecture which, as a result, was sealed and protec- PPNA) and smaller rectangular (late Early/early ted until its discovery in the mid-1990s. This Middle PPNB) structures with megaliths in the refuse (= Layer III) yielded an impressive amount form of T-shaped stone pillars (Beile-Bohn et al. of stone material, in particular flint tools reflec- 1998; Schmidt 1999, 2001). The monoliths ting a broad typological spectrum and waste pro- from the curvilinear structures stand 3 to 5 m ducts. Animal remains are also abundant (Table 1), high, weigh up to 10 tons and have been positio- whereas remains of plants, e.g., carbonised cereals, ned in a symmetrical arrangement (Figs 3-5). pulses or wood, are extremely scarce. Based on The pillars from the overlying PPNB levels the nature of the deposits excavated and the typo- (= Layer II) are decidedly smaller in size, avera- logy of the lithic industry present, the “allochtho- ging about 1.5 m. Similar-sized monoliths were nous” filling material probably came from a first discovered at Early-Middle PPNB Nevalı late/final PPNA refuse dump. This is in accor- Çori (Fig. 6; Hauptmann 1993, 1999; Schmidt dance with two 14C-dates obtained on cereal 1998a, b). However, whereas the outline of some remains from these deposits, i.e. 9559 ± 53 BP pillars at Nevalı Çori resembles the Greek letter (or 9163-8744 cal. BC – 2σ; Hd 20036) and Γ, typical Γ-shaped pillars have not been found at 9452 ± 73 BP (or 9136-8986 cal BC – 2σ;Hd Göbekli Tepe, though the horizontal part of a 20025) (Kromer and Schmidt 1998). pillar may occasionally exhibit a strong asymme- An approximate date for the burying of the try (Fig. 7). Of particular interest is the fact that megaliths comes from a PPNB soil (Layer II) on pillars at both sites, the vertical element some- overlying the filling (Layer III) of enclosure D. times shows a pair of arms and hands in bas-relief This soil has been dated to 8880 ± 60 BP (or (Figs 4; 6). The T-shaped pillars thus seem to 8240-7780 cal. BC 2σ; Pustovoytov pers. comm. represent stylised anthropomorphic beings, the 2003). Pedogenic carbonate coatings on wall horizontal and vertical parts respectively being stones of enclosures B and C produced somewhat the head and body. On the same monoliths, younger dates, i.e. 8960 ± 85 BP (c. 8300-7800 parallel grooves have occasionally been noted, cal. BC 2σ; Ua 19562) and 8430 ± 80 BP and this decoration probably refers to human clo- (c. 7600-7200 cal. BC 2σ; Ua 19561; Pustovoytov thing. 2002, 2003), but this is not contradictory becau- As already mentioned, the T-shaped pillars disco- se carbonate coatings will only develop after soil vered in Layer III have been purposely arranged formation has taken place. All in all these 14C 182 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2004 • 39 (1) Animals in the symbolic world of PPN Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) TABLE 1.
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