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Download Article (PDF) Turk J Biochem 2017; 42(6): 647–656 Reasearch Article Masomeh Alimohammadi, Mehrab Yadegari* and Hamze Ali Shirmardi Effect of elevation and phenological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys Stachys’ in uçucu yağ bileşimine yükseklik ve fenolojik aşamalarının etkisi https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2016-0267 obtained in plants in loam silty sandy texture. It seems Received December 9, 2016; accepted April 11, 2017; previously that this texture had more capacity to hold of water and published online July 24, 2017 nutrients and then made better growth and essential oil Abstract production. Keywords: Stachys obtusicrena; Kallar Mountain; Essen- Objective: Determine the best elevation and phenological tial oil composition; Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. stages effects on essential oil content and composition in Stachys obtusicrena. Materials and methods: Three phenological stages (veg- Özet etative, full flowering and seeding) and three elevation ranges (2500–2700, 2700–2900 and over 2900 m), shoots Amaç: Stachys obtusicrena‘da esansiyel yağ içeriği ve of plants collected from Kallar mountain as natural habi- kompozisyonu üzerindeki en yüksek yükseltme ve fenolo- tats from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Composi- jik aşamalarının etkilerini belirlenmiştir. tion of essential oil detected by GC/MS. Gereç ve Yöntem: 3 fenolojik aşama (vejetatif, tam çiçek- Results: The maximum amount of secondary metabo- lenme ve ekim) ve 3 yükselme aralığı (2500–2700, 2700– lites of β-ocimene, methyl chavicol, germacrene-D, 1,8 2900 ve 2900 metreden yüksek), Kallah dağından Cha- cineole and phthalate had measured in vegetative stage harmahal ve Bakhtiari eyaletlerinin doğal yaşam alanları and various of elevation ranges. The most essential oil olarak toplanan bitki sürgünleri. GC / MS tarafından tespit content (0.145%) was obtained in 2700–2900 m and full edilen uçucu yağ bileşimi. flowering stage. The most components in full flowering Bulgular: β-ocimene, metil chavicol, germakren-D, were β-eudesmol, menthol and γ-eudesmol. The most of 1,8 sineol ve ftalatın ikincil metabolitleri, vejetatif evrede germacrene-D, levomenol, β-thujene, β-caryophyllene, ve çeşitli yükselme aralıklarında ölçülmüştür. En önemli β-sesquiphellandrene, α-eudesmol and delta-cadinene yağ içeriği (% 0.145) 2700–2900 m ve tam çiçek açma was achieved in seeding stage. aşamasında elde edilmiştir. Tam çiçek açmada en çok Conclusion: Elevation and phenological stages had signif- bileşenleri β-Eudesmol, Mentol ve γ-Eudesmol idi. Ger- icant effect on essential oil of Stachys. The most of delta- macrene-D, Levomenol, β-Thin, β-caryophyllene, β-sesqu- 3-carene, cis-β-ocimene, β-caryophyllene and levomenol iphellandrene, α-Eudesmol ve delta-Cadinenin çoğunun ekim aşamasında elde edildi. Sonuç: Yükseklik ve fenolojik evreler Stachys esansiyel yağı *Corresponding author: Mehrab Yadegari, Department of Agronomy üzerinde önemli etkiye sahiptir. Delta-3-karen, cis-β-oci- and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch, mene, β-karyofilien ve Levomenol‘den en çok, bitkilerde tınlı Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 166, Shahrekord, Iran, Fax: +98 38333361093, e-mail: [email protected] kumtaşı kumlu dokuda elde edilmiştir. Öyle görünüyor ki, bu Masomeh Alimohammadi: Department of Agronomy and Medicinal doku, su ve besin maddeleri tutma kapasitesine sahipti ve Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad daha sonra daha iyi büyüme ve uçucu yağ üretimi yaptı. University, Shahrekord, Iran Hamze Ali Shirmardi: Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Anahtar kelimeler: Stachys obtusicrena; Kallar Dağı; Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Shahrekord, Iran Uçucu yağ bileşimi; Chaharmahal ve Bakhtiari il. 648 Masomeh Alimohammadi et al.: Phytochemical of Stachys affected by elevation and phenological stages Introduction climates as one of the important plant genetic resources are downy spikes of very fragrant perennial shrub plant. Stachys L. (Lamiaceae, Lamioideae) with about 300 species It is often in the range of mountain springs and aqueducts worldwide [1] is the largest genus of the subfamily Lami- are influenced by drainage water, is growing [4]. Elevation oideae and among the largest genera of the entire Lami- of their habitats in mountainous areas, between 2300 and aceae. The genus was consumed primarily as teas and 3000 m (and sometimes higher) above sea level. The main that this was due to essential oil content and composition. habitat of this plant in Iran, are relatively wet spots and Some species of the genus are also consumed in Europe areas near rivers, springs around the mountainous prov- and China as a carbohydrate source [2]. These plants are inces of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Isfahan, scattered in most parts of the globe, but most of its records Tehran, Yazd, Markazi, Fars, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad. in the Mediterranean region is well-known plants such as Stachys comprises annual, as well as, perennial herbs and mint, lavender, lemon balm, oregano, sage, thyme, savory, subshrubs, preferring alpine and subalpine habitats and basil, marjoram in this family [3]. The constant character- growth in ecologically divergent localities, such as rocks, istics of the dark, irregular flower and cup is always two mountain steppes, and banks of streams or forests. Phyto- lobes. The use of indigenous medicinal and wild plants chemical studies in Stachys species have shown the pres- in natural habitats as well as ecological compatibility are ence of polyphenols, including flavonoids and tannins [7], able to synthesize the active ingredients secondary envi- phenolic acids [8], sesquiterpenes and hydrocarbons [9] ronmental stress, in prevention and treatment of diseases and phenylethanoid glycosides [10]. This genus has Stachys to be effective. Regarding identification of secondary phy- obtusicrena are common in sub–nival areas but are equally tochemistry in medicinal plants, little research has been present in the alpine zone, hemicryptophyte and endemic done. In recent years with the proliferation of chemi- in Zagros of Iran [11] and represented by 34 species [12, cal plant chemical compounds most abundant species 13]. Pharmacological studies have confirmed that extract of Stachys been well-known, but proper planning and of plants belonging to the genus Stachys exert significant knowledge in order to harvest the conversion of active antimicrobial activity, effective in genital tumors, sclerosis ingredients of the compounds in the medicinal value [4], of the spleen, inflammatory tumors and cancerous ulcers, industrial and materials consumption by changing the anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, antihepatitic and hypoten- value of at least maintain soil and water is not carried out sive activity. Total phenolic content in Stachys is more than [5]. The aim of cultivation of medicinal plants is obtain the genus of Salvia, Scutellaria and Satureja [14–16]. final product of secondary metabolites (active pharmaceu- A GC/FID and GC/MS analysis has been carried out of tical ingredients). Therefore, factors affecting growth and the essential oil composition of Stachys obtusicrena origi- yield and quality are important [6]. Medicinal and aro- nating from the several levels of growth and altitude in matic Lamiaceae high ecological flexibility due to diverse Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, and the results are Figure 1: Aerial plant of Stachys obtusicrena (Lamiaceae). Masomeh Alimohammadi et al.: Phytochemical of Stachys affected by elevation and phenological stages 649 Figure 2: The mountain areas of Kallar that placed about 450 km of Tehran (capital of Iran). Table 1: Some physico-chemical properties of three elevations of presented in this research paper. The aim of this research experimental soil (0–30 cm). was to determine the best elevation and phenological stages effects on essential oil content and composition in Characters Elevation (m) Stachys obtusicrena. 2500–2700 2700–2900 Over 2900 Ntotal (%) 0.195 0.228 0.224 Organic mat (%) 0.34 0.22 0.18 pH 8.5 8.4 8.32 Materials and methods P (mg · kg−1) 27.9 22.9 26.1 K (mg · kg−1) 370 193 319 To study the essential oil content and composition in −1 Ca (mg · kg ) 6.74 4.11 3.81 Stachys, a Randomized Complete Design was done in Mn (mg · kg−1) 1.2 1.1 0.98 April–July 2014. Plant material of the Stachys obtusi- Fe (mg · kg−1) 4.1 3.8 3.5 Cu (mg · kg−1) 1.3 1.1 1.1 crena (Figure 1) was collected from natural popula- Zn (mg · kg−1) 0.79 0.68 0.54 tions from Kallar Mountains in the Chaharmahal and EC (ds · m−1) 8.2 8.1 8.1 Bakhtiari Province, Islamic Republic of Iran (Figure 2). Sand (%) 48 46 52.5 Treatments were three phenological stages (vegetative, Clay (%) 30 32.5 26.5 full flowering and seeding) and three elevation ranges Silt (%) 22 21.5 21 (2500–2700 m, 2700–2900 m and over 2900 m). Voucher Table 2: Climatic properties of regions. Characters Elevation (m) 2500–2700 2700–2900 Over 2900 Annual precipitation (mm) 650 668 720 Average of annual temperature (°C) 12 11.2 10.6 Maximum temperature (°C) 27 26.6 24.2 Minimum temperature (°C) −31 −32.5 −35.2 650 Table 3: Chemical composition (%) of the essential oils of Stachys obtusicrena. Compound RI 2500– 2700– Over 2500– 2700– Over 2500– 2700– Over 2700 m × 2900 m × 2900 m × 2700 m × full 2900 m × full 2900 m × full 2700 m × 2900 m × 2900 m × Masomeh Alimohammadi et al.: Phytochemical of of al.: Phytochemical et Alimohammadi Masomeh vegetative vegetative vegetative flowering flowering stage flowering stage seeding seeding seeding stage
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