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Sediment Rate by 2000 Reservoir (MCM) 3460 681.83 (MCM)

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Sediment Rate by 2000 Reservoir (MCM) 3460 681.83 (MCM) • Hydraulics of Structures • Dr. S. pourbakhshian • [email protected] • Islamic Azad University, Ramsar Branch, Department of Civil Engineering Session 4 3- ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﺰوه ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﭼﻬﺎرم درس ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎ – ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﭘﻮرﺑﺨﺸﻴﺎن ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ راﻣﺴﺮ 3-7 ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ - اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن(Sediment Transport by Stream) water sediment DAM 3-7-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺣﺪاث ﺳﺪ روي رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ، در ﻳﺎﭼﻪ اي در ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺳﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﭘﺲ زدﮔﻲ آب در ﻣﺤﻞ ورود رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن از ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آب ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﻤﻞ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﭘﺪﻳﺪه رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري در ﻣﺨﺰن آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﺛﺮ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري در ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﻚ ﺳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ذﺧﻴﺮه اي ﻣﺨﺰن ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﺣﺪاث ﺳﺪ روي ﻳﻚ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ، ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد. رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري، ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ را در ﻓﺎﻳﺪه ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاي اﻫﺪاف اوﻟﻴﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ، رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آب از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ (ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺨﺰن)، آﺑﮕﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﻼق در اراﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺳﺪ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺪرت ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﺳﺪ، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﻴﻼب ﻣﺨﺰن و در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﺣﺎد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠﺎد ﭘﺪﻳﺪه روﮔﺬري در ﺧﻼل ﺳﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد اﻓﺰاااﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﻖ رﺳﻮب در ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺳﺪ، ﭘﺎﻳﺪاﺎاري آن را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داده و ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺧﺮوج آب، درﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻴﮕﺬارد. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار و ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ رﺳﻮب ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﺰن، ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ رﻗﻮم آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺧﺮوج بآب، ﺑﺮرﺳﺑﺮرﻲﻲ ﺗﻌﺎدل و ﭘ ﺎﻳ ﺪاري ﺳﺪ، ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺤﺮﻳﻲﻲ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ردر ورودي ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮ اراﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﮕﺬارﻧﺪ (ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﭘﺴﺰدﮔﻲ آب) اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺮاوان دارد . اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي رﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ رﺳﻮب در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت آب و رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻨﻮز ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وﺳﻴﻌﻲ در ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. 3-7-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﺑﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮه ﭘﺨﺶ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت و رودي ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﺗﻌﻦ ﺗ ﺮاز آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ د رﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻘﻲ و ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ آﺑﮕﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺮاوان ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري، ﻣﻮاد درﺷﺖ داﻧﻪ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اي دورﺗﺮ از ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺳﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻟﺘﺎ در ﻣﺼﺐ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، در ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻮاد رﻳﺰداﻧﻪ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺳﺪ، ﻳﻌﻨﻳﻲﻲ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺮده ﻣﺨﺰن رﺳﻮﺑ ﮕﺬاري ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻮﻮﻧﺪ. از اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري در ﺳﺪﻫﺎ، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ ذﺧﻴﺮه آن ﻫﺎ را ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮد. ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎري در اﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ، اﻟﺠﺰاﻳﺮ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي واﻗﻊ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ و ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ در اﺛﺮ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ذﺧﻴﺮه از ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. 3-7-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮐﻞ ﺳﺪهﺎﯼ ﺑﺰرگ در ﺟﻬﺎن ۴٠٠٠٠ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬارﯼ % ۵/٠ ﺗﺎ % ١ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺎزن ٧٠٠٠ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎرد ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ 3-7-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺳﺪﻫﺎ در اﻳﺮان 3-7-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺳﺪﻫﺎ در اﻳﺮان 3-7-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ ﺳﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ در اﻳﺮان 42 ﻇﺮﻓﻇﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺎزن 33000 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ رﺳ ﻮﺑﮕﺬاري % 75/0 ﺗﺎ % 1 ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ رﺳ ﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ 175 ﺗﺎ 250 ﻣﻴ ﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ 3-7-2 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺪﺳﺎزي و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ، رﺳﻮب را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آب، ذوب ﻳﺦ ﻫﺎ و وزش ﺑﺎد ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ، ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻣﺪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ از ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ، ﻏﻠﺘﻴﺪن و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮد ﺷﺪن ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺧﻮد را در داﺧﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آب و در ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮده و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻟﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن ﻗﺮاﻗار ﻧﻤﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ دو دﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ (اﻧ ﺴﺎﻧﻲ) ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮدﻛد: ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻮﻞﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺮﺒﻴﻲﻲ (اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ) 3 - 7 - 2 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ- ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎك ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺑﺮﻳﺰ و رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﮔﺮدش ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻮژﻳﻚ آب در ﺟﻬﺎن و روﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻜﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎز ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ: اﻟﻒ) ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ آن: ﺑﺎرش ﺑﺎران، ﺑﺮف و ﺗﮕﺮگ، وزش ﺑﺎد و ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻮا ب) وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﺋﻲ، ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ و زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺮﻳﺰ: ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﺋﻲ، ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ، ﺷﻴﺐ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ، زﻣﺎن ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت، زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ پ) ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔ ﻴﺎﻫﻲ: ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔ ﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔ ﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺷ ﺮاﻳﻂ رﻳﺸﻪ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔ ﻴﺎه و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎه ت) ﺑﻼﻳﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ: وﻗﻮع ﺳﻴﻼﺑﻬﺎي ﺑﺰرگ، وﻗﻮع ﺧﺸﻜﺴﺎﻟﻲ و رﺧﺪاد زﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻐﺰش ث) ﺷﺮاﺮﻳﻳﻂ ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴروﻴﻲﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن (راﻧﺪﻣﺎرنن ﺗﻠﻪ اﻧﺪازي ﻣﺨﺰن): ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻢ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آب ورودي، ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺰن، ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت درﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺨﺰن، ﺷﺪت آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ج) ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ذرات رﺳﻮب: داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ذرات رﺳﻮب، ﺷﻜﻞ ذرات و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات رﺳﻮب 3 - 7 - 2 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ- ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ (اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ) ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎك ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎ دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﺑﺠﺎي ﺧﻮد در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ آن ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. از آﻧﺠﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎك، از آﻧﺠﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎك، اوﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻴﺸﻮد، در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻳﻦ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه، ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﺪﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮد: اﻟﻒ) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ و دﺧﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺸﺮ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺑﺮﻳﺰ: ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ، ﺗﺠﺎوز ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﻲ، ﻧﺒﻮد ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻛﺎداﺳﺘﺮ، ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺸﺎورزان از زﻣﻴﻦزﻣﻦ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻃﻌﻲ، ﻧ ﺒﻮد ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﻦ ا رﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در اﻣﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺑ ﺮﻳﺰ و ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻈﺎرﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻤﻨﺪ ب) ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻬﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري: ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺣﺠﻴﻢ ﺑﺮاي ذﺧﻴﺮه آب از ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻬيي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺑﺪون در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺮﻦﻦ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻬﻲﻲ ر ﺳﻮب، ﻃﺮاﺣﺮﻲﻲ ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺳﺪ، ﺿﻌﻒ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎي ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ روز ﻧﺒﻮدن اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ، ﻋﺪم ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮدار در ﻣﺎﻧﻮر درﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم ﭘﺬﻳﺮش رﻳﺴﻚ و ﻳﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري و ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات، ﻋﺪم آﻣﺎدﮔﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻫﻴﺪروﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه آﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺎﻧﻮر آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻏﻠﻴﻆ و ﻧﺒﻮد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﺣﺪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳـﺎ از آن ﺗﺠـﺎوز ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ، ذرات رﺳـﻮب در ﻃﻮل ﺑﺴﺘﺮ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. رﺳﻮﺑﺎت رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ دو ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻳﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ور ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﺮاه آب در ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻮاد رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻮاد رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ را ﻛﻪ در واﺣﺪ زﻣﺎن ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎر ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ. از ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاد رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺻﻮر ﻟﻐﺰﺷﻟﻐﺷﻲ، ﻏﻠﺘﺸﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺷﻲ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ آﻧﻬـﺎآﺎ ﺑـﺎر ﺑﺴـﺘﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨـﺪ . ﻧﻮع ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺎرﻣﻌﻠﻖ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﻮاد رﺳﻮﺑﻲ، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ دارد. 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ Suspended Load Bedload 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ زﻳﺎد آﻧﻬﺎ، ﮔﺮاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺪن دارﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺗﻼﻃﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺑﺎﻻ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻼف ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺨـﺰن ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ و ﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ذرات ﻣﻌﻠـﻖ درﺷـﺖ ﺗﺮ در ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه و دﻟﺘﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ. ذرات رﻳﺰﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ و در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ دﻟﺘﺎ ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ذرات ﺧﻴﻠﻲ رﻳـﺰ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ و ﺗﺌﺴﻂ درﻳﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ، ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻧﻴﺮوﮔـﺎﮔﺎه و ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺮرﻳﺰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ . ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و اﻧـﺪازه ﮔﻴـﺮي ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻌﻠـﻖ آن ﺑـﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ppm ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اي ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. ﺷﭙﺎرد ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﺑﺘﺮ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﻦ 0 ﺗﺎ 100 ﺑﺎر ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﻏﺎﻟﺎ ﺑ ﺮاي رودﺧﺎﻧـﻪودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫ ـﺎي واﻗﻊ در دﺷﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ 5 ﺗﺎ 25 درﺻﺪ و ﺑﺮاي رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 50 درﺻﺪ اﺳﺖ. 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ 3 - 7 - 3 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل رﺳﻮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن - اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ Sedimentation stored behind a dam Dez Dam CtConcrete YlYearly average se dittidimentation Dam type 1717..9494 arch dam rate (MCM) First Volume of the Probable sediment rate by 2000 reservoir (MCM) 3460 681.83 (MCM) First Operation date 1962 Current reservoir volume (MCM) 27782778..1717 Latest Sedimentation Percentage of reservoir volume 1997 1919..77 Studies reduction due to sedimentation Percentage of yearly reservoir Sedimentation Period 35 volume reduction due to 00..5252 (year) sedimentation Sediment rate (MCM) 628 Trap Efficiency (%) 100 Sedimentation in the Reservoir of Large Dams in Iran Karun Dam Concrete Yearly a v erage sedimentation Dam type 3030..7474 arch dam rate (MCM) First Volume of the Probable sediment rate by 2000 reservoir (MCM) 3139 706.96 (MCM) 24322432..00 First Operation date 1977 Current reservoir volume (MCM) 4 Latest Percentage of reservoir volume Sedimentation 1996 2222..5252 reduction due to sedimentation Studies Percentage of yearly reservoir Sedimentation 19 volume reduction due to 00..9898 Period (year) sedimentation Sediment rate (MCM) 584 Trap Efficiency (%) - Sedimentation in the Reservoir of Large Dams in Iran Zayandehrud Dam CtConcrete YlYearly average se dittidimentation Dam type 22..5353 arch dam rate (MCM) First Volume of the Probable sediment rate by 2000 reservoir (MCM) 1460 76 (MCM) Current reservoir volume First Operation date 1970 138 (()MCM) Latest Percentage of reservoir volume Sedimentation 1998 55..22 reduction due to sedimentation Studies Percentage of yearly reservoir Sedimentation 28 volume reduction due to 00..1717 Period (year) sedimentation SdiSediment rat e 71 Trap Efficiency (%) 98 (MCM) Sedimentation in the Reservoir of Large Dams in Iran Dorudzan Dam YlYearly average se dittidimentation Dam type Earth dam 2 rate (MCM) First Volume of the Probable sediment rate by 2000 reservoir (MCM) 993 58 (MCM) Current reservoir volume First Operation date 1971 935 (MCM) Latest Percentage of reservoir volume Sedimentation 1998 55..8484 reduction due to sedimentation Studies Percentage
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