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Missouri Historical Revi Ew MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVI EW, STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI VOL. XXXV OCTOBER 1940 No. 1 OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1938-1941 ALLEN McREYNOLDS, Carthage, President. GEORGE A. ROZIER, Perryville, First Vice-President. L. M, WHITE, Mexico, Second Vice-President. MARION C. EARLY, St. Louis, Third Vice-President. B. M. LITTLE, Lexington, Fourth Vice-President. JOHN T. BARKER, Kansas City, Fifth Vice-President. ROY H. MONIER, Carrollton, Sixth Vice-President. R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer. FLOYD C SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1941 BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles. ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. STEPHEN B. HUNTER, Cape E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville. Girardeau. CHAS. H. WHITAKER, WALDO P. JOHNSON, Osceola. Clinton. LANGDON R. JONES, Kennett. ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1942 MORRIS ANDERSON, Hannibal. WM. SOUTHERN, JR., LUDWIG FUERBRINGER, Independence. St. Louis. HENRY C. THOMPSON, HENRY KRUG, JR., St. Joseph. Bonne Terre. JUSTUS R. MOLL, Springfield. GEORGE H. WILLIAMS, JOHN F. RHODES, St. Louis. Kansas City. CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1943 JESSE W. BARRETT, St. Louis. H. S. STURGIS, Neosho. ALBERT M. CLARK, Richmond. JAMES TODD, Moberly. HENRY J. HASKELL, Kansas City. JONAS VILES, Columbia. WM. R. PAINTER, Carrollton. L. M. WHITE, Mexico. JOSEPH PULITZER, St. Louis. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXXV OCTOBER 1940 NO. 1 CONTENTS Page Manners and Humors of the American Frontier 3 THOMAS D. CLARK Hamilton R. Gamble, Missouri's War Governor 25 MARGUERITE POTTER Missouriana 72 Historical Notes and Comments 109 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 161 FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. It is sent free to all members of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. "Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Missouri, under Act of Congress, October 8, 1917, Sec. 422." CONTRIBUTORS CLARK, THOMAS D., a native of Mississippi, is associate professor of history at the University of Kentucky. He graduated from the Uni­ versity of Mississippi and received an M. A* degree from the University of Kentucky and a Ph.D. degree from Duke University. He is the author of The Rampaging Frontier, published in 1939, and other historical works. POTTER, MARGUERITE, a native Missourian, is a teacher of history in Riverview Gardens high school in St. Louis. She received an M. A. degree in history from Columbia University in 1938. She is co-author with Loyd E. Grimes of A Workbook for Missouri History, published in 1935. DONNELLY, PHIL M., a native Missourian, has represented the twenty- seventh district in the State senate since 1924, serving as president pro tempore in the fifty-eighth General Assembly and the special session of the sixtieth General Assembly. He was educated in the Lebanon schools and the law department of St. Louis university. He has served as chairman of the statute revision commission which was created in 1937. His address delivered at the annual convention of the Missouri Letter Carriers' associa­ tion in Lebanon is included in the "Missouriana" section of this Review. WILLIS, MAYNARD C, a native of Arkansas, is a graduate student in the history department in the University of Missouri. He received a B. S. degree from the State teachers college at Springfield, Missouri, in 1928 and an M. A. degree from the University of Missouri in 1933. This issue includes in "Missouriana" his review of Louis Houck's History of Missouri. MANNERS AND HUMORS OF THE AMERICAN FRONTIER1 BY THOMAS D. CLARK For nearly one hundred years, the frontier attracted American interest westward. This frontier, however, was not alone a matter of geography, but likewise a state of the Ameri­ can mind, a love of land, a political theory, a change in speech, a new national economy, and a source for literary beginnings. From the end of the gangplanks of Atlantic immigrant ships to the doorway of the shaggiest cabin on the Missouri frontier, the magic word was "Westward.'' The West, to the harassed easterner, was a land of escape, a land where a man could escape the ran tings of an overbearing wife, the wail of an illegitimate child, or the rugged clutches of the law. He might even escape from poverty. Having once put the Alleghenies behind him, he was assured that not too many questions would be asked if he showed little inclination to talk. To many, it was a great place for "gittin' off1 if an embarrassing situation developed, for in one night an individual could slip away into oblivion. Eager settlers, bringing wives, children, and milk cows, either entered the land through the Cumberland Gap or floated down the Ohio river on flatboats to a land that was fertile and practically free. Here corn was grown without too much trouble; cows were bred, belled, and turned loose to increase; hogs gathered mast; and sheep supplied a source of fiber for clothing. This onrush westward became a national phenomenon. Hardly a contemporary commented upon the West without either making a direct statement of or hinting at the general eagerness on the part of the people to move on into the "new country/' Timothy Flint, in describing his first year in Mis­ souri, said, "We entertained many respectable strangers from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Kentucky." Among Flint's *An address delivered at the annual banquet of the State Historical Society of Missouri, held in Columbia on May 21, 1940. (3) 4 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW visitors was Judge Tucker who had come from Virginia, bringing with him families from the four southern states.2 Some years later, Charles Fenno Hoffman overtook a family traveling across Indiana, moving on westward in search of new lands. He rode with them for several miles, and when he decided to rush on in search of a tavern, the head of the family so far forgot that his family was in transit that he hospitably invited the New Englander to stop by their house and spend the night. Years earlier, Moses Austin, a practical-minded man who was satisfying the urge to move westward, overtook eager settlers on their way to Kentucky. Stories of the fertile blue- grass country had spread over the seaboard. Here, it was said, a man could be an independent, decent human being. As yet, Episcopalians, constables, and gullies had not entrenched themselves. In conversation with one party of travelers, Austin asked, "Have you got any [land]?" "No," replied the immigrant, "but I expect I can git it." "Have you got any­ thing to pay for land?" "No." "Did you ever see the coun­ try?" "No, but everybody says it's good land . ."3 People came from everywhere to the frontier; as the frontier advanced westward, they moved with it. There was old Squire Ezekiel Hagan who had moved from Virginia to western Carolina and then to Tennessee, and when land hunters came in with good news from Arkansas and Mis­ souri he planned to "git on." The Squire had moved so many times that he had broken up and thrown away a "sight" of plunder, but still he had enough for a sale. To his Tennessee neighbors, he advertised thus in his own colorful language and style of spelling: NOTISS. THE SUBSCRIBER WILL repose for sail AT MY HOUSE, ALL HIS FURNITUR TO WITT: a two whele cart a yoke of stiers one cretur two bedstids a wonnut cubbered one crib of korn a flok of gooses two skillets and a oving with a broken leg seven cheers a yanky clock 4 emty barls 1 ches press one rifel two shot guns ditto the old Oman's spinnin* whele and other truk to numerous to particularize.4 2Flint, Timothy, Recollections of the Last Ten Years, pp. 197-98. 3Barker, Eugene C, The Life of Stephen F. Austin, p. 8. lThe Spirit of the Times, Vol. XVI (June 27, 1846), p. 206. MANNERS AND HUMORS OF THE AMERICAN FRONTIER 5 Once across the mountains and safely planted upon the frontier lands, the immigrant in many instances became a "rambunctious" individual, or at least his observers have pic­ tured him in such a light. Travelers visiting this country in years to come were quite startled at some of the things they saw. Perhaps, to be more specific, they were even more startled at the people with whom they were forced to eat and sleep. A Missouri lawyer, describing life around a county seat, said that the legal satelites were forced to sleep crowded into beds with each other; this meant in general, lawyers, travelers, neighbors, and miscellaneous visitors. This observer said further that, "Those who have trav­ eled in the West well know that the luxury of a bed to one's self is not often to be obtained. Fortunate is he who, in a crowded tavern, has but one 'stranger* thrust in the same bed with himself." On one occasion, this lawyer was trapped by the hangers- on around the county seat of Gasconade county. The lawyers visiting the court were all piled up in two beds, and the judge was lodged in the family room. In the night, a rain blew up and drove the "woods sleepers" into the lawyer's room.
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