Dysphemism Used in Deadpool Movie a Thesis By

Home , Grim Reaper (comics), M (Marvel Comics), Origin (comics), Weasel (Marvel Comics)

DYSPHEMISM USED IN DEADPOOL MOVIE

A THESIS

BY: MARIA AYU PRETTY SITANGGANG REG. NO : 150705001

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2020

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

DYSPHEMISM USED IN DEADPOOL MOVIE

A THESIS

MARIA AYU PRETTY SITANGGANG

REG.NO. 150705001

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP Dr. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum. NIP. 19570412 198403 1 001 NIP. 19570203 198503 2 002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as the thesis for The Sarjana

Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of

Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on August 14th, 2019.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.

Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP

Dr. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MARIA AYU PRETTY SITANGGANG DECLARE THAT I AM

THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE

REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR

EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR INPART FROM A THESIS BY

WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED

WITHOUT DUE. ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR

THE AWARD OF THE ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY

EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : January 30th, 2020

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : MARIA AYU PRETTY SITANGGANG

TITLE OF THESIS : DYSPHEMISM USED IN DEADPOOL MOVIE

QUALIFICATION : S -1 / SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE OR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USER ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : January 30th, 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

So do not throw away your confidence; it will be richly rewarded. You need to persevere so that when you have done the will of God, you will receive what he promised. (Hebrews 10 : 35 – 36)

Survival isn’t beautiful. It is fire, ache, and everything that hurts combined. But the survivors know how after survival everything is so insanely beautiful. (Anonymous)

This thesis is fully dedicated to My beloved family for the unconditional love, prayers and support.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise to the Almighty God who has allowed me to finish the most challenging project in my bachelor‟s degree. Thank you for always giving an everlasting blessing for my parents and my family so that I always get a lot of supports whether it is mental or financial supports. Thank you for granting my prayers, giving health, opportunity, encouragement and true spirit to me. You will always be my refuge and my strength. The most special thanks I dedicated to my beloved family. First, I want to thank my parents, Mr. Timbul Sitanggang and Mrs. Dermawati Nainggolan who always give their sincere prayer, encouragement and advice. Second, I want to thank my siblings, Melda Fitriani Sitanggang, Helen Novita Sitanggang and Dedy Asido Sitanggang for their efforts so that I can pursue my dream to study in the university degree, for every contribution both financially and mentally also their presence as well as encouragements when I feel hopeless or unmotivated during the thesis writing. I‟m also thankful to all families whom I could not mention here, for their motivation and support. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP as my supervisor who always give valuable guidance, kind supervision, inspiration, patience, kindness, also support during the process of writing this thesis and my gratitude to my co-supervisor, Dr. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum for her kindness, suggestion, knowledge and great advice for me to complete my thesis. My gratitude also goes to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies of University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, the Head of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D, the secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D, for their help during my study in this faculty. I would like to thank all of the lecturers who have shared their

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA knowledge, guidance and supports during the academic years. I also take this opportunity to thank all academic and administrative staffs for their helps, especially for Mr. Kirno as the department employee who always gives informations and service for the administrative. Last, but not the least, I want to thank Desy Lampita Rajagukguk, Mona Sylvia Zendrato, Ocha Ramadhani, Intan Chalda, Ance Elsy Saragih, Dian Rizma, Tamala Barasa, Junika Dewi Sihite, Rada Mayasari, Sinta Putri Amelia, Annisa Siti Harlizanti Pulungan and all of members of English Literature A 2015 that have helped me for almost 4 years, struggle together, the laugh we shared, the support we gave to each other, the memories we made, I wish all of us the best of luck. Also my favourite humans, Yenni Lestari Purba, S.E. Natasya Florentina Sianturi, Yunita Simarmata, and Charly G.V.S. thank you for the support, happiness, sadness and everything we shared together, you guys are the witnesses of the drama of my life. I wish all of us the best of luck, I wish you guys didn‟t have to leave me, thank you for making my life better. I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of writing this thesis. Thank you so much for being my strength and inspiration. May God repay all of your kindness and finally, may this thesis be advantageous for the readers, May the grace and love of God shine upon us forever. Amen. Medan, January, 2020

Maria Ayu Pretty Sitanggang Reg. No. 150705001

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Dysphemism Used in Deadpool Movie. Dysphemism in Deadpool is problematized in its home country, i.e. the United States, due to its excessive occurrences. For this reason, this study aims at 1) to find out the types of dysphemism which illuminates the uses of dysphemism, and 2) revealing the functions which explain why the characters utilize such dysphemistic words. The theory of Dysphemism proposed by Allan & Burridge (2006) is used to reveal the functions of the use of dysphemism. In addition, the author also uses semantic approach by delineating the meaning of dysphemism in a lexical and contextual manner along with examples of its use in context. Moreover, the analysis of componential meaning is used to observe the types of dysphemism based on Allan & Burridge' theory and Rawson's theory. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research are words and phrases which indicated dysphemism. The sources of the data are transcript and video. There are 95 dysphemism data obtained and observed by the writer. The result of this research shows that three types of dysphemism are found in the movie, i.e. profanity, obscenity, and insult. The dysphemism type mostly found is the obscenity with 31 data (33%). In addition, there are seven functions of the use of dysphemism revealed: to humiliate something or someone else, to express anger, to emphasize thing or condition, to state and represent a very bad thing or condition, to express astonishment or amazement, to show intimacy and to express excitement. The most dominant function of dysphemism that is used in this movie is to humiliate something or someone else with 79 data (83%).

Keywords: Dysphemism, Semantics, Deadpool

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Penggunaan Disfemisme dalam film Deadpool. Disfemisme dalam Deadpool bermasalah di negara asalnya, yaitu Amerika Serikat, karena kemunculannya yang berlebihan. Dengan alasan ini, penelitian ini bertujuan 1) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis disfemisme yang menggambarkan penggunaan disfemisme, dan 2) mengungkapkan fungsi-fungsi yang menjelaskan mengapa karakter menggunakan kata-kata disfemistik. Teori Disfemisme yang dikemukakan oleh Allan & Burridge (2006) digunakan untuk mengungkap fungsi-fungsi penggunaan disfemisme. Selain itu, penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan semantik dengan menggambarkan makna disfemisme secara leksikal dan kontekstual beserta contoh penggunaannya dalam konteks. Selain itu, analisis makna komponen digunakan untuk mengamati jenis disfemisme berdasarkan teori Allan & Burridge dan teori Rawson. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah kata dan frasa yang mengindikasikan disfemisme. Sumber data adalah transkrip dan video. Ada 95 data disfemisme yang diperoleh dan diamati oleh penulis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tiga jenis disfemisme ditemukan dalam film, yaitu profanity, obscenity, dan insult. Jenis disfemisme yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah obscenity yaitu 31 data (33%). Selain itu, ada tujuh fungsi penggunaan disfemisme yang diungkapkan: untuk menghina sesuatu atau orang lain, untuk mengekspresikan kemarahan, untuk menekankan sesuatu atau kondisi, untuk menyatakan dan mewakili hal atau kondisi yang sangat buruk, untuk mengekspresikan keheranan atau kekaguman, untuk menunjukkan kedekatan dan untuk mengekspresikan kegembiraan. Fungsi paling dominan dari disfemisme yang digunakan dalam film ini adalah untuk menghina sesuatu atau orang lain dengan 79 data (83%).

Kata Kunci: Disfemisme, Semantik, Deadpool

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv

ABSTRACT ...... vi

ABSTRAK ...... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii

LIST OF TABLE ...... x

LIST OF FIGURE ...... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 4

1.1 Significances of the Study ...... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.1 Literal Meaning ...... 6

2.2 Contextual Meaning ...... 6

2.3 Componential Meaning ...... 7

2.4 Dysphemism ...... 8

2.5 Types of Dysphemism ...... 9

2.6 Related Studies ...... 11

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.1 Research Method ...... 15 3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 15 3.3 Data Collecting Method ...... 16 3.4 Data Analyzing Method ...... 16

3.4.1 Data Condensation ...... 17

3.4.2 Data Display ...... 18

3.4.3 Drawing Conclusion/Verifying ...... 19

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis...... 20

4.1.1 Types of Dysphemism ...... 21

4.1.1.1 Profanity ...... 21

4.1.1.2 Obscenity ...... 24

4.1.1.3 Insult ...... 28

4.1.2 The Functions of Dysphemism ...... 32

4.1.2.1 Dysphemism Used to Humiliate Something or Someone Else .... 33

4.1.2.2 To State and Represent a Very Bad Thing or Condition ...... 34

4.1.2.3 To Emphasize Thing or Condition ...... 36

4.1.2.4 To Express Anger ...... 37

4.1.2.5 To Express Astonishment or Amazement ...... 38

4.1.2.6 To Express Excitement ...... 40

4.1.2.7 To Show Intimacy ...... 41

4.2 Findings ...... 43

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5.1 Conclusion ...... 45

5.2 Suggestions ...... 46

REFERENCES ...... 47 APPENDIX ...... 50

The Data Sheet of Types and Functions of Using Dysphemism in Deadpool Movie 5

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF TABLE

No Title Page

1. The Process of Focusing 18 2. Data Display 19 3. The Types of Dysphemism 21 4. The Functions of Dysphemism found in Deadpool Movie 32

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF FIGURE

No Title Page

1. Qualitative Data Analysis 17

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As social beings, people need to interact and communicate with each other through language. The term “communication” is the definition‟s key of the language. An American Linguist, Edward Sapir stated that language is related to communication between human being. He said that, language is a purely human non- instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desire (Sapir, 1921). One important aspect of language which is also important to consider is words and its use. This can be a result of a word that has distinct aiming to other words, and even one word might have multiple meanings in a variety of different languages. In this world, there are so many kinds of people who have different backgrounds. They may have different jobs, different classes, and different cultures. Each of these differences affects their language and the way they communicate.

Since people become aware of saving their positive images, the preference for arranging words before speaking up becomes a manner that must be done. People would refine their words to say something taboo or something considered inappropriate to avoid conflict. This expression is termed euphemism. The use of deliberately indirect, conventionally imprecise, or socially “comfortable” ways of referring to taboo, embarrassing, or unpleasant topics that are counted as a strategy of politeness is preferred by society. Nonetheless, some people respectively stand on the opposite, they intimidate and largely use inappropriate words as their defense over someone, with the aim of “offending or violating the proscription imposed by society or by ourselves” (Fernandez, 2015:2). For the former aim, it triggers the one‟s opponents to lose their positive images, while the speaker successfully conveys their disapproval or even hatred. It proves that the function of language is not only to communicate, but also to tear down, scorn, and annihilate an opponent. This condition and language preference exist in the domain of linguistics, known as dysphemism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Allan & Burridge (1988:12) say that dysphemism is an expression with connotations that is offensive either about the denotatum or to the audience, or both, and it is substituted for a neutral or euphemistic expression for just that reason. McArthur (1992:328) adds that dysphemism is used for negative or disparaging expression to describe something or someone with a note that its special subtype which is cruel and offensive.

The exact example comes from the term euphemism or the opposite of dysphemism, negative cash flow, this refers to a condition where a person cannot afford a standard of living in society since that person having completely run out of money. The opposite of that term which has dysphemistic characteristic is broke, where it has precisely equal meaning to negative cash flow. In addition, we can take these dysphemism words from the “Deadpool” movie scripts, the phrase “lame ass”, “God damn it” and the word “cock”. This dysphemism terms occur in order to insulting the listener, embarrassing the interlocutors, attacting the listener‟s self- esteem and judging people in the negative way.

Dysphemism is one of the figures of speech that can be found in our daily conversation or various aspects of entertainment media such as books, radio streaming, television program, movie and so on. Among those media, the movie has become a favorite entertainment for a lot of people, whether it watched directly from television devices, cinema or online streaming. The movie industry recently became extremely popular in media to gather the audience. Various language phenomena can be found in movies, even the use of dysphemistic expression can be found in it. One of the interesting aspects comes from dialogues that exist in the movie. The approval comes from King (2002:1) who states that films provide more pedagogical options and are a rich resource of intrinsically motivating materials for learners. However, choosing a movie as the data of research will give noteworthy effects in acquiring a various arrangement of words and dysphemistic expressions. This study intends to identify the dysphemism and its function in the Deadpool movie.

A motion picture which is problematized for the existence of dysphemistic words is Deadpool. This movie was released in the United States on February 12, 2016. American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox and directed by Tom Miller. Deadpool was an issue 2

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA related to language which gains a controversy because the censorship boards of China and Uzbekistan problematize one of aspects which is the existence of excessive foul language in Deadpool (Lughrey, 2016; Siegel, 2016). Deadpool tells the origin story of former Special Forces operative turned mercenary Wade Wilson, who after being subjected to a rogue experiment that leaves him with accelerated healing powers, adopts the alter ego Deadpool. Armed with his new abilities and a dark, twisted sense of humor, Deadpool hunts down the man who nearly destroyed his life. The Deadpool movie achieved both financial and critical success.

Even though Deadpool‟s screenings are officially permissible in the United States, Deadpool is not totally well-accepted by American parents. As reported by Womeldorf (2006), this motion picture received complaints on internet in terms of a petition and social media posts to lower the rating from R to PG-13 which is not suitable for children under thirteen years old. Changing the rating code will give a negative impact to Marvel Studios because many foul language which are deployed in the movie should be removed. As a result, dysphemism in the motion picture deserves a special attention to be analyze to see the dysphemism practices deeper since most of the superhero movies highlight the characteristics of a hero or the good side of a hero.

Compared with the other superhero movies, Deadpool has more actions that seem to be distorted, including the use of language from the characters. Deadpool is one of just a handful of R-rated superhero movies, and it's the only superhero movie that takes sex, violence, gore, and profanity. This was also made clear by Movieguide, a family-focused movie screening website, rated Deadpool's content abhorrent, noting heavy language, violence, sex and nudity. Also, it is obvious that there are a lot of dysphemisms found in this movie, it would be convenient to analyze the type and the function of using dysphemistic words.

The function of using dysphemism is also interesting to investigate so that we could understand what stimulates someone utters such an inappropriate word and the speaker‟s intention by expressing dysphemism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.2 Problems of the study

In this case, the researcher formulates the research questions as follows: 1. What are the types of dysphemism used by the characters of the Deadpool movie? 2. What are the functions of the use of dysphemism in the Deadpool movie? 1.3 Objectives of the study Related to the statement of problems above, this study intends to achieve some objectives: 1. To find out the types of dysphemism used by the characters of the Deadpool movie. 2. To describe the functions of the use of dysphemism in the Deadpool movie. 1.4 Scope of the Study To prevent non-relevant problems, this study will be limited to the Dysphemism which appears in the Movie titled Deadpool. This study focused on the words which considered as the dysphemism terms and analyzed based on the theory provided. This study is not linked to sociolinguistics because the analysis will be made in this research is only based on semantics theory. 1.5 Significances of the Study Suggestively, this study is made to bring advantages to acknowledge both the writer and the reader. Classified into theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research can be useful to develop the theory of dysphemism since there were only a few theories about dysphemism. Also, the componential analysis of the dysphemism in this research can be used for further research. Practically, both the writer and the reader are expected to have a better ability in choosing the right decision on which terms should be used in certain conditions. Then, both the writer and the readers can recognize the reason why such people use dysphemistic terms and to warn themselves to be wiser while speaking in front of people.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Theories that are related to the study of dysphemism and the investigated data will be explained in this chapter.

2.1 Literal Meaning

The meaning has two basic of types. One of it is the actual meaning which based on the dictionary called literal meaning. According to Searle (1968:117), the literal meaning of a sentence is entirely determined by the meanings of its component words and the syntactical rules according to which the elements are combined. It is the linguistic propositional meaning of a sentence, as opposed to the intended speaker meaning which is identified with what the speaker says in uttering the sentence. Literal meaning and sentence meaning is kind of similar. Also, Searle states that what the speaker literally says called sentence meaning. Meanwhile, Recanati (2004:2) defines that the sentence meaning is determined by the meanings of its components and the way they are put together.

Furthermore, literal meaning included in surface structure based on Palmer's theory (1981:38). Palmer proposes that the surface structure and deep structure are 2 basic classifications that influenced the meaning of words or sentences spoken.

The surface structure itself deals with the actual meaning or literal meaning, which is grammatically and lexically related.

2.2 Contextual Meaning

The other basic type of meaning is contextual meaning. It is the meaning based on the situation or the context around. Contextual meaning is similar to the theory of utterance meaning proposed by Lyons (1977:643). He states that utterance meaning is a kind of meaning included the secondary features which one of them in context.

If the literal meaning is in the surface structure, contextual meaning includes in deep structure. Deep structure is a more abstract structure that influences the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA meaning, such as paralinguistic features of language (intonation, stress, rhythm, loudness, etcetera.), important and contrastive indicator, speech acts, metaphor, presupposition, and variety of social relations (Palmer, 1981:39-40).

2.3 Componential Meaning Analysis

The meaning of the words and phrases lies on componential analysis. Componential analysis itself is the analysis of every lexeme based on a pack of more generic components of sense or commonly called semantic features (Lyons, 1977:319). This analysis facilitates us to see the whole meaning of a word through several distinct elements or components of meaning (Palmer, 1981:108). Therefore, componential meaning analysis is helpful to determine the type of dysphemism in this study because of those elements or components.

Components or features are the essential elements in componential meaning analysis. They assist us to index the meaning of words, distinguish various meanings of words, and help us to examine relationships between similar words (Hatch and Brown, 1995:14). For example, here is given a list of words: Lady Macbeth, Ophelia, Hamlet, Lear, Lady Diana. From that list of words it can be seen all of those name are the characters in Shakespeare‟s play but one, Lady Diana. It can be concluded that Lady Diana is not a suitable component because it is not sharing the same [+Shakespearean character] feature/component.

The components can be easily recognized where words can be settled in a diagrammatic form to depict some kind of proportional relationship. A specific characteristic of componential analysis is that it treats the components as a “binary‟ opposite. For instance, a components such as [male] versus [female], [animate] versus [inanimate], [adult] versus [non-adult], and etcetera (Palmer, 1981:109-111). In expressing the components or features, the notation/sign [+] and [-] are used. Below is the example of componential analysis.

Woman : [+human] [+female] [+adult]

Boy : [+human] [-female] [-adult]

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are some steps to do the componential analysis of a word according to Parera (1991:124).

1. Choose some words considered semantically related

2. Find several analogies from the words chosen

3. Distinguish the component of meaning according to the analogies found

2.4 Dysphemism

The term dysphemism originated from the Greek; dys which implies “non” or “miss” and pheme which implies “speech” or “reputations”. Allan and Burridge (2006:31), states that Dysphemism is an expression with offensive connotations or pejorative traits in the form of words or phrases which address to a certain person or a group of people. Similar to the theory of Allan and Burridge, Spears (1981:27) describes that dysphemism is a word that has unpleasant or taboo connotations. Historically, taboos have tended to move from religious to secular, especially sexual to racial, topics, but the term also often used for any forbidden thing in society. Furthermore, Spears explains that taboo is in line with profanity, curses, oaths, discussions of sexual matters, and the terms of excrement, prostitution, death, homosexuality, and disabilities.

Putranti et al (2017:710) describes that dysphemism uses harsh language or even taboo words. Conveying notions, desires, and thoughts through some particularly harsh words are something that speaker intents.

On the other hand, Cuddon (1991:246) defines dysphemism as the opposite of euphemism which emphasizes defects or shame. It is written that „a filthy dirty face‟ is one of the examples of dysphemism so that the definition given by Cuddon is closely related to blasphemy. A word or phrase can be considered as dysphemism or bad words by examining the context of the words, the meaning of the words which dynamically changes and the way the word is conveyed (Rawson, 1989:3). For instance, some words are acceptable in an informal situation but should be expelled in formal situation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Allan and Burridge (2009) also explain that dysphemism can be used in particular situations as the following:

1. When one talks about one‟s opponent. 2. Talking about things one wishes to show disapproval of these things. 3. Talking about things one wishes to be seen to downgrade. 4. It characterizes policy when groups and cliques talk about their opponents. 5. It is used when women speak about men. 6. When larrikins and macho speak of women and effete behavior

2.5 Types of Dysphemism

Allan and Burridge (2001) state two types of dysphemism as follow:

a. Conventional Dysphemism: a dysphemism used as reference to a taboo topic whether in a polite way or even in an impolite way. It deals more with social norms and politeness more than the feeling of the speakers. For instance, fuck versus getting laid. b. General Dysphemism: the type of dysphemism used to describe a thing, occurrence or situation. General dysphemism indicates a word or phrase which regards to the matters above. It is almost similar with metaphors. For example the word bitch compared with the term irritating woman.

Supporting the theory from Allan and Burridge, Rawson (1989:5) implies that there are 3 types of “bad” words. Although he did not mention the dysphemism in his book, his theory is related to dysphemism. It can be seen from the explanation and examples given in the book.

1. Profanity

This type often used religious term. Profanity used offensive words to revile religious beliefs usually in terms of their origin and definition. Besides, profanity often used for swearing also. The example are goddamn and fucking hell.

2. Obscenity

Obscenity refers to sexual activity and bodily function which related to pornography and scatology. In other words, the expressions of obscenity are 8

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA prohibited in public use, especially in mass media. The example of obscenity are fuck, shit and other words with sexual or scatology sense.

3. Insult

Insult usually refers to ethnicity, nationality, religion, any sexual matters, political persuasion, mental disabilities, or physical peculiarities of other individuals. Insult dysphemism divided into 5 classifications as follow.

 Animal (Epithets) The purpose of this animal insult is to give a denial to the humanity of the target. Animal insult is also known as epithets. The usage can be in general and in particular. For example in general terms, animal insult usually used such as beast, bullshit, or even “animal” itself. Also, the particular use of animal insult is pig, dog, monkey and many others.  Anatomy (Synecdoche) This type of insult is used when a part of something represents the whole thing. It is also called as synecdoche. Most of the user employs a human body part, either woman or man. For instance, the use of the word cunt, twat, and “snatch” are used to depict both woman and her vital organ. The word cock and dickhead are used to represent man and their vital organs.  Foods Food names often used to convey implicit purpose. For instance oreo is used to depict black people who act like they are white. The other example are the words avocado, pepperoni flatbeaard, sugar, tomato, etcetera.  Names and nicknames In general, individual names frequently used for the entire group of people as a way of addressing individual whose real names are not known or not worth to know. This is such a derogatory used to degrade a person. E.g. the Judas name is embedded to someone whose behavior is as bad as the character Judas in the Bible story.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Another usage is in the name used when one‟s name has a familiar form of some offensive word which has humiliating connotations. For instance, Negassonic was called Sinead by Deadpool (indicate that she is such an annoying woman).  Occupations Bad words addressed to any occupation indicated that there still a traditional underestimate given by society to them and their practician. For instance, agricultural laborers and small farmers are always been degraded called by apple knockers, clodhoppers, goober grabbers, nesters, etcetera.

As there are two theories of the type of dysphemism, I take Rawson‟s theory to classify the data. I prefer Rawson‟s theory because it is more specific than Allan and Burridge‟ theory.

2.6 Related Studies

The study on dysphemism is not new. The previous study related to the topic of dysphemism has been done by several researchers. The first study was done by Duda (2011), in his article, he observes the boundary between euphemism and dysphemism. This study is aimed to explore the extraordinary boundary line between the two concepts and to provide examples of both. Many cases of euphemism and dysphemism from various historical epochs were given and discussed in this paper. It is found that the boundary line between the processes of euphemistic and dysphemistic is not always obscure, sometimes euphemism can be dysphemism and vice versa. As a conclusion, this study points out that euphemism tends to reveal politeness or respect while dysphemism serves to depreciate a painful conception or taboo object. This research introduces the writer about dysphemism and euphemism. This research also helps the writer to understand the boundaries between dysphemism and euphemism. The writer will focus only on dysphemism without comparing or making research along with euphemism. Therefore, this research will be more complete and detail in observing dysphemism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Second, The article written by Dhika (2013) shared the same topic with this study by taking a movie as an object of investigation. This research identifies the types of euphemism and dysphemism expression found in the movie “Remember Me” and the exact meanings intended by the euphemism and dysphemism expressions in the movie “Remember Me “based on the theory of euphemism and dysphemism by Allan & Burridge (2006). This research used qualitative methods. The researcher of this study found that the types of euphemism used in Remember Me movie are Semantic Innovation (Compounding) euphemism, Semantic Innovation (Reversal) euphemism, Semantic Innovation (Implication) euphemism, Semantic Innovation (Overstatement) euphemism, Semantic Innovation (Understatement), Semantic Innovation (Acronyms) euphemism, and Dysphemistic Euphemism. Then the dysphemism type used are Dysphemistic Epithets on Real Physical Characteristic, Terms of Insult or Disrespect, Comparison People with Animal, Taboo Terms used as Insult, Epithets and Expletives, Profane Swearing and Profane Oaths, Dysphemism Function as Insult and Euphemistic Dysphemism. This research gives the writer an inspiration to learn more about dysphemism and its type also the idea to write a thesis about dysphemism found in a movie. The difference between this research with Dhika‟s is this research will be more complete and detail in observing dysphemism because the type will be investigated thoroughly.

Third, Similar with Dhika‟s research topic, Ruiz (2013) in her article took different focus. He used the appraisal method by Taboada and Grieve to categorize euphemism, dysphemism and x-phemism. The result pointed out that there are substantial differences between the language employed by the male and female character. In his research it is found that the male character usually uses direct and clear language even if it involves dysphemism while the female character is more self-restrained about taboos and that is why she normally inclines to quasidysphemism instead of direct dysphemism. This research helps the writer to be aware of how the differences between women and men in choosing words to speak. In this research, the writer will focus only on the type of dysphemism and its function without comparing certain gender in using dysphemistic words.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Fourth, The study was done by Zouheir Maalej (2016) This study examined how metaphor guides dysphemism in eight dialects of Arabic. The method of his study was qualitative and quantitative, and the data were taken through two different data collection techniques: an online questionnaire and unstructured interviews. The result of the analysis showed that when metaphor was being paired with the sexual frame, the metaphor would likely have a frame conflict with its literal counterpart, which became subject to evasion and reflected meanings. Another challenge related to this research was the case of the dysphemistic words that could be the Gordian knot to pan-Arab understanding and communication, it could make some miscommunication. So, the writer warned the Arabic speakers that they should be on the look for cross-dialectal synonymy, to avoid any dysphemistic words as they talk to other Arab speakers with different dialects. This research teaches the writer about the mechanisms that turn a word into a dysphemistic one. The mainline is that dysphemism perverts a word within the same dialect through metaphor. The research method is one of the differences between this research and Zouheir Maalej (2016) research. The data that will be analyzed also different.

The last study came from Mohammed (2011) concerns the translation of dysphemistic expression in a literary work entitled Othello. Some literary works are used by the writer in this research as the object of the study to see how the translators of those literary works translate dysphemistic expression from SL to the TL. In addition, this study also examines how dysphemism is used in language and also the areas in which it could be found. As a result, it is found that the expressions of dysphemism are abundant in literary works, especially about sex and insulting expressions. Furthermore, the findings showed that semantic translation method is more appropriate than communicative translation in rendering dysphemistic, particularly from SL to TL. This research helps the writer to learn how dysphemistic expressions are translated. If Mohammed (2011) research deal with the topics around dysphemistic translation, The writer will focus only on dysphemism which will be more detailed in observing dysphemism because the function and the type will be investigated thoroughly.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Since these five previous studies had different types of data, the writer resolved to use a movie as her source of data. the movie contains events that allow the writer to analyze the way characters speak and arrange their words from the beginning until the ending. As stated by Mahmood (2013:77) that cinema, popular or parallel, is a visual art of storytelling with rich inputs of music, screenplay, cast, and script, mirrors the contemporary society in which it functions. Indirectly, the movie serves duplicate events from the real world that is worth analyzing. While making this study, the writer realized that there is still little research on dysphemism. When it comes to Indonesian researchers, it has not been discussed adequately about dysphemism and the variety of it. The purposes of the use of dysphemism also have not been discussed by other researchers. This study intends to identify the dysphemism and its function in the Deadpool movie.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

This research uses qualitative descriptive method which refers to a research procedure that produced descriptive data. Descriptive research meant that the research concerned with collecting data in attempt to describe a subject as accurately as possible. Qualitative research is descriptive for the reason that the data in the form of words, not numeric (Creswell, 2014:183). Bogdan & Biklen (1982) propose five characteristics of qualitative research:

a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument. b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words and pictures rather than number. c. Qualitative research is concerned with process rather than simply with outcomes or products. d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively. e. “Meaning” is essential to the qualitative approach.

Since the aim of this research is to identify the types of dysphemism and the functions of the use of dysphemistic words in the Deadpool movie, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

Linguistic units employed for examining dysphemism practices in Deadpool were in the form of words (e.g. shit), and phrases (e.g. son of a bitch) which were obtained from characters‟ utterances. Since the data of this research were in words and phrases which indicated dysphemism, the contexts of the data were monologues and dialogues between characters. Moreover in terms of source of data, Deadpool with 1 hour, 47 minutes, and 48 seconds of length was utilized as the primary source, and the secondary source was its English transcript to gather the data. The secondary source, which is unofficial transcript of the motion picture, was taken from a web

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA annotator, namely Genius Media Group Inc. on http://genius.com/20th-century-fox- deadpool-script-annotated. Such transcript was validated by matching the transcript with the dialogues and monologues in the movie.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

Arikunto (2010:149) states that documentation method is a method of data collection by studying books, transcriptions, newspaper, advertisement, magazine, etc. Data in this research were gathered through note-taking, which Thomas (2003: 185) defines note-taking as a manual recording method utilized during research to collect data, because the sources of data employed were a movie which was already transcribed by Genius Media Group Inc., and the researcher wrote down pieces of information indicating dysmphemism Deadpool and its transcript. Furthermore, the working steps which were done by the researcher are presented as follows:

1. The researcher watched Deadpool and read its English transcript;

2. The researcher rechecked the transcript whether it was trustworthy by matching the characters‟ utterances to the English transcript; and

3. The researcher took notes on the utterances which indicated dysphemism in Deadpool according to theories of dysphemism.

3.4 Data Analyzing Method

Bogdan and Biklen (1982:145) define qualitative data analysis as “working with data, organizing it, breaking it into manageable units, synthesizing it, searching for patterns, discovering what is important and what is to be learned, and deciding what you will tell others” (as cited in Hoefpl 1997). Data analysis is the most important thing to do in a research. The data were analyzed based on interactive model proposed by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014) with three phases of data analysis which is consist of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Interactive Model by Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2014

Figure 3.4 Qualitative data analysis Source: Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994).

3.4.1 Data Condensation

Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the Deadpool movie transcripts. a) Selecting In selecting, the words or phrases acquire in the dialogue of the characters are selected. DEADPOOL: Suck a cock! DEADPOOL: Okay. Let's pro-con this superhero thing. Pro: they pull down a gaggle of ass. Dry cleaning-discounts, lucrative film deals both origin stories and larger ensemble team movies. Con: They're all lame-ass teacher's pets. DEADPOOL: God damn it! I'm gonna do this the old fashioned way. With two swords and maximum effort. Cue the music. In this study, the words or phrases in the dialogue of the characters are selected as the data. Those data were marked with the bold text and coding as Data #1, Data #2, #3,..... (The complete data has been coded are clearly shown in appendix) b) Focusing After selecting the words or phrases, the next stage is focusing. The researcher focuses on the characters‟ dialogue which contain dysphemistic words or phrases based on the type: 1. Profanity 2. Obscenity 3. Insult and the functions of the use of dysphemistic words.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table 3.1 The Process of Focusing

Types of Dysphemism Functions of the

use of the No. Dysphemism dysphemism Insult Profanity Obscenity

1 Data 1 To humiliate others 2 Data 2 To show anger 3 Data 3 To characterize an identity of a group

c) Simplifying In this part, the researcher simplifies the obtained data by separating all the data into some categorizations namely, Profanity, Obscenity, Insult and the functions of the use of the words or phrases. d) Abstracting After simplifying the data, the researcher abstracts the data which have been simplified by looking up the utterances whether the rules have been matched to the simplified data. e) Transforming The last step is transforming the data into written form to give complete descriptive analysis of the data. In this part, the researcher wants to show and clarify data in appendix.

3.4.2 Data Display

The researcher has to display the data in specific form whether it is tables, matrices, graphs, charts, or networks. So it can be seen clearly and it will make easier for people to understand. It can be shown by entering the findings within tables, graphics and charts.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table 4.1 The Data Findings of the Types of Dysphemism

Types of Dysphemism Quantity Percentage (%) Profanity Obscenity Insult Total

Table 4.2 The Data Findings of the Functions of Dysphemism found in Deadpool Movie.

Function of Dysphemism Quantity Percentage (%) To humiliate something or someone else To express anger To emphasize thing or condition To state and represent a very bad thing or condition To express astonishment or amazement To show intimacy To express excitement Total

3.4.3 Drawing Conclusion/Verifying

The last step of this analysis activity is conclusion drawing and verification. It refers to make drawing/verifying conclusions bases on research findings. The conclusion is drawn based on the data display.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

This chapter contains the result of analysis as the answer to the problems of the research to find out the types of dysphemism used by the characters of the Deadpool movie and describe the functions of the use of dysphemism in the Deadpool movie. The result are explored in two main sections, i.e. findings and discussion. The first section covers the results of the research which are displayed in a table and the second section presents the research findings which are explained in a narrative with examples taken from data representing every type and the functions of the dysphemism used in the Deadpool.

4.1 Data Analysis

Dysphemism used in the movie titled Deadpool that are found in the form of words and phrases are the data for this study. The researcher analyzed the utterances of the characters in the movie from the beginning to the end to get various data. The result of the research, basically, there were 95 data containing dysphemism in 120- minutes duration. The words and phrases that contained dysphemism in the dialogue were marked with the italic text which completed with the context description and analysis after listing the conversation.

The meaning of dysphemism also explained based on the context where the words are conveyed and compared with the meaning in the dictionary. From those meaning analyses, the function of dysphemism can be represented. To analyze the types of dysphemism, I used the theory of componential analysis. The focus here is the words and phrases of dysphemism spoken by the characters in the Deadpool movie. These words and phrases were selected and then decapitated into fragments of conversation pairs, then analyzed the data. The data in this section are, hence, explained comprehensively by giving some data representing each category.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.1 Types of Dysphemism

The three types of dysphemism which are previously reported in the research findings section are now explained with their relevant examples.

Table 4.1 The Data Findings of The Types of Dysphemism

Types of Dysphemism Quantity Percentage (%) Profanity 3 3% Obscenity 79 83% Insult 13 14% Total 95 100%

4.1.1.1 Profanity

The first type of dysphemism found in Deadpool movie was profanity. Profanity used offensive words to revile religious beliefs usually in terms of their origin and definition. The researcher found 3(%) expression of profanity in the movie. Profanity type is represented in Extract (1) and (2) taken from data 40 and 89.

God damn it

God damn it are words constructed by God, damn, and it. Those words have exactly contradictory meaning but somehow they are combined to form a dysphemism. The literal meaning of God damn it based on the dictionary is presented below.

Literal meaning 1) God : 1. The being or spirit that is worshipped and is believed to have created the universe. 2. A being or spirit who is believed to have power over a particular part of nature or who is believed to represent to a particular quality. 3. A person who is loved or admire very much by other people. 4. Something which too much importance or attention is given.

Literal meaning 2) Damn : (also old-fashioned dam.mit/damn it) a swear word that people used to show that they are annoyed, dissapointed, etcetera.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In addition, Rawson (1989:175) states that Goddamn is a wretch or curse generally used as an exclamation or an intensifier.

In determining the function of dysphemism, we can look at the contextual meaning. The contextual meaning can be known from the context which is the conversation happened among the characters. The following dialogues would show the function of the dysphemism used by the characters. (1) Negasonic : Where‟s your duffel bag? Deadpool : Goddamnit! We‟ll to this the old-fashioned way. With two swords… And maximum effort. Data #40 [Minute 01:21:03-01:21:13]

The dialogue above happened when Deadpool, Colossus, and Negasonic Teenage Warhead were trying to save Vanessa since she was kidnapped by Francis. They went there by Dopinder‟s taxi. Deadpool realizes that he left his bag which is full of weapons in Dopinder‟s taxi after Negasonic asks him the bag. Deadpool feels frustrated for the situation which he cannot handle, i.e. leaving the bag accidentally, so he uses Goddamn it! for letting off his steam.

In determining the type of dysphemism of the words Goddamn it, I used the componential meaning analysis. The components determined by looking at its literal meaning and picking some words considered semantically related. The componential analysis of the words God damn it can be seen below.

God damn: [+swearing] [-religious] [-taboo] [+caused by bad situation] [-polite]

Based on the componential analysis above, the dysphemism type of God damnit is profanity and general. It is because Goddamn it not used to tell something taboo, instead is used as a swear word. The word Goddamn it in the dialogue above included into profanity because it referred to a religious term. Therefore, the word Goddamn included in dysphemism especially profanity since it was disrespectful.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Fucking hell Another example of this kind of dysphemism is fucking hell. It is considered dysphemism because it contains the word fucking which the basic meaning is the dysphemism that has a sexual component. Since the word fucking is widely used in the Deadpool movie, the analysis of the usage of this word should be elaborated. Here is the literal meaning of the word fucking hell based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary.

Literal meaning 1) Fucking : (taboo, slang) a swear word that many people find offensive that is used to emphasize a comment or an angry statement. Literal meaning 2) Hell : 1. In some religions, the place believed to be the home of devils and where bad people go after death. 2. A very unpleasant experience or situation in which people suffer very much. 3. A swear word that some people use when they are annoyed or surprised or to emphasize something.

The following dialogues in Extract (2) would give an insight about the function of the profanity used by the characters. Which is a dialogue between the protagonist, Wade and the antagonist, Francis in Wade‟s radioactive operation room. (2) (Wade begins screaming. Cut to day time. Francis comes back and turns off the machine.) Francis : Fucking hell. Looks like someone lost his shot at homecoming king. Wade : What have you done to me? Data #89 [Minute 00:50:17-00:50:21]

Extract (2) illustrates a scene when the radioactive operation has been done by Francis to cure Wade from his terminal cancer. Seeing Wade‟s physical condition after the mutation, Francis shows his surprise with a spiritual realm expression which is commonly described as a place with constant or even everlasting pain. Francis articulates his word as a result of seeing the very unpleasant physical condition that Wade has. Here, Francis also borrows the notion of hell to show his disagreeableness on Deadpool‟s disfigured skin, and the combination of the sexual and religious terms serves to draw a greater sense of unpleasantness. In this kind of situation, Francis needs a short expression to express his strong emotion as quick as possible so he 22

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA deploys the brief dyspemistic word. Furthermore, although Francis says the indecent expression, fucking hell in front of Wade, the expression is not purposefully designed to insult or to treat Wade disrespectfully, the expression appears as an emotive reflex due to the sudden situation.

Componential meaning analysis is given below to give explanation on the type of dysphemism.

Fucking hell: [-sexual intercourse] [+sexual] [-emphasize something]

[+swearing] [-religious] [+unpleasant situation]

According to the componential meaning analysis above, the word fucking hell is a kind of profanity and obscenity dysphemism. It is a kind of profanity dysphemism because the use of the word hell is considered a religious thing. Although in the use of the word there is no religious component, it is still included in the type of dysphemism profanity because of the bad components and the sense of the word hell itself. It is also a kind of obscenity because of the word fucking in it.

4.1.1.2 Obscenity

Speakers in Deadpool using this type of dysphemism in this movie. Obscenity is the second type of dysphemism found in the Deadpool. Obscenity refers to sexual activity and bodily function which related to the functions of human body and sex anatomy. In other words, the expressions of obscenity are prohibited in public use, especially in mass media. The examples were fuck, cock and other words with sexual sense. There researcher found 60 (%) expression of obscenity in the movie. Profanity type is represented in Extract (3) - (5) taken from data 3, 4 and 5.

Dicks

The first example of this kind of dysphemism is dicks. Here is the meaning of the word dicks based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary.

Literal meaning: (taboo, slang) a man‟s penis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From the definitions provided above, the word dicks means a man‟s genital. There is no context in this movie implying dicks as a man‟s penis.

The following dialogues would show the function of the dysphemism used by the characters. (3) Wade : Ugh, I thought you guys were dicks before. Francis : You know the funniest part of all this? You still think we're making you a super hero.

Data #21 [Minute 00:48:03-00:48:06]

The dialogue above happened when Francis tells a procedure of the experiment which gives disadvantages for Wade as a patient. Wade consequently feels irritated. Wade‟s anger towards Francis leads him to say dicks, for the operation will cause detriment for Wade.

Here is the componential analysis to determine the type of dysphemism of the word dicks.

Dicks:[+taboo] [+a body part] [+reproduction organ] [+sexual]

Based on the componential analysis above, it can be concluded that the type of dysphemism of the word dicks is obscenity dysphemism because there is a sexual component in the word which is considered as a taboo. Wade is making a reference to a taboo topic in an impolite way by using the word dicks. The employment of the gendered term, dicks referring to unpleasant or annoying people is intended to mock Francis and Angel. Naming them dicks is offensive because the speaker treats the addressees of the label with an indignity manner by comparing them with the male genital organ.

Fuck up

The word fuck up is dysphemism in the form of a phrasal verb and it is an idiom. Fuck up considered dysphemism because it contains the word fuck which the basic meaning is the dysphemism that has a sexual component. Although it is a phrasal verb, the official dictionary actually has the definition of the word fuck up.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Therefore, the literal meaning along with the contextual meaning of fuck up presented and described in the following.

Literal meaning: 1. To do something badly or make a bad mistake; 2. to do something badly or spoil something.

It is obvious in the dictionary that the meaning of the word fuck up is to do something badly. The word fuck which at first means sexual intercourse got a meaning shift. The word fuck up here used to represent something that done badly. The example of a context where fuck up used in this movie is provided below to give the analysis of the contextual meaning.

The following dialogues would show the function of the dysphemism used by the characters. (4) Deadpool : And that‟s why we do it. But mostly the money. Girl : Think you could fuck up my step-dad?

Data 32 [Minute 00:17:17-00:17:21]

After doing his job for making Jeremy frightened, Deadpool comes to Megan at a park to give her Jeremy‟s photos showing Jeremy‟s scared face. As demonstrated in Extract (2), Deadpool did the job for Megan for the sake of money. A girl, Megan‟s friend, asks Deadpool angrily whether he could damage her father physically because of what Deadpool did to her step-father. In her question, the girl deploys fuck up which the meaning is to bring harm, to damage, or to injure someone physically. Moreover, the girl‟s strong emotion is expressed through the usage of such expression.

The componential analysis of the word fuck up can be seen in the following.

Fuck up : [+activity] [-feeling] [-habit] [-polite term] [-sexul] [+badly]

Based on the componential meaning analysis above, the word fuck up is a kind of obscenity dysphemism. Although in the use of the word there is no sexual component, it is still included in the type of dysphemism obscenity because of the badly components and the sense of the root word fuck itself. The meaning of the expression is peculiar, as the expression is different from ordinary expressions in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA which the meaning can be interpreted by examining each word. In other words, the meaning of fuck up cannot be deducible from the literal meaning of fuck and the literal meaning of up, for the expression serves as a unity in which the meaning is already fixed.

Shit

Another example of this kind of dysphemism is the word shit. Here is the meaning of the word shit based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary.

Literal meaning: 1. (taboo, slang) A swear word that many people find offensive, used to show that someone is angry or annoyed; 2. Solid waste matter from the bowels; 3. An act of emptying solid waste matter from the bowels; 4. Stupid remarks or writing; nonsense; 5. An unpleasant person who treats other people badly; 6. Criticism or unfair treatment; 7. (taboo, slang, especially British English) very bad.

According to Rawson (1989:349) shit means excrement and the act of voiding it, but with a great many extended uses as an exclamation of surprise or disgust, as a personal insult, as a byword for trouble, worthlessness, nonsense, and lying, as a pejorative modifier and suffix, and so on.

The dictionary defines the word shit into six definitions. However, from the meanings provided above, the word shit uttered by the character has the closest meaning with the seventh meaning which is very bad.

The dialogue is given below in Extract (5) to see how the word is used in the context. It is a dialogue between Deadpool and a taxi driver.

(5) Deadpool : Oh, that's because it's Christmas Day, Dopinder. And I'm after someone on my naughty list. I've been waiting one year, three weeks... six days and, oh...Fourteen minutes to make him fix what he did to me. Dopinder : And what did he do to you? Deadpool : This shit. Boo! Data #66 [Minute 00:04:23-00:04:39]

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Previously, Dopinder questions Deadpool‟s reason for using the red costume. Then, Deadpool reveals that he performs like Santa Clause who gives a reward for a person, but in this case, he aims at giving a present for a man‟s unpleasant treatment on him in the past. Feeling curious about the man‟s bygone action, Dopinder asks the person‟s action to Deadpool. Deadpool, then, uncovers his mask and says angrily This shit! to astound the taxi driver. In this situation, Deadpool is implicitly ridiculing himself by saying that his face is shit which literally means feces or excreta; however, the expression shit is only a metaphor used to indicate face with an unpleasant look in which the unpleasantness itself is drawn by shit. Although his face looks horrible, Deadpool does not display any bad sentiment on his face. By making fun of himself then, he tries to make fun of his unfortunate condition. Furthermore, shit itself is socially tabooed due to the possibility of spreading disease. The employment of shit becomes hilarious because Deadpool floats the taboo status of shit to point his face.

Componential analysis of the word shit as a representation of bad thing is presented below.

Shit : [-activity of defecating] [+thing] [+matters] [-dirty] [-taboo] [+bad]

Based on the componential meaning analysis above and also supported by the context, it can be concluded that the word shit is an obscenity dysphemism. It considered obscenity because it contains bad components and the basic meaning of the word shit itself contains secretion components.

4.1.1.3 Insult

The last type of dysphemism found in Deadpool movie was insult. Insult usually refers to ethnicity, nationality, any sexual matters, mental disabilities or physical peculiarities, animal or epithets, anatomy or synecdoche, food names to convey implicit purpose, names or nicknames and occupations.

Bullshit

The first example of this kind of dysphemism is the word bullshit. Here is the meaning of the word bullshit based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary. 27

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Literal meaning: (taboo, slang) (also informal bull) nonsense, to say things that are not true, especially in order to trick somebody.

Moreover, Rawson (1989:64) says bullshit is a nonsense and, as a verb it means the act of spewing it forth, frequently with the implication that the nonsense is tantamount to a wilful lie.

From the definitions provided above, the word bullshit had the meaning of nonsense or unimportant in this movie.

We can see the use of the word bullshit in the sentence spoken by the characters to understand the function:

(6) Colossus : Stay right here. You've been warned before, Deadpool. This is a shameful and reckless use of your powers. You will both be coming with us. Deadpool : Look, Colossus! I don't have time for the goody-two-shoes bullshit right now! Data #68 [Minute 00:36:57-00:37:11]

The dialogue above was included into insult, particularly epithets or animals since Deadpool uttered the word bullshit in his conversation with Colossus which referred to animal terms from the word bull. In the dialogue above, Colossus and Deadpool were debating about Deadpool who abused his power. He hunted Francis, who turned him into a mutant and made a mess in the city. He killed many people who worked with Francis. Therefore, Colossus was made at Deadpool but Deadpool did not want to argue with him at that time. The word bullshit uttered by Deadpool had the meaning of nonsense or unimportant.

The componential analysis to determine the type of dysphemism of the word bullshit is presented below.

Bullshit: [+taboo] [+nonsense] [+animal term] [-to say untrue things]

[-act to trick somebody]

Based on the componential meaning analysis above and also supported by the context, it can be concluded that the word bullshit is an insult dysphemism. It 28

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA considered insult because it contains the taboo word and the basic meaning of the word bull itself contains the animal term.

Bitch

The second example of this kind of dysphemism is the word bitch. The literal meaning of the word bitch based on the dictionary is presented below.

Literal meaning : 1. female dog; 2. an offensive way of referring to a woman, especially an unpleasant one; 3. a thing that causes problems or difficulties; 4. a complaint about somebody/something or a conversation in which you complain about them.

Moreover, Rawson (1989:43) states that bitch is the correct term for a female dog and usually an insult when applied to a female human.

The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary provides four different definitions of the word bitch. The word bitch uttered by the character is not to refer to a female dog, a thing that causes problems or difficulties, or to make a complaint about somebody/something or a conversation. The words bitch used in this television series imply an offensive way of referring to a woman, especially an unpleasant one. Therefore it is considered dysphemism.

Here is the word usage example of the word bitch.

(7) Deadpool: …but until then, I‟mma do what I came here to do. Either that or slap the bitch outta you! Data #18 [Minute 00:38:50-00:38:54]

The monologue above was uttered by Deadpool. Deadpool finally found Francis and tried to kill him. Therefore, Colossus tried to stop him from abusing his power. Colossus asked Deadpool to join X -Men with other mutants. Due to being dislike with X-Men, he got angry. He did not want Colossus to interfere in his business. The literal meaning of the word bitch supporting by the example of the use of the word in the context made it clear why the word bitch considered as dysphemism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The dictionary stated that it is offensive and if we see the use of this word in the context above it is clear that bitch is a bad word motivated by his anger at Colossus because Colossus keeps insisting him to join X -Men although he does not want.

The componential meaning analysis of bitch is provided below.

Bitch [+human] [+woman] [-pleasant] [-sexual] [+downgrade] [-taboo]

Based on the componential analysis above, the bitch is considered as an insulting type of dysphemism, particularly a synecdoche insult, because of its woman and downgrade component.

Asshole

The third example of this kind of dysphemism is the word asshole. Here is the meaning of the word bullshit based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary.

Literal meaning: (taboo, slang) 1. The anus; 2. A stupid or unpleasant person.

Rawson (1989:25) adds, asshole is a stupid person.

The dictionary defines the word asshole into two definitions. However, from the meanings provided above, the word asshole uttered by the character has the closest meaning with the second meaning which is a stupid or unpleasant person.

The dialogue is given below in Extract (8) to see how the word is used in the context. It is a dialogue between Vanessa and Francis

(8) Vanessa : I‟ve been trying to tell you assholes, you got the wrong girl. My boyfriend, he‟s dead. Francis : See, I thought that, too. But he keeps on coming back. Like a cockroach, but uglier. Data #79 [Minute 01:17:18 - 01:17:30]

The dialogue above happened when Francis kidnapped Vanessa to make Deadpool came to him. Vanessa is taken by Francis to a harbor. Vanessa thinks that kidnapping her is useless if she is made as bait since as she knows, Wade is already

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dead. Vanessa is irritated with Francis‟ action to her. To relieve her irritation and anger, she insults Francis by calls him assholes.

The componential analysis to determine the type of dysphemism of the word asshole is presented below.

Asshole: [-related to part of body] [+stupid] [+caused by a foolish action]

From the componential analysis above, it can be classified that the type of dysphemism of the word assholes is a kind of insulting dysphemism because its body part term, which is ass according to the context of the utterance is an insult.

4.1.2 The Functions of the Dysphemism

The researcher found that there were 95 dysphemism in Deadpool movie. The following table was the classification of the functions of the dysphemism found in Deadpool movie.

Table 4.2 The Data Findings of the Functions of Dysphemism found in Deadpool Movie.

Function of Dysphemism Quantity Percentage (%) To humiliate something or someone else 31 33% To express anger 22 23% To emphasize thing or condition 16 17% To state and represent a very bad thing or condition 12 13% To express astonishment or amazement 7 7% To show intimacy 4 4% To express excitement 3 3% Total 95 100%

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This part discusses answers for objective number two which deals with functions of the use of dysphemism by the characters in Deadpool movie. There are eight functions revealed in Deadpool, i.e. to humiliate something or someone else, to state and represent a very bad thing or condition, to emphasize something or some condition and others.

4.1.2.1 To Humiliate Something or Someone Else

There are many reasons behind one's humiliating others, one of which is self- protection. People act as if they were superior by humiliating others. It also could be satisfied for someone to see others to be downgraded because they are basically being mean. In the Deadpool movie, dysphemism used to humiliate others has the highest rate of occurrence. This can be concluded that humiliating someone has become a common behavior in this movie. There are 31 data of it as can be seen in the table above.

Stupid

The word stupid is the first example of dysphemism used to humiliate something or someone else. The use of this word occurred twice in this movie.

To determine the function of dysphemism, we can look at the contextual meaning. The contextual meaning can be known from the context which is the conversation happened among the characters. The example of the word used in the sentence spoken by the character provided below. It is useful to determine the function of dysphemism in the context:

(9) Deadpool : Three! Two! Stupid! Worth it.

Data #1 [Minute 00:12:47-00:12:49]

Based on Data #1 Deadpool just managed to defeat the enemies on the highway, someone slipped behind him and shot him. Deadpool lied on the ground, pretending to be dead. When the man approached, Deadpool shot him from between his legs. He got up as he walked over to the man he had shot and shot him twice. He took revenge for being shot by shooting his forehead twice. He was very annoyed at the sudden attack as he yelled stupid towards the man. It can be concluded that stupid 32

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA is a dysphemism that is used when someone is annoyed in purpose to downgrade the annoying people.

Motherfucker

The word motherfucker is another example of dysphemism used to humiliate others. There are also 2 occurrences in this movie. This dysphemistic word in this movie implies an offensive taboo word referring to a man. Therefore it is considered dysphemism. Here is the word usage example of the word motherfucker.

(10) Wade (Deadpool) : You bet on me to die. Motherfucker! you‟re the world‟s worst friend. But joke‟s on you. I‟m living to 102, and then dying, like the city of Detroit.

Data #5 [Minute 00:19:50-00:19:59]

In Data #5 Wade and Weasel are making a bet on whom will be dead. When Wade picks Boothe, Weasel gives an unexpected answer; he chooses Wade to die. Knowing his best friend‟s answer, Wade is disappointed and annoyed at Weasel because he never expects that his close friend will give such an answer. To express his annoyance and disbelief to his friend, Wade then exclaims, Motherfucker! The use of incest-related term is not designed to injure the interlocutor, it only serves as an indication of strong annoyance or high degree of anger at Weasel‟s choice which is considered an unpleasant option for Wade because Wade believes that a good friend does not expect his friend to die for the sake of winning a bet. He consequently feels disappointed at Weasel.

4.1.2.2 To State and Represent a Very Bad Thing or Condition

Fuck

The words fuck is the first example of dysphemism used to state and represent a very bad thing or condition.

Here is the word usage example of the words fuck it.

(11) Deadpool : I forgot my ammo bag!

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Dopinder : Shall we turn back? Deadpool : Nope, no time. Fuck it! I got this. Nine, ten, eleven, twelve bullets, or bust. We‟re here!

Data #33 [Minute 00:55:56-00:06:04]

The dialogue above happened when Deadpool was going on his way with a cab. Deadpool realizes that he forgot bringing his bag containing his all weapons which he has prepared with Weasel and Al. Dopinder offers Deadpool to take the bag, yet Deadpool does not have much time. He has to accordingly depend upon a gun with twelve bullets only. Deadpool, then, exclaims the sex-themed word in which the meaning of the expression cannot be interpreted anyway because there is nothing to do with copulation based on the context. The expression fuck it! indicates misfortune and thus the unlucky situation triggers the speaker to swear. In short, the word fuck it uttered by the character above used to state and represent a very bad thing or condition.

Fuck up

The words fuck up is the second example of dysphemism used to state and represent a very bad thing or condition.

Here is the word usage example of the words fuck up

(12) Vanessa : We can fight this. Besides, I just realized something. You win. Your life is officially way more fucked up than mine.

Data #36 [Minute 00:31:40-00:31:47]

In Extract (12), Vanessa and Wade are talking about Wade‟s terminal cancer. Vanessa tries to cheer Wade up by giving him spirit. Vanessa recalls her past memory with Wade when they met for the first time at Sister Margaret‟s bar that she ever debated with Wade about whose life is more difficult. This dialogue demonstrates Vanessa‟s confession on Wade‟s life which is worse than hers. To say whose life is worse or more spoiled, she exploits fuck up. Nevertheless, Vanessa employs the expression without feeling angry at her to lose on the debate. To put it simply, rage is not involved in this bad situation. The practice of articulating the sex-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA themed term casually, therefore, demonstrates the speaker‟s style or way of speaking to display her profession as a prostitute that uses street language instead of academic language which is considered as a „respected speech.‟

4.1.2.3 To Emphasize Thing or Condition

Under this motive, speakers consider that their messages in a particular situation need to be intensified in order their points to be more noticeable by their interlocutors. Dysphemism indicating emphasis is represented by these following tabooed expressions, i.e. the fuck and fucking. The first and second example of swearing as emphasis, i.e. Extract (13) which shows Buck‟s command to a man whom is lost in the fighting.

The fuck

(13) (The man breaks the stool over another man‟s back. One of the mercs gets the better of the other and knocks him to the floor.) Buck : Stay the fuck down!

Data #48 [Minute 00:19:17]

In Extract (13), there is a fight between several men at the bar initiated by a man, namely Buck. After Buck hits a black guy, the man falls down unconsciously. If the man does not want to get hurt anymore, Buck warns him to stay on which he lays. In order his intention to command the man for not moving is easily caught by the man, Buck accentuates his utterance through yelling the fuck. The fuck in those two questions only serves as an emphasis marker, and as a result, the italicized expression is not derogatory.

Damn

The word damn is the second example of dysphemism used to emphasize something or some condition.

Here is the word usage example of the word damn.

(14) Weasel : Yeah, you've got to do something to remedy this. Wade : Damn straight. Find Francis. 35

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data #53 [Minute 00:58:40-00:58:43]

Weasel suggests Wade take an action to fix his appearance by finding Francis. Wade, then, agrees with Weasel‟s suggestion. The sacred term is used to express Wade‟s attitude of certainty on Weasel‟s opinion. in other words, the speaker says the dysphemistic word as an emphasis to assert his agreement.

Fucking

Another representation of dysphemism as emphasis can be illustrated in Extract (14) which shows a conversation between Merchant and Jeremy, the pizza delivery guy.

(15) Jeremy : is this 7348 Red Ledge Drive? Are you Mr. Merchant? Merchant : yeah, Mr. Merchant who didn‟t order the fucking pie!

Datum #45 [Minute 00:14:34]

A pizza agent delivers a pizza to Jeremy‟s address, but Jeremy denies that he has placed the order. Although fucking is expressed angrily, it is not deployed to injure a specific addressee; it only serves to show the speaker‟s emotion adjectivally through the sex-themed dysphemistic word, not to insult anyone or anything in particular. Jeremy‟s motive for employing fucking is to emphasize what he talked about or what he is trying to intensify is the refusal that he did not order the pizza.

4.1.2.4 To Express Anger

Under this motive, speakers using dysphemism due to negative psychological reactions, i.e. annoyance, tensed, or frustration. Extract (15) below describes how a speaker employs dysphemism when the negative emotions drive him.

Sadistic fuck

The first representation of dysphemism to express anger can be illustrated in Extract (15)

(16) Deadpool : What have you done to me?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Francis : I‟ve merely raised your stress levels high enough to trigger a mutation Deadpool : You sadistic fuck!

Data #70 [Minute 00:50:23-00:50:27]

The dialogue above happened when Deadpool was in a laboratory. He was there to cure his cancer with a genetic mutation but Francis got angry at Deadpool and decided to take a rude action. He put Deadpool in a capsule with low oxygen. Resulting disfigured skin on Wade. Knowing his condition, Wade got angry. He spoke in a high tone to mock Francis. Deadpool was irritated to Francis‟ experiment on him, so he uttered the dysphemistic word sadistic fuck to expressed his anger. Sadistic fuck which is utilized as a substitution for a cruel and unpleasant person is an offensive remark for Francis because it is designed to attack Francis verbally.

Motherfucker

The next example for showing the speaker‟s anger release is presented below.

(17) (Angel fiddles with the straps.) Angel: You smell like shit. (Wade head butts her) Angel: Motherfucker!

Data #71 [Minute 00:51:27-00:51:29]

The monologue above happened when Deadpool, Angel and Francis was in the laboratory. Wade was suddenly hit Angel‟s head with his, as he is insulted by Angel. Furthermore, due to what he did, Angel got angry and yelled motherfucker! This expression is directed to Wade to abuse him because Wade hurt her head. She needed to counterattack Wade by insulted him to release her anger.

4.1.2.5 To Express Astonishment or Amazement

According to the findings, speakers in Deadpool also speak dysphemistic words because they aim at shocking others. These following extracts represent how

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dysphemism in the movie can be utilized as a way for shocking others, and the first example of the motive for swearing is explained in Extract (18)

Shit

(18) Negasonic : Negasonic Teenage Warhead. Deadpool : Negasonic Teenage... What the shit! That's the coolest name ever! So what, you're like his sidekick?

Data #86 [Minute 00:37:15-00:37:19]

Negasonic introduces her name to Deadpool. Because Deadpool considers that the teenager‟s name is unique, he is amazed. As a consequence, he exclaims, What the shit! which literally does not mean anything. However, the situation does not require the hearer to interpret the expression literally, as it serves as an indication of astonishment.

(19) Deadpool: Shit! Did I leave the stove on?

Datum #85 [Minute 00:08:50-00:08:53]

After fighting against the men in the car which there is nobody driving, Deadpool is thrown out from the car. During the moment, he remembers whether he has switched the stove off. Due to the emotional urge, i.e. astonishment, Deadpool alleviates his feeling by saying shit which is articulated abruptly. The scatology- themed word, therefore, it is deployed as a surprise strategy.

Hell

Another instance of dysphemism for showing astonishment or amazement is found in Extract (20)

(20) Deadpool: What the hell! Come here you.

Data #90 [Minute 01:25:20-00:25:22]

Deadpool just realizes that one of Francis‟ men is his old friend. Deadpool who initially directs his swords to the man, then, puts them back to his back when he

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA expresses an expletive. Deadpool curses because he is astonished by the presence of his friend in the middle of the fight. Ass The last example of dysphemism for showing astonishment or amazement is presented below. (21) Negasonic :You‟re cool. Deadpool :What in the ass! That was not mean! I'm proud of you.

Data #91 [Minute 01:39:30-00:39:37] After Negasonic praises Deadpool, Deadpool is astonished because Negasonic never praises him before. The sudden situation makes Deadpool exclaims with short and emotional expression, what in the ass! to vent his tensed emotion. 4.1.2.6 To Express Excitement The sixth function of using dysphemism is to express excitement. Some examples is presented below. Shit (22) Deadpool: This shit‟s gonna have nuts in it. Data #82 [Minute 01:00:17]

Deadpool is narrating his plan to the audience of the movie. He is making a plan on the wall to look for Francis by seeking everyone whom is related to Francis. He is telling his plan by substituting plan into this shit. The substitution is purely descriptive, as how Deadpool uses the expression does not show his aversion to the plan. Moreover, such use also indicates the speaker‟s way of communicating because even though he can deploy an ordinary word for stating the plan, he uses this shit instead. He does not mean this expression as feces, but it refers to his excitement to seek Francis. The speaker only wants to be rude by saying an expression which is impolite, as the substitution contains the dysphemistic word.

(23) Weasel: All you need now is a suit and a nickname, like Wade the Wisecracker, or Scaredevil, Mr. Neverdie... Oh shit!

Data #83 [Minute 00:59:32-00:59:37]

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Weasel suggests Wade to wear a suit and have a nickname. When proposing names, Weasel suddenly remembers Wade‟s debt. He realizes he will never win the bet since Deadpool has the super power. The expression is grammatically meaningless because the meaning of the term under this circumstance is already lost; it functions to show the speaker‟s strong feeling indicating a misfortune also an excitement since his friend, Wade is also known as Deadpool will never die and will win the fight. The curse, then, is expressed briefly in a short-expression.

4.1.2.7 To Show Intimacy

The sixth function of using dysphemism is to express excitement. Some examples is presented in extract (24) and (25).

Fuck

(24) Wade : Cheers to your health. Weasel : Fuck you. Data #92 [Minute 00:19:04-00:19:06]

Boothe gets offended by the drink so that he starts a fight with a man. Disregarding the fight, Wade invites Weasel to toast for the sake of his health. The italicized expression is not used to abuse Wade, but Weasel just tries to be funny by cursing fuck you to Wade. It is offensive in general context, but how Weasel mocks does not show any indication that he aims at insulting his close friend. Articulating the tabooed expression is Weasel‟s way for showing the intimacy between he and Wade or establishing friendship because such expression is restricted in the usage; the words cannot be exploited to anyone unless the speaker is willing to accept the consequence for using the expression which is generally perceived as abusive.

(25) Weasel: You gotta do something to remedy this. Cause you look like Freddy Krueger face fucked a topographical map of Utah.

Data #93 [Minute 00:19:04-00:19:06]

Weasel suggests Wade fix his appearance because his appearance is awful. Saying bad things to Weasel‟s close friend is his way to display Weasel‟s closeness relation with Wade. He does not express the dysphemistic word which is used for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA describing Wade‟s look to insult his close friend, but he just wants to tell the truth about how bad Wade‟s physical appearance is.

4.2 Findings

The findings are derived from the data analysis according to the research objectives: (1) to observe and to delineate the types of dysphemism, and (2) to reveal the functions of using dysphemism in Deadpool movie. In order to achieve the first objective then, the researcher synthesizes Rawson‟s (1989) theory as the basis for observing the types of dysphemism in the motion picture. Moreover, to realize objective number two, the function of dysphemism can be determined through the contextual meaning of the characters‟ utterances.

Corresponding to objective number one, dysphemism in the Deadpool movie is manifested in various expressions which can be categorized according to their forms. Therefore, special attention is given to the dysphemism expressions and their accompanying utterances in order to understand the speakers‟ intentions and meanings of the utterances. Moreover, in relation to the second objective, dysphemism is categorized according to their functions which can be observed through the context of situation in which the swear words are deployed.

There are three categories of dysphemism found in the Deadpool movie; they are profanity, obscenity, and insult. As described in the data analysis, there are a lot of reasons speakers are triggered deploy all three types of dysphemism it could be because they aim at intensifying a point of utterances or showing a high degree of something, the speakers feel angry at something or someone, speakers utilize dysphemism because they intend to release their anger or tension. Furthermore, speakers are triggered to say dysphemistic word due to vulnerability and to create a joke to make their utterances more interesting, they also want to express the pain and surprise that drive them to do such practices.

In addition, the speaker use dysphemism because they aim at making a joke, shocking others, and promoting or showing intimacy or friendliness to the addressee of the dysphemism. Moreover, speakers use dysphemistic word, as they want to astonish others and show their way of speaking or identity. Last, speakers are not triggered to use dysphemism by anger which indicates that using dysphemism as a 41

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA strategy for expressing annoyance, but dysphemism also displays their way of talking in their daily lives. Those findings are accordingly explained descriptively along with relevant examples representing each category and accompanying expressions or their contexts under analysis section.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter discusses two main sections, i.e. conclusions and suggestions. The first section deals with the summaries of the research which are drawn from the two objectives in Chapter I: types of dysphemism and functions of the use of dysphemism. Furthermore, the second section presents suggestions for future researchers and readers in general.

5.1 Conclusion

Conclusions which can be drawn according to the research findings and discussion are mentioned as follows.

The researcher found that all of dysphemism functions in the Deadpool movie have all the types of dysphemism; profanity, obscenity, and insult. So, from the analysis in chapter IV, the most dominant dysphemism that is used in this movie is to humiliate others. The percentage of this function of dysphemism is 83% with 79 data and the dysphemism type mostly found is the obscenity with 31 data (33%). It is because most of the dysphemism uttered by the characters have sexual component.

There were 95 dysphemism data obtained and observed by the writer based on the function in the Deadpool movie, The writer also provided the literal meaning of the data based on the dictionary and then explained the context where the dysphemism used to elaborate more about the function of dysphemism. The classifications based on its function includes the dysphemism used to humiliate something or someone else, to express anger, to emphasize thing or condition, to state and represent a very bad thing or condition, to express astonishment or amazement, to show intimacy and to express excitement. In addition, the componential meaning analysis made to observe the type of dysphemism. So, by looking at the analysis of this study, the researcher has proven that dysphemism can be analyzed in Deadpool movie. This study could reveal the types of dysphemism which is used by all the characters in the movie. Also, the functions of dysphemism of each dysphemism term are applied well in this study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5.2 Suggestions

Concerning to the conclusions of the research, the researcher postulates some suggestions.

For further research, the researcher suggests to explore more about dysphemism from some different aspects. For instance, by exploring the types of dysphemism but not from the language which they used, it can be from their body language or from their facial expression. This method would give the valid example to analyze the functions of the use of dysphemism. Also, the future researchers would broaden the analysis by exploring dysphemism in some culture.

The researcher also would suggest that this study can be developed into a research with a sociolinguistics approach. It will be useful to increase the number of research on dysphemism since there are only a few research on dysphemism compared to another subject. Thus, through these suggestions, the researcher truly expects that this present study could be a good reference for linguistics learners and inspires them to establish further analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Allan, K. & Burridge, K. 1988. Euphemism, Dysphemism, and Cross-Varietal Synonymy. Department of Languages & Linguistics La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics, 1(1), 1-16.

Allan, K. & Burridge, K. 2001. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used As Shield and Weapon. New York: Oxford University.

Allan, K. & Burridge, K. 2006. Forbidden Words. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Allan, K. & Burridge, K. 2009. Natural Language Semantics. Oxford & Malden MA: Blackwell.

Arikunto, S. 2010. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Edisi Revisi VI. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S.K. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education. An Introduction to Theories and Method. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Creswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publicatons.

Cuddon, J. A. 1991. The Penguin dictionary of literary terms and literary theory. London: Penguin Books.

Dhika, I. S. 2013. Euphemism and Dysphemism in the movie Remember Me. HUMANIS. Retrieved May 2019 from https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/sastra/article/view/8752

Duda, B. 2011. Euphemisms and dysphemism: In Search of a Boundary Line. Círculo de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicación. 45(0), 3-19. 14 September 2017. Retrieved May 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272648836_Euphemisms_and_dysp hemism_in_search_of_a_boundary_line

Fernandez, E. C. 2008. Sex-Related Euphemism and Dysphemism: An Analysis in Terms of Conceptual Metaphor Theory Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies.

Fernandez, E. C. 2015. Sex in Language: Euphemistic and Dysphemistic Methapors in Internet Forums. London/New York: Bloomsbury.

Griffiths, P. 2006. Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatic. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Hatch, E. & Brown, C. 1995. Vocabulary, semantics, and language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hoepfl, M. 1997. Choosing qualitative research: a primer for technology education researchers. Retrieved June 2019 from https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v9n1/hoepfl.html

King, J. 2002. Using DVD feature films in the EFL classroom. ELT Newsletter, The Weekly Column Article 88. Retrieved June 2019 from http://viww.eltnewsletter.com/back/Febmary2002/art882002.htm

Lyons, J. 1996. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Maalej, Z. 2016. Metaphor and Dysphemism (Master Thesis). Retrieved May 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291352249_Metaphor_and_dysphe mism

Mahmood, I. 2013. Influence and Importance of Cinema on the Lifestyle of Educated Youth: A study on University Students of Bangladesh. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 17(6), 77-80.

McArthur, T. 1992. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mohammed, D. G. 2011. Translating Dysphemistic Expressions in Othello. Journal Of Education and Science. 18 (4), 37-48. Retrieved May 2019 from https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=58960

Milles, M.B., Huberman, M.A, & Saldan, D. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage Publication.

Palmer, F. R. 1981. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Parera, J. D. 2004. Teori Semantik. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Putranti, D. S., Nababan, M. R. & Tarjana, S. S. 2017. Euphemism, Orthophemism, and Dysphemism in the Translation of Sexual Languages. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 158, 709-717.

Rawson, H. 1989. Wicked words: A treasury of curses, insults, put-downs, and other formerly unprintable terms from Anglo-Saxon times to the present. New York: Crown.

Recanati, F. 2004. Literal Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Ruiz, R. S. 2015. Euphemistic and Dysphemistic Language in Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy. Retrieved May 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283798339_Euphemistic_and_dysp hemistic_language_in_Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_Trilogy

Sapir, E. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

Searle, J. 1968. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Act. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Spears, R. A. 2001. Slang and euphemism: A dictionary of oaths, curses, insults, ethnic slurs, sexual slang and metaphor, drug talk, college lingo, and related matters. New York: Jonathan David Publisher.

Thawabteh, M. A. 2012. The Translatability of Euphemism and Dysphemism in Arabic-English Subtitling. Euphemism as a Word-Formation Process, 145- 155.

Thomas, R. M. 2003. Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Theses and Dissertations. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press.

Wikipedia. 2016. Deadpool Movie. Retrieved May 2019 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

APPENDIX

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE DATA SHEET OF TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF USING DYSPHEMISM IN DEADPOOL MOVIE

Dysphemism Used to Humiliate Something or Someone Else

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

1 1 DEADPOOL: Three! Two! Stupid! D1: Stupid! Worth it. Type: Insult Function: to humiliate someone else As Deadpool‟s motive for killing the man is a revenge for being shot which makes him annoyed, he humiliates the man to reduce his annoyance. Context: Deadpool takes a revenge for being shot by shooting his forehead. After the man is dead, Deadpool insults the person‟s corpse.

2 FRANCIS: Pleasure doing business D2: Fucking with you. Type: Obscenity MAN: Fucking2 mutant. Function: to humiliate someone else The employment of fucking indicates Man‟s dislike at Francis whom the man refer to mutant. Fucking represents dislike because the presence of fucking is deployed as a pejorative which disapproves the headword mutant. Context: Francis‟ goods for the businessman are delayed, so that Francis tells the man to be patient by choking the man.

3 VANESSA: Say the magic words, D3: Fat Gandalf fat Gandalf3 Type: Insult

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Function: to humiliate someone else MERC: I‟m sorry. Vanessa has annoyed at the man who deliberately touches the part of her body. Then she punishes him by hurting his genitals and asks the man to apologize while insulting the man by calling Fat Gandalf. She uses the word Gandalf, the old male character in The Lord of The Rings movie. Since he has a big body, she humiliates the man by calling him Fat Gandalf. Context: Wade and Vanessa are having a conversation, they just meet for the first time and a man suddenly slaps her ass out of nowhere.

4 BOOTHE: Come here, you fat D4: Fat fuck fuck!4 WEASEL: That‟s a new stool Type: Insult Function: to humiliate someone else Boothe insults Buck for annoyed him since they previously are not engaged in conversation. Thus, Boothe tries to draw Buck‟s attention by calling him with the offensive name calling. Context: Feeling offended by the drink, Boothe lifts a stool to be punched to a man. While doing that, he insults the man with a negative name calling.

5 Wade (Deadpool) : You bet D5: Motherfucker on me to die. Motherfucker!5 you‟re Type: Obscenity the world‟s worst friend. But joke‟s Function: to humiliate someone else on you. I‟m living to 102, and then Wade feels dissapointed and annoyed due to dying, like the city of Detroit. Weasel‟s choice. He consequently needs to

stabilize his emotion through insulting. Context: Wade makes a bet with Weasel about whom to be dead. Knowing that Weasel picks Wade, he is dissapointed because he thinks that Weasel is a bad friend. 6 6 VANESSA: Ride a bitch‟s back D6: Bitch like Yoda on Luke. Type: Insult

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA WADE: Oh, Star Wars jokes Function: to humiliate herself Vanessa wants to entertain Wade with her story of piggyback between Yoda and Luke. She is making fun of herself by using bitch which can be referred to a female dog or a slut. She is a slut, but she feels fine with it. Context: Wade and Vanessa are cuddling on the bad and joking around after Vanessa expressing love to Wade.

7 DEADPOOL: Now, if I were a two D7: Assholes hundred pound sack of assholes7 Type: Obscenity named Francis, where would I hide? Function: to humiliate someone else Oh. Deadpool is trying to make his question funny by disparaging Francis in front of Francis‟ soldiers. He does not mean the literal meaning of asshole, i.e. anus but uses it to refer to Francis.

8 WEASEL: Oh, and that guy over D8: Grim reaper there came in looking for you. Type: Insult WEASEL: Real grim reaper8 type. I Function: to humiliate someone else dunno. Might further the plot. Weasel intends to conveys his opinion about the appearance of the guy who is looking for Wade by calling him Grim Reaper since he exactly looks like a Grim Reaper. The Grim Reaper is the personification of Death and always shown in a large black cloak, a sceletel face and hands, and a scythe-the long stick with a curved blade. Concept: Weasel tells Wade that there is a guy who looks like Grim Reaper looking for him.

9 DEADPOOL: Okay. Let's pro-con D9: A gaggle of ass this superhero thing. Pro: they pull Type: Obscenity down a gaggle of ass9. Dry Function: to humiliate someone else

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA cleaning-discounts, lucrative film Calling X-Men a gaggle of ass is a way to deals both origin stories and larger annoy Colossus since Colossus is a member of ensemble team movies. Con: X-Men. By calling the X-Men that way They're all lame-ass10 teacher's pets. indicates that Deadpool is trying to humiliate the addressee by labeling the addressee‟s team with tabooed expression. Context: Deadpool is narrating about what is pro and con by being a superhero when he is thrown away to a car by Colossus. D10: Lame-ass Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone else Deadpool tries to upset Colossus by insulting X -Men with the offensive name calling. Context: After mentioning the benefits which can be got by being X -Men, Deadpool also states the negative side of being X - Men.

10 DEADPOOL: Let me guess. X - D11: Shit men left you behind on, what, shit11 Type: Obscenity detail? NEGASONIC: What does Function: to humiliate someone else that make you? Deadpool intends to tease Negasonic by asking the detail although he does not seem to care about the detail. This ignorance signals Deadpool‟s actual feeling of dislike on the detail. The distaste can be seen from the disapproval of detail through the shit usage. The usage of shit indicates Wade‟s subjective evaluation of detail. As a result, shit serves as a pejorative modifier for the abstract object being referred. Context: Deadpool wants to know the other members of X-Men‟s reason for leaving Negasonic. Thus, he teasingly asks the detail.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 11 DEADPOOL: You big, chrome, D12: Cockgobbler cockgobbler12! Type: Obscenity COLOSSUS: That's not nice. Function: to humiliate someone else Colossus‟ ban to tease the teenage girl instigates Deadpool‟s rage. Dysphemistic word in this context is therefore used as an rager- coping strategy. cockgobbler! is offensive, as it means a person who enjoys sucking a penis. It is targeted to a male addressee. This label is, thus, an insult for abusing Colossus. Context: Looking at how Deadpool teases Negasonic, Colossus does not permit him to mock Negasonic anymore. Accordingly, feeling threatened by Colossus‟ prohibition, Deadpool feels annoyed.

12 DEADPOOL: You're really gonna D13: fuck this up fuck this up13 for me? Trust me. Type: Obscenity That wheezing bag of dick14 tips has Function: to humiliate someone else it coming! Deadpool describes the action of disturbing his business ragely. Expressing the frustration by using the idiom helps them alleviating his frustration. Fuck this up which substitutes messing up does not make any sense when the italicized expression is examined each word because the literal meaning of word-by-word is peculiar or nonsensical. Context: Deadpool rages at Colossus because he gets involved in Deadpool‟s business to takes revenge on Francis. D14: Wheezing bag of dick Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone else Deadpool reduces frustration from his hatred at Francis by giving him a bad name. The phrase

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA is a negative name-calling which means a worthless person addressed to Francis, and it is asserted by the existence of dick to strengthen his hatred towards him. Context: Deadpool is taking revenge on Francis, yet Colossus intervenes Deadpool‟s business.

13 DEADPOOL: Listen, the day I D15: a crimefighting shitswizzler decide to become a crimefighting Type: Obscenity shitswizzler15, who rooms with a Function: to humiliate someone else bunch of other little whiners, at the Annoyance due to being requested to join X - Neverland mansion of some creepy, Men makes Deadpool want to express his old, bald, Heaven's Gate - looking irritation by disparaging X - Men‟s job by a motherfucker16, on that day... I'll crime-fighting shit-swizzler, referring to a send your shiny happy ass17 a friend superhero fighting against criminal. request. But until then, I'm gonna do Context: what I came here to do. Either that, Colossus invites Deadpool to use his power for or slap the bitch18 out of you. X -Men, he has requested Deadpool to join the X -Men for several time, but Deadpool always rejects the offer to join the X -Men because he dislikes being a member of X -Men. D16: Motherfucker Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone else Colossus‟ request makes Deadpool irritated because he does not want to be part of X -Men. Calling criminals with the dysphemistic word is therefore to treat the addressees with indignity through a word. D17: Shiny happy ass Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone else Deadpool already feels so sick of the invitation to be a member of X-Men. He is accordingly driven by rage to disparage Colossus. The usage of your shiny happy ass expressed by Deadpool

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA is not to be playful, but it is employed to disparage Colossus. D18: Bitch Type: Insult Function: to humiliate someone else Deadpool‟s cursing is motivated by his annoyance at Colossus because Colossus keeps insisting him to join X -Men although he does not want. The expression is utilized figuratively to refer to an act of causing harm on the targeted person. 19 14 NEGASONIC: Hey, douchepool ! D19: Douchepool Type: Insult Function: to humiliate someone else Deadpool does not pay attention to Negasonic, so to make Deadpool listen to her, she humiliates Deadpool with Douchepool which is more attracting than just Deadpool for its taboo content. Douchepool is constructed from douche, which means despicable to refer to Deadpool‟s quality. Context: Negasonic has warned Deadpool that Francis is about to escape, but Deadpool does not want to be annoyed with Negasonic‟s utterance.

20 15 WADE: Hey, don't take any shit D20: Shit from him, Cunningham. How tough Type: Obscenity can he be, with a name like Francis? Function: to humiliate someone else Shit connotatively denotes nonsensical talk. Saying the shit instead of deceptive talk is a way of being rude to Francis, The substitution is motivated by the Deadpool‟s contempt at Francis, as he treats the speaker and Cunningham bad. By saying so, he accordingly wants to annoy Francis by comparing Francis‟

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA talk with shit. Context: Deadpool and Cunningham talk about their dreams before having an operation. Francis‟ question to give Wade‟s and Cunningham‟ dreams distracts Wade‟s conversation with Cunningham about Vanessa.

16 WADE: I thought you guys were D21: Dicks dicks21 before. Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate others Wade‟s vexation towards Francis leads him to say that word, he still can not believe that Francis and Angel will be that low. Dicks referring to unpleasant or annoying people is intended to mock Francis and Angel. Naming them dicks is offensive because the speaker treats the addressees of the label with an indignity manner by comparing them with the male genital organ. 22 17 ANGEL: You smell like shit. D22: Shit Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone Angel is disturbed by Wade‟s unpleasant smell caused by the operation. It indicates Angel‟s dislike for Wade. Comparing Wade‟s smell with shit is offensive because it mocks Wade as the interlocutor by comparing Wade‟s smell with the smell of feces. Context: Angel comes to Wade after Francis left. Discovering Wade‟s smell, Angel mocks him.

18 WEASEL: And not gently. Like, he D23: Hate-fucking was hate-fucking23 Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate something Weasel inserts cursing to emphasize the hatred

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA at the sexual activity. Hate-fucking here intend to show the speaker‟s emotion adverbially, but not to injure the addressee. Context: Weasel thinks that Wade is like a person with a disgusting look like an avocado. Additionally, Weasel explains that the avocado dislikes having coitus.

19 WADE: And the only guy who can D24: Shitstick fix this fugly mug is the British Type: Obscenity shitstick24 from the mutant factory, Function: to humiliate someone and he ‟s gone! Deadpool makes fun of Francis to entertain himself and Weasel. He calls Francis as shitstick which literally means a tool to cleanse anus. As a consequence, the expression indicates an insult addressed to Francis. Context: Wade is casually telling about Francis who can fix his face to Weasel.

20 AL: Seltzer water and lemon for D25: Dumbass blood. Or wear red. Dumbass25 Type: Insult Function: to humiliate someone Wade‟s ignorance provokes Al to suggests in a rough way. Al tries to let her annoyance goes through an insult. Context: Knowing Wade‟s wrong way to clean his own hoodie in a laundromat, an old woman who does not know Wade offers two alternatives. At the end of the suggestion, the blind woman mocks Wade.

21 DEADPOOL: Let‟s recap. The cock D26: Cock thistle thistle26 that turned me into this Type: Obscenity freak slipped through my arms Function: to humiliate someone today. Wade deploys the jocular insult to make fun of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Francis with the name. He wants to be perceived as entertaining in front of Al. Cock thistle is generally used as an insult to denote someone who is very unpleasant man. Context: Responding Al‟s question, Wade tells his reason for being douchy (irritating). He has killed Agent Smith whom he calls cock thistle in his response.

22 FRANCIS: He can't. Not if there's D27: The fucker nothing left of him to heal. You Type: Obscenity know, it's funny. I almost missed Function: to humiliate someone the fucker27. I like a challenge. But Francis releases his anger towards Wade By he's bad for business. insulting him. The fucker is expressed in a serious way and in a serious situation. Context: Angel is taking care of Francis‟ wound on his back due to Deadpool‟s sword. They talk about Deadpool‟s cure; Francis suddenly changes the topic that he is nearly failed in doing the radioactive experiment on Deadpool. 28 23 VANESSA: Thanks, dickless . And D28: Dickless I mean you. Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone Vanessa curses because she is upset that Francis kidnapping her. Francis is a man who biologically has a penis. Calling him that way is insulting. Context: Vanessa is taken by Francis to a harbor. Seeing Vanessa wanting to speak, Francis requests Angel to remove the plaster covering her mouth.

24 COLOSSUS: Language, please! D28: Suck a cock DEADPOOL: Suck a cock28! Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Deadpool disobeying Colossus‟ polite request and keeping using a dysphemistic word. He employs the expression to derogate Colossus, as it is sort of a homophobic insult considering the meaning of the expression is an unfriendly suggestion for sucking a penis while Colossus himself is a man. Context: Colossus considers Deadpool‟s request to beat the women with an impolite expression. Thus, Deadpool is reminded to be polite in using language. However, he rejects Colossus‟ request and replies to his friend‟s polite request with a dysphemistic word.

25 DEADPOOL: Fellas, hey, you only D29: Shit-speckled Muppet fart work for shit-speckled Muppet fart29 Type: Obscenity Function: to humiliate someone Deadpool makes a funny story about the men‟s boss by humiliating their boss to distract their attention. Context: Deadpool tries to stop the army from shooting him and Negasonic by waving his white underwear.

26 FRANCIS: What? You stupid D30: Stupid fucking idiot fucking idiot30. Did you really think Type: Insult there was a cure for that? Function: to humiliate someone Deadpool‟s innocence on the cure makes Francis annoyed. Francis then relieves his annoyance through insult. The dysphemistic word disparages Deadpool as the addressee because it shows the negative qualities of the addressee. Context: Deadpool beats Francis until Francis bleeds. He

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA orders Francis to fix his face; however, instead of committing to fix Deadpool‟s face, Francis insults him for his innocence.

29 DEADPOOL: You were droning D31: Fuckface on! Sure, I may be stuck looking Type: Obscenity like pepperoni flatbread, but at least Function: to humiliate someone fuckface31 won't heal from that. Deadpool hates his face and is frustrated because his face cannot be fixed. He humiliates his own face with the word fuckface. Fuck defines what the face is like, so it performs like fucking Y to say his horrible look face. Context: Colossus asks the reason for still shooting Francis. Deadpool answers that although his face cannot be healed, he can still take an act of revenge.

Dysphemism Used to State and Represent a Very Bad Thing or Condition

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

30 DOPINDER: And what did he do to D32: Shit you? DEADPOOL: This shit32. Type: Obscenity Boo! Function: to represent a very bad condition Deadpool utters shit as his way to shock Dopinder since Deadpool creates the joke while uncovering his scary face to surprise the interlocutor. This context demonstrates that Deadpool makes fun of himself because his face looks bad, but he does not feel bad having that face. Moreover, humor in this situation is realized through mocking misfortune to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA generate a jocular effect. Context: Dopinder changes the topic discussion from sex to Deadpool‟s reason for wearing the red suit. To answer the question, Deadpool uncovers his face under his red mask.

31 DOPINDER: Shall we turn back? D33: Fuck it! DEADPOOL: Nope, no time. Fuck Type: Obscenity it33. I got this. Nine, ten, eleven, Function: to represent a very bad condition twelve bullets, or bust. We‟re here! Deploying the expletive fuck it helps the speaker to reduce his frustration on the situation which he cannot control, i.e. having insufficient time to take the bag. The expression Fuck it! indicates misfortune and thus the unlucky situation triggers the speaker to curse. In short, the word fuck it uttered by the character above used to state and represent a very bad condition. Context: Deadpool forgot about bringing his bag. Although the taxi driver offers him to return, yet Deadpool refuses because he does not have enough time. 32 DEADPOOL: Dad? D34: Shit (Colossus throws him into a car.) Type: Obscenity DEADPOOL: (Narrating) I think Function: to represent a very bad condition we can all agree that shit34 just went An unlucky situation when the Deadpool is sideways in the most colossal way. thrown away is substituted by that shit. The situation of the fight is serious. By cursing, Deadpool wants to break the ice through the usage of the dysphemistic word. Context : Deadpool is narrating to the audience when Deadpool is thrown by Colossus, for he unintentionally hits Colossus‟ testicles when Deadpool wants to beat Francis.

33 WADE: Listen, we both know that D35: Shit cancer is a shit35 show. Type: Obscenity Function: to represent a very bad condition

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Shit show contextually means a situation that is associated with great unpleasantness. Deadpool underestimates terminal cancer by comparing it to a shit show. Shit in the expression is intended to disapprove the show because he wants to look stronger by underestimating tcancer or disapproving the show. Context: Vanessa is worried about Wade because he has terminal cancer. Wade is actually worried about himself, yet he does not want Vanessa to think about it much.

34 VANESSA: We can fight this. D36: Fucked up Besides, I just realized something. Type: Obscenity You win. Your life is officially way 36 Function: to represent a very bad condition more fucked up than mine. Fuck up purely describes Wade‟s spoiled condition; it is not related with any strong emotions because Vanessa does not deploy this dysphemistic word angrily. This is Vanessa‟s way of speaking as a prostitute. Context: Vanessa randomly remembers that she ever argued with Wade about whose life is worse when they met in the bar. Now, she realizes that Wade‟s life is worse than hers. 35 DEADPOOL: Rock meat bottom. D37: Fucked When life ends up breath - takingly Type: Obscenity fucked37 , you can generally trace it Function: to represent a very bad condition back to one big, bad decision. Deadpool purely explains the audience his ruined/spoiled life. Because he employs the expression relaxingly, the expression is designed to explain the condition of his life. In addition, since the speaker intends to show how bad his life is in an impolite or awful way, he deploys fucked instead of spoiled. Context: Deadpool cuts his hand and jumps onto a truck from the bridge because is forced to follow

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Colossus. He narrates his story on the truck.

36 WEASEL: Wade, we have a D38: Fucking fucking38 problem. And by we, I Type: Obscenity mean you. Function: to represent a very bad condition Weasel states his worry about the danger caused by Francis and Angel. Fucking here functions in the same way as the adjective bad/dangerous on the problem. Therefore, It is not designed to harm, as it is associated with the speaker‟s evaluation based on the bad situation. Context: After Francis and Angel looked for Wade in the bar, Weasel makes a phone call to inform Wade that he is in trouble because the two people are seeking him. 39 37 DEADPOOL: …shittiest D39: Shittiest moments. Let's just say, it's Type: Obscenity beginning to look a lot like Function: to represent a very bad condition Christmas. Deadpool tries to how he dislikes the moments by exchanging worst into shittiest. Shittiest is performed to substitute the superlative form of bad which is worst. In other words, it is used as a modifier explaining the situation. Context: After going out from the cab, Deadpool stands in front of a ruined mother ship. He, then, mentions Francis‟ actions, which he considers to be worst to himself, to the audience of the movie.

38 NEGASONIC: Where‟s your duffel D40: Goddammit! bag? DEADPOOL: Goddammit!40 Type: Profanity We‟ll do this the old - fashioned Function: to represent a very bad condition way. With two swords… And Deadpool swears goddammit to release his maximum effort. Cue the music. confusion due to the situation he cannot handle. Goddammit here characterized by a brief-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA expression, expressed in an emotional condition. Context: Negasonic wonders where Deadpool‟s bag of guns is. Realizing that he left the bag in Dopinder‟s cab, Deadpool is annoyed.

39 DEADPOOL: Don't worry, baby. D41: Shitbox I'm gonna get you out of that Type: Obscenity shitbox.41 Function: to represent a very bad condition Deadpool tries to show his dislike to the box which holds Vanessa and the bad situation. Shit - is used as additional information for the box according to the speaker‟s personal evaluation of the box. Context: Vanessa is tied inside a box, and she cannot breathe since Francis pomps the oxygen out. Seeing Vanessa suffering, Wade commits Vanessa to take her out of the glass box.

40 DEADPOOL: I got a plan. You‟re D42: Shit, shit, shit! not gonna like it. Type: Obscenity VANESSA: Shit, shit, shit!42 Function: to represent a very bad condition Bad condition provokes Vanessa to curse, but the dysphemistic word is only used to express her personal emotion, not to hurt anyone. Cursing shit three times is a mechanism to express her fear of danger. Context: Vanessa which is inside the cube is going to fall from the mothership. This situation makes her feel extremely scared. 43 41 DEADPOOL: Damn it ! Maximum D43: Damn it! effort! Type: Insult Function: to represent a very bad condition Deadpool cursers as a reaction to pain which he holds in order to be able to pull the tube away from the mothership. Damn it! is an exclamation expressed as a result of a bad

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA condition which he tries to control. Context: Deadpool is trying to save Vanessa by pulling away from the tube in which Vanessa is placed. Since the cube is heavy, he curses an interjection, Damn it!

Dysphemism Used to Emphasize Thing or Condition

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

42 DEADPOOL: (Narrating) You‟re D44: Damn it! probably thinking, „My boyfriend Type: Insult said this was a superhero movie, but Function: to emphasize thing this guy in the red suit just turned Deadpool shows his dislike towards the kabab that other guy into a fucking44 . by adding fucking as a modifier is used to kabab. describe kabab, which literally refers to Middle Eastern skewer. Turing someone into kabab, therefore, can be meant to make someone like kabab. Context: Deadpool narrates the story to the audience while he is stabbing a man with his swords after the man coming to attack him. A man comes to attack Deadpool.

43 MERCHANT: Yeah, the Mr. D45: Fucking Merchant, who didn‟t order the Type: Obscenity fucking45 pie! Function: to emphasize thing Jeremy‟s motive for employing fucking is emphasis what he talked about or what he is trying to intensify is the refusal that he did not order the pizza. Context:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A pizza agent delivers a pizza to Jeremy‟s address, but Jeremy denies that he has placed the order. 46 44 MERCHANT: The fuck you doing D46: The fuck in my crib? Type: Obscenity Function: to emphasize condition Emphasis is Merchant‟s reason for cursing because he thinks that by adding dysphemistic word, the interlocutor will answer and know his displeasure. The fuck is inserted to show Merchant that Merchant is disturbed because Wade should not have been in his apartment. Context: Merchant is confused seeing a stranger in his place. He accordingly questions Wade‟s intention in his flat. He accordingly questions Wade‟s intention in his flat. 47 45 WADE: I will shoot your fucking D47: Fucking cat cat. Type: Obscenity Function: to emphasize condition Wade uses fucking to intensify Wade‟s point of action which will be done when the condition requested is not fulfilled by Merchant. Fucking is not designed verbally to hurt Merchant. Wade just tries to reveal his forceful emotion. Context: Deadpool brings the Merchant‟s wallet. Merchant ask Wade to give him his Sam‟s Card, instead of giving the card, Wade points a gun to Merchant‟s head and a threat for him. 48 46 BUCK: Stay the fuck down! D48: The fuck Type: Obscenity Function: to emphasize condition The fuck in those two questions only serves as an emphasis marker, and as a result, the italicized expression is not derogatory. Context:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A black man is laying on the floor due to getting hit by Boothe. In order the man not to get hit anymore, Buch orders him to stay laying. 47 WADE: I'm just excited about my D49: The fuck first day at super hero camp. Type: Obscenity ANGEL: Shut the fuck49 up. Function: to emphasize condition The fuck is used to give additional information about the speaker‟s emotional load. The functions of the fuck within the command are not merely for a filler, but it intensifies the command for being silent. Context: Wade talks too much before the radioactive operation, it makes Angel feels annoyed.

48 FRANCIS: Why don't you do us all D50: The fuck a favor and shut the fuck50 up? Or Type: Obscenity I'll sow your pretty mouth shut. Function: to emphasize condition Francis curses because he wants to highlight his request. He wants to show the emotion in his utterance. Context: Wade keeps talking about the identity of a man whom is doing an experiment on him, Francis to Cunningham. Since Wade talk s much, Francis feels annoyed. 51 49 WADE: What the fuck is wrong D51: The fuck with you? Type: Obscenity Function: to emphasize condition The insertion the fuck can function as an emphasizer to the question. The dysphemistic word is delivered to show Wade‟s special concern or personal emotion about the interlocutor‟s wrong condition. Context: After telling the true intention of conducting the experiment on Wade, Wade gets angrier.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 50 WADE: And the only guy who can D52: The fuck fix this fugly52 mug is the British Type: Obscenity shitstick from the mutant factory, Function: to emphasize condition and he ‟s gone! Fugly is short for fucking and ugly. Fucking is used as an adverbial intensifier showing degree of ugliness. Context: Wade and Weasel are discussing about Francis, the person whom can only fix Wade‟s disfigured skin. 53 51 WEASEL: Damn straight. Find D53: Damn Francis. Type: Insult Function: to emphasize condition The speaker exclaims as an emphasis to assert his agreement. Context: Weasel suggests Wade take an action: to fix his appearance by finding Francis. Wade, then, agrees with Weasel‟s suggestion.

52 DEADPOOL: Don't make me ask D54: Fucking twice. Where is Francis? Where‟s Type: Obscenity fucking54 Francis? Function: to emphasize condition Deadpool emphasizes his question by inserting swearing to get attention. Context: Deadpool is looking for Francis by asking people who probably related to Francis. Deadpool asks where Francis is, but there is nobody answering his question.

53 DEADPOOL: Tell me where your . D55: Fucking fucking55 boss is! Or you‟re gonna Type: Obscenity die! In five minutes! Function: to emphasize condition Deadpool uses fucking to strengthen the intimidating effect on the command. Context: Deadpool is looking for Francis by threatening

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and asking men who are probably related to Francis. He does so because he thinks the men probably know.

54 DEADPOOL: I'd stick that where D56: Fucking you stuck the Bactine. I raided my Type: Obscenity stash of wisdom just to take a sec Function: to emphasize condition and I orbiting fucking56 Saturn right Deadpool uses the italicized expression to add now. the emotional intensity of the message. Context: Deadpool rejects a brand of painkiller because it will make him addicted. 57 55 DEADPOOL: Ooh, I'mma fucking D57: Fucking spell it out for you. Type: Obscenity Function: to emphasize condition Deadpool uses fucking in his response to intensify his conviction to spell Francis‟ name. Context: Seeing Deadpool comes to his domain, Francis asks Deadpool his name loudly. Deadpool answers the question softly by saying that he will tell Francis‟ name.

56 DEADPOOL: Any last words? D58: Fucking FRANCIS: What's my name? Type: Obscenity DEADPOOL: Who fucking58 cares? Function: to emphasize condition Deadpool intensifies the point of the question by saying fucking . Context: Deadpool is about to kill Francis by a gun. Thus, he asks whether or not Francis has the last words. Instead of answering Deadpool, Francis asks him back.

57 COLOSSUS: Just promise - D59: The fuck DEADPOOL: …What the fuck59 Type: Obscenity am I going to tell her? Function: to emphasize condition The fuck functions as an emphasizer for the intention of the utterance.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Context: Deadpool interrupts Colossus when Colossus wants him to promise. Deadpool commits that he will consider being a good hero. Besides, he also asks Colossus for an opinion.

Dysphemism Used to Express Anger

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

60 58 DEADPOOL: Aw, shit! I forgot D60: Shit my ammo bag! Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Deadpool feels frustrated on himself and angry at the situation which happens unexpectedly and suddenly, by cursing, he releases the negative emotions verbally. Cursing in this manner, therefore, serves as Deadpool‟s emotional handling strategy. Context: During the mission for searching Francis, all weapons prepared are forgotten to be brought.

59 (He jumps into the air, quickly D61: Shit firing off two shots…) Type: Obscenity DEADPOOL: Shit!61 Function: to express anger Deadpool‟s reason for cursing is anger release, exclaiming shit is used to express his rage at Francis considering that Francis shot him right on his right hand. Context: Deadpool hides behind a car because of the limited number of bullets. When hiding, he is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA shot on his right hand. Deadpool can see Francis from the hole. 62 60 DEADPOOL: Motherfucker! Ten. D62: Motherfucker (He shoots and misses). Shit!63 Type: Obscenity Nine. (He shoots and misses). Function: to express anger Fuck!64 Eight. (He shoots and Exclaiming is done due to the annoyance misses). Shit fuck!65 towards the missing shots. To put it simply, the incest-themed dysphemistic word used to reduce the degree of anger. Context: After being shot on his hand, Deadpool sees the man from a hole caused by the bullet. While shooting a man, he counts down. D63: Shit Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Deadpool curses when he misses the shot on his target. As a result, utilizing the scatology- themed word helps him to relieve his frustration because he cannot shoot the target. Context: Deadpool keep missing the shots while his bullets are running out. D64: Fuck Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Due to being irritated, Deadpool swears. Swearing is the easiest way of releasing his rage. Context: Deadpool lost some shots and he only has one gun with limited bullets. D65: Shit fuck Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger The misfortune makes Deadpool frustrated.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Cursing accordingly helps him to let the tension go. Context: Deadpool shoots his target again, but he misses. The missing shot makes Deadpool lost his valuable bullets considering he only has twelve. 66 61 GIRL: Think you could fuck up D66: Fuck up my step-dad? Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger In her question, the girl deploys fuck up which the meaning is to bring harm, to damage, or to injure someone physically. Moreover, the girl‟s strong emotion is expressed through the usage of such expression. Context: Deadpool comes to Megan to give her photos of frightened Jeremy. Seeing Deadpool‟s presence, Megan‟s friend asks him about damaging her father.

62 WADE: (Narrating) Nope. Never D67: Fuck 67 will be. MAN: Fuck you , Wade. Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Saying the sex-themed term is the man‟s way to express his anger and as a punishment to Wade for making himself hurt. Fuck you is a verbal attack because it is intended to harm the addressee,i.e. Wade Context: Wade punches someone, whom he knows at a pavement, right on his testicles. Instead of taking revenge physically, the man avenges verbally. 63 DEADPOOL: Look, Colossus! I D68: Bullshit don't have time for the goody-two- Type: Insult shoes bullshit68 right now! Function: to express anger Deadpool uses the expression because he wants to disobey Colossus‟ polite request. Moreover, he is mad at Colossus because he comes not at

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the right time. Context: Colossus orders Francis to stay and warns Deadpool for not using his power thoughtlessly. Afterward, Colossus wants Deadpool to come with him to X-Men. However, Deadpool dislikes being advised.

64 COLOSSUS: Wade, please. D69: Cock DEADPOOL: Cock69 shot! Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Deadpool exclaims the expression to attack Colossus when he attacks Colossus. he feels so angry because Colossus stops him from beating Francis. Context: Deadpool punches Colossus‟ chest resulting in breaking his hand. When he wants to hit Colossus‟ testicles, he breaks the other hand. 70 65 WADE: You sadistic fuck! D70: Sadistic fuck Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Deadpool is irritated to Francis‟ experiment on him, so he curses to express his anger. Context: Francis mutates Wade, resulting in disfigured skin on Wade. Knowing his condition, Wade gets angry. He swears in a high tone to mock Francis.

66 (Wade head butts her.) D71: Motherfucker! ANGEL: Mother fucker71! Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger This expression is directed to Wade to abuse him because Wade has hurt her head. Angel needs to counterattack Wade by insulting him to express her anger. Context:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Wade suddenly hits Angel‟s head with his, as he is insulted by Angel. Furthermore, due to what he did, Angel gets angry. 72 67 WADE: Ah, bullshit! I'm a D72: Bullshit! monster inside and out Type: Insult Function: to express anger Wade is angry because of Weasel‟s disagreement on his opinion that he cannot live with Vanessa anymore. Context: Weasel suggests Wade goes back to Vanessa, but Wade keeps insisting that he cannot be with Vanessa anymore.

68 DEADPOOL: You weak D73: Motherfucker! motherfucker73! Come on. Come Type: Obscenity on, get it together. This isn't about Function: to express anger me, this is about Vanessa. Here we Deadpool exclaims because his frustration go. Maximum effort. drives him to do so. It is to say dysphemistic word as for letting off the steam. Context: Deadpool is frustrated because of thinking about his relationship with Vanessa which is ruined due to his disfigured skin. 74 69 DEADPOOL: Fuck ... D74: fuck Motherfucker75! Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Knowing that Vanessa is kidnapped, Deadpool is really angry. He alleviates his anger by cursing. Context: Vanessa is kidnapped by Francis; Deadpool gets angry and throws Vanessa‟s purse down forcefully, and at the same time he exclaims. D75: Motherfucker! Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Due to feeling angry, he curses to let off his steam. Context: Deadpool is very angry when he only finds Vanessa‟s pursue, but he cannot find his girlfriend. He realizes that Vanessa is kidnapped.

70 DEADPOOL: Chocolate! Jimminy! D76: Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! Fuck!76 Type: Obscenity Whoa! Whoa! Function: to express anger Deadpool is really angry, so he needs to express his anger to reduce it. Context: While Wade is extremely angry, Weasel tries to make him relaxed. However, Wade is still angry. Thus, he keeps exclaiming.

71 DEADPOOL: Oh, I'm gonna rip D77: Motherfucking this motherfucking77 – find that, Type: Obscenity find it, or I‟m gonna get angry. Function: to express anger Deadpool seems trying to show his dislike to Francis by modifying his name with a taboo expression. Context: Deadpool is very angry because his girlfriend is used as a bait for catching him. He tries to say about his plan to damage Francis, yet he changes it to find Vanessa.

78 72 AL: Fuck you D78: Fuck Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Al is angry because she has to give all her weapons to Deadpool. To normalize her emotion, she deploys the expression. Context: Deadpool wants Al to open her skirt under which she hides her firearm. This request upset

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Al so that she curses, but Deadpool is not offended.

73 VANESSA: I‟ve been trying to tell D79: Asshole you assholes79 you got the wrong Type: Obscenity girl. My boyfriend, he‟s dead. Function: to express anger Vanessa is irritated with Francis‟ action to her. To relieve his irritation, she insults Francis. Context: Vanessa thinks that kidnapping her is useless if she is made as bait since as she knows, Wade is already dead.

80 74 DEADPOOL: Motherfucker D80: Motherfucker should have worn his brown pants. Type: Obscenity You're right, beautiful! Red really is Function: to express anger my color. Deadpool is angry seeing Vanessa placed in a tube, yelling motherfucker is for expressing his rage at Francis. It is abusive because the expression refers to an unpleasant man. Context: Context: Deadpool finally meets Francis due to Negasonic‟s aid to reach the surface of the mothership. On the broken aircraft carrier, Deadpool sees his girlfriend, Vanessa is caged inside a glass box.

75 DEADPOOL: Oh, you never left. D81: Asshole VANESSA: But you did, asshole81! Type: Obscenity Function: to express anger Vanessa tries to release her rage and disappointment towards her boyfriend, Deadpool, by calling him an asshole. Such name-calling is not normal to be addressed to a lover. However, she does not really mean it.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Context: Deadpool is speaking to Francis that Francis never left. Listening to their conversation, Vanessa tries to get involved in the conversation by interrupting the conversation.

Dysphemism Used To Express Excitement

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

82 76 DEADPOOL: This shit's gonna D82: Shit have nuts in it Type: Obscenity Function: to express excitement The substitution is purely descriptive, as how Deadpool uses the expression does not show his aversion to the plan. Moreover, such use also indicates the speaker‟s way of communicating because even though he can deploy an ordinary word for stating the plan, he uses this shit instead. He does not mean this expression as feces, but it refers to his excitement to seek Francis. The speaker only wants to be rude by saying an expression that is impolite, as the substitution breaks taboo. Context: He is narrating his plan to the audience of the movie. Wade is making a plan on the wall to look for Francis by seeking everyone who is related to Francis.

77 Weasel: All you need now is a suit D83: Shit and a nickname, like Wade the Type: Obscenity Wisecracker, or Scaredevil, Mr. Function: to express excitement Neverdie... Oh shit83! The expression is grammatically meaningless

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA because the meaning of the term under this circumstance is already lost; it functions to show the speaker‟s strong feeling indicating a misfortune also an excitement since his friend, Wade also known as Deadpool will never die and will win the fight. The curse, then, is expressed briefly in a short expression. Context: Weasel suggests Wade wears a suit and a nickname. When proposing names, Weasel suddenly remembers Wade‟s debt. He realizes he will never win the bet since Deadpool has the superpower.

78 DEADPOOL: Time to make the D84: Fucking chimi-fucking84-changas… Type: Obscenity Function: to express excitement Deadpool deploys the expression because he wants to stress his positive emotion, i.e. excitement to his declaration. The word fucking is used in the same way as an adjective to show Deadpool‟s feeling of excitement to beat Francis. Context: Deadpool, Negasonic, and Colossus are coming out from the cab. Deadpool is ready to beat Francis by saying the italicized expression.

Dysphemism Used to To Express Astonishment or Amazement

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

85 79 DEADPOOL: Shit ! Did I leave D85: Shit the stove on? Type: Obscenity Function: to express astonishment Due to the emotional urge, i.e. shock, Deadpool

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA alleviates his shock by exclaiming shit which is articulated abruptly. The dysphemistic word, therefore, deployed as a surprise-alleviating strategy. Context: After fighting against the men in the car which there is nobody driving, Deadpool is thrown out from the car. During the moment, he remembers whether he has switched the stove off. 86 80 DEADPOOL: What the shit D86: Shit biscuit! Where you at, Francis? Type: Obsenity Function: to express astonishment Deadpool uses the scatology-themed interjection because he wants to make his utterance sound fun and he is astonished about where Francis at. Context: On the bridge, Deadpool is looking for Francis in every crashed car.

81 WADE: Then whose kitty litter did D87: Shit I just shit87 in? Type: Obscenity Function: to express astonishment Instead of saying defecate or poop, Wade uses shit. Employing indecent expression to new people is considered rude. As a result, it gives a shocking effect to the interlocutor. Context: Feeling that he does not have a cat, Merchant is confused with Wade‟s question. Wade consequently asks the possession of the litter.

83 NEGASONIC: Negasonic Teenage D88: Shit Warhead. Type: Obscenity DEADPOOL: Negasonic Teenage... Function: to express amazement What the shit88! That's the coolest Deadpool uses the interjection as a shock - name ever! coping strategy as seen from his reaction to the amazement of Negasonic‟s name.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Context: Negasonic introduces her name to Deadpool. Because of considering that name unique, Deadpool feels amazed.. 89 83 FRANCIS: Fucking hell . Looks D89: Fucking hell like someone lost his shot at Type: Profanity homecoming king Function: to express amazement Francis needs to alleviate his shock due to seeing Deadpool‟s disfigured skin. Context: The radioactive operation turns Wade into a mutant with disfigured skin. Seeing Wade‟s skin, Francis exclaims using dysphemistic word. 90 84 DEADPOOL: What the hell ! D90: Hell Come here you. Type: Profanity Function: to express ashtonishment Deadpool exclaims because he is astonished by the presence of his friend in the middle of the fight. He employs an expletive due to sudden situations. Context: Deadpool just realizes that one of Francis‟ men is his friend. Deadpool who initially directs his swords to the man, then, puts them back to his back when he expresses an expletive.

85 NEGASONIC: You‟re cool. D91: Ass DEADPOOL: What in the ass91! I Type: Obscenity was not mean! I'm proud of you. Function: to express ashtonishment Deadpool is astonished at the sudden situation and to vent his tensed emotion, he exclaims with short and emotional expression, what in the ass! Context: After Negasonic praises Deadpool, Deadpool is astonished because Negasonic never praises him before

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Dysphemism Used to Show Intimacy

Types of Dysphemism

No. Dialogue Explanation

Insult Profanity Obscenity

86 WADE: Cheers. To your health. D92: Fuck WEASEL: Fuck you92. Type: Obscenity Function: to show intimacy It is offensive in general context, but how Weasel mocks does not show any indication that he aims at insulting his close friend. Articulating the tabooed expression is Weasel‟s way for showing the intimacy between he and Wade or establishing friendship because such expression is restricted in the usage; the words cannot be exploited to anyone, unless the speaker is willing to accept the consequence for using the expression which is generally perceived as abusive. Context: Boothe gets offended by the drink, so that he starts a fight with a man. Disregarding the fight, Wade invite Weasel to toast for the sake of his health.

87 WEASEL: You gotta do something D93: Face-fucked to remedy this. „Cause you look like Type: Obscenity Freddy Krueger face-fucked93 a Function: to show intimacy topographical map of Utah. Using dysphemistic word to Weasel‟s close friend is his way to to show the intimacy between Weasel and Wade Context: Weasel suggests Wade to fix his appearance because Wade‟s appearance is awful.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 94 88 NEGASONIC: Fuck , you're old. D94: Fuck Type: Obscenity Function: to show intimacy Cursing the forbidden expression shows Negasonic‟s friendliness towards Deadpool, considering expressing a private word is restricted to members of a group. Context: Deadpool makes a joke as a greeting by calling Negasonic with Ripley, a fictional character in Alien 3 movie. Responding to the joke, Negasonic swears using fuck.

89 DEADPOOL: Twinkly, but deadly. D95: Chrome-penised My chrome-penised95 friend back Type: Obscenity there has agreed to do me this solid. Function: to show intimacy Deadpool wants to show their close relation by teasing his friend, Colossus. Context: Deadpool rents Dopinder‟s taxi with Negasonic and Colossus in the back. Since Dopinder does not know who the passengers are, Deadpool tells that the twinkly man in the back is Colossus.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA