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An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Psychology

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An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Psychology February 2018, Volume 5, Number 1 Review Paper: An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Psychology Mohammad Tahan1* 1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran. Use your device to scan and read the article online Citation Tahan M. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Psychology. Avicenna Journal of Neuropsychophysiol- ogy. 2018; 5(1):3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ajnpp.5.1.3 : http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ajnpp.5.1.3 A B S T R A C T Article info: Psychotherapy endows a sense of control in patients gripped with emotional conflicts; it Received: 10 May 2018 allows them to handle their reflexes and regain composure through conscious and behavioral alterations. These transformational changes can be brought about by improving their Accepted: 25 Oct 2018 listening skills, observational capacities, creating awareness, and making them more attentive Available Online: 01 Feb 2018 and intervening. Conventional psychotherapy calls for one-to-one sessions during treatment. Considering the increased access to Information Technology (IT) in our daily living, the idea of replacement of human interaction by IT tools appeared. The specialized tools and techniques are employed through the course of therapy, which not only alters but also accentuates their cognitive and practical understanding. The idea of amalgamating these two broad ambits, the complexities of psychology and dynamism of Artificial Intelligence (AI), has gained momentum in recent years. The reluctance of a few psychologists in the past regarding inculcating expert systems into routine practice, because of employment-related insecurities or being swapped by a computer, led to the underutilization of the latent competence of using IT. Primarily, human behavior itself cannot be copied in totality by technology, and AI has a great deal to cover in this regards, but researchers are doing their best to deliver on these premises. Keywords: Apart from this patient, resistance to this encroachment of technology should be critically Artificial Intelligence, investigated for gaining acceptance. This review focuses on how machine intelligence can Applications, Psychology enhance self-awareness through computer-implemented psychotherapeutic tools. 1. Introduction tine applications so that they cannot be distinguished individually; once something is implemented as a gen- rtificial Intelligence (AI) has been intro- eral application, and it is of immense use, it cannot be duced in multiple fields, including games, specified as AI anymore. AI applications seem to have a robots, law, stock trading, remote sensing ubiquitous infrastructural presence in any given indus- devices, and scientific inventions, as well try. The late (1990s) and the beginning of the (21st) cen- A as diagnostic procedures [1]. Most of the tury were the start points of the intertwining AI tech- advanced AI applications have greatly trickled into rou- nological elements into the larger frame of systems [1]. * Corresponding Author: Mohammad Tahan, MSc. Address: Young Researchers and Elite Club, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran. Tel: +98 (912) 0252104 E-mail: [email protected] 3 February 2018, Volume 5, Number 1 Interest in AI has primarily concentrated on autono- izing with any correlative studies of human perfor- mous systems that might replace people in the respec- mance [5]. Perhaps a part of the reason for AI’s early tive fields. Just as cognitive psychology may discover disinterest in human studies was the indecisiveness for new avenues of investigation from algorithmic-instruc- the full-fledged assimilation of psychology to under- tion theory, algorithmic-instruction theory may have score discrepancy in the constitution of intelligence. more practical implications as it assesses the complex- Gelernter’s remarks affirm through the geometry-the- ity of human behavioral data. This human-centered orem proving program [6]. focus is based on interdisciplinary synergistic research from cognitive neuroscience and psychology to theo- However, many AI workers have taken human studies retical computer science [2]. into account; still, empirical psychology can be ignored in favor of intuition or introspection. Even those research- In this golden age of technology, with no end or limit ers, who explicitly acknowledge the significance of indi- in sight, the moral and ethical repercussions of AI have vidual data, ignore psychological studies from their work. three sides to the argument. One opinion says that Winston (1979) suggested that the first of five steps in many of us are already stricken by poverty without building an AI learning program is to examine or charac- work, and there is little or no reason to create mechan- terize some learning competence [7]. Winston’s account ical laborers that can think independently. While the of his program for replicating the application of simile in other says that society cannot progress or derive ben- teacher-student interactions did not relate to any stud- efits from resources without the help of machines that ies in educational psychology [8]. Instead, Winston rests can think for themselves at least partially. Moreover, on his intuition to describe the competence associated the third group is least bothered about these issues at with such behavior. As ingenious as Winston’s program all, as is typical of human society [1]. is, it would be more compelling if it was derived from the empirical foundation of psychology [7]. Many psychologists think that the science of AI can in- tegrate all of the phenomena generated by the human Thus, calling attention for closer ties between AI and mind. The functionalist attitude witnesses the mind as a experimental psychology, it will confer an improvement representational system and psychology as the offshoot in both aspects, i.e. in the principles of intelligent be- of the various computational processes, whereby men- havior as well as their respective computer applications. tal representations are built, organized, and deciphered. Raising psychological assumptions from the level of ad Although it is under debate as to how various psycho- hoc intuitions to the level of systematic empirical obser- logical phenomena can be justified in computational vations will impart longitudinal improvement in terms terms; as to which AI concepts are applicable for com- of AI research quality and help to integrate it with re- puter modeling methodologies following psychologist’s lated studies in other disciplines. perspective is yet to be seen [3]. 3. A Precision of Task Definition and Description 2. Artificial Intelligence and Psychology The past three decades have seen AI workers build- A distinction is sometimes drawn between AI’s engi- ing (and reporting on) systems that utilize processes, to neering facet and its theoretical aspects. As an engi- which they refer as reasoning, understanding, problem- neering discipline, the objective of AI is to devise and solving, decision-making, planning, concept-formation, implement machines, which can perform operations and so forth [9]. The terminological interpretation often by practical means. Accuracy, efficiency, flexibility, and alters from project to project, creating a patchwork of reliability are the primary criteria of success for such terminological customs. For instance, the term concept, systems and information about human performance as applied in the description of semantic networks, has seems to be neither necessary nor desirable [4]. no less than five significant interpretations. Such a loose application of psychological terms gives rise to three The history of AI shows that program design and de- problems. Firstly, the comparison between different scription has always relied on the elements of human AI projects becomes extremely difficult. Secondly, the psychology. Assumptions about cognitive processes nature of task specifications, i.e. AI workers are fond of have been drawn from the intuitions or introspective using psychological terms to associate their programs analyses of AI workers rather than empirical studies. to aspects of human cognition explicitly and, thereby Important programs, such as Samuel’s checker-player offering a pre-established theoretical framework [10]. were developed, applied, and tested without random- 4 Tahan M. Artificial Intelligence Applications and Psychology. AJNPP. 2018; 5(1):3-10. February 2018, Volume 5, Number 1 If a researcher tries to conceptualize a program, he have emerged, reflecting the acceptance of IT in the field not only wants to improvise the implementation of a of psychology by the research fraternity. Psychotherapy well-understood task but also intends to comprehend inpatient treatment has adopted two distinct levels of the first implementation. If the researcher character- IT applications [13]. Firstly, the application is engaged in izes his work as an understanding, many people may refining the efficacy, execution, and performance of the be misled, not to mention himself [11]. practicing therapist. Secondly, it is associated with com- plex systems that resolve issues the patient and the ther- Program definition (or task environment) in this par- apist might get enmeshed in during treatment. Once a ticular method gives rise to ambiguity because it tends few reservations are clarified, the expert systems are -ex to appeal to a psychological model when, in fact, it does pected to solve low and medium complexity issues [14]. not exist. This not only
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