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Livestock-Related Interventions During Emergencies

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Livestock-Related Interventions During Emergencies Cover photographs Left: ©FAO/Asim Hafeez Middle: ©FAO/Believe Nyakudjara Right: ©FAO/Issouf Sanogo 18 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH manual LIVESTOCK-RELATED INTERVENTIONS DURING EMERGENCIES The how-to-do-it manual FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2016 Recommended Citation FAO. 2016. Livestock-related interventions during emergencies – The how-to-do-it manual Edited by Philippe Ankers, Suzan Bishop, Simon Mack and Klaas Dietze. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual No. 18. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109325-2 © FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Recommended Citation FAO. 2016. Livestock-related interventions during emergencies – The how-to-do-it manual Edited by Philippe Ankers, Suzan Bishop, Simon Mack and Klaas Dietze. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual No. 18. Rome. Contents Contents iii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Acronyms and abbreviations xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED 5 The context of the emergency 5 Initial assessment 6 Identifying the appropriate response 7 Collaboration 7 Selection of beneficiaries 9 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information Effective coordination and communication by committees 10 product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Planning 10 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or Contracting arrangements 12 concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific Animal welfare 12 companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference Common terminology 13 to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. CHAPTER 3 The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not CASH TRANSFERS AND VOUCHERS 17 necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. Rationale 17 ISBN 978-92-5-109325-2 Options for cash transfers 19 © FAO, 2016 Planning and preparation 23 Implementation 26 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 31 printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial Checklist 34 products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or CHAPTER 4 services is not implied in any way. DESTOCKING 35 All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial Rationale 35 use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to Options for destocking 37 [email protected]. Planning and preparation 39 FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) Implementation 44 and can be purchased through [email protected]. iv Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 50 Checklist 53 CHAPTER 5 VETERINARY SUPPORT 57 Rationale 57 Options for veterinary support 58 Planning and preparation 63 Implementation 76 Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 81 Checklist 84 CHAPTER 6 PROVISION OF FEED 87 Rationale 87 Options for feed supplementation 88 Planning and preparation 89 Implementation 95 Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 107 Checklist 108 CHAPTER 7 PROVISION OF WATER 109 Rationale 109 Options for increasing water availability 109 Planning and preparation 111 Implementation 112 Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 115 Checklist 115 CHAPTER 8 LIVESTOCK SHELTER AND SETTLEMENT 117 Rationale 117 Options for shelter and settlement interventions 118 Planning and preparation 120 Implementation 122 Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 126 Checklist 127 v CHAPTER 9 PROVISION OF LIVESTOCK 129 Rationale 129 Options for provision of livestock 131 Planning and preparation 132 Implementation 146 Notes on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment 154 Checklist 155 CHAPTER 10 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT 159 Introduction 159 Monitoring 163 Evaluation 170 Impact Assessment 174 Benefit-cost analysis 193 Conclusion 196 ANNEXES Destocking/Provision of livestock: body condition scoring 197 Veterinary Support: Clinical Vet. Services – Common drugs 200 Veterinary Support: Clinical Vet. Services – Content of a medical kit for a Community Animal Health Worker 203 Veterinary Support: Public-Sector Vet. Functions – Dog population management 205 Veterinary Support: Public-Sector Vet. Functions – Carcass disposal 207 Provision of feed to ruminants during emergencies: using value coefficients 210 Provision of feed to ruminants during emergencies: rationing 219 Provision of feed to ruminants during emergencies: manufacturing urea-molasses blocks 224 M&E: Examples of monitoring forms for emergency livestock interventions 227 M&E: Calculating sample sizes 231 M&E: Guidance on writing an evaluation or impact assessment report 233 REFERENCES 237 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1 Example of the Participatory Response Identification Matrix (PRIM), as described in the LEGS handbook 8 2 Sources and proportions of household food and income before and after restocking using proportional piling techniques in the Fik zone of Somali Region, Ethiopia in 2005 156 3 A hierarchy of evidence for the assessment of emergency livestock projects 162 4 Use of before-and-after proportional piling in impact assessment: changing patterns of food sources for restocked households 184 LIST OF TABLES 1 Selected risks and mitigation measures in cash and voucher programmes 26 2 Summary of key issues for destocking options 40 3 Risks and mitigation options for destocking 43 4 Livestock seller monitoring form 52 5 Meat receiving monitoring form 52 6 Advantages and disadvantages of veterinary support interventions options 62 7 Risks and mitigation for veterinary support 77 8 Links between specific production objectives and the main objectives of the supplementary feeding programme 92 9 Some common feeding strategies for ruminants, and supplements to enhance their impact in emergency situations 97 10 Commonly used ingredients in a typical poultry feed formulation 102 11 Approximate feed requirements of layer and broiler birds 102 12 Commonly used ingredients in a typical pig feed formulation 103 13 Estimates of feed requirements for pigs in different production stages 103 14 Indicative minimal space required for freedom from discomfort of different animal species in the tropics 119 15 Advantages and disadvantages of providing animals as gifts or loans 136 16 Advantages and disadvantages of different livestock purchasing systems 142 17 Risks and mitigation options in restocking 146 18 Stakeholders’ responsibilities in restocking programmes 153 19 Examples of process and impact indicators for emergency livestock interventions 160 20 Solutions for common constraints to evaluation and impact assessment of emergency livestock interventions 161 21 Collection of baseline data using rapid participatory assessment 166 22 Examples of questions and impact indicators for use in impact assessments 179 23 Attribution ranking of the relative importance of factors associated with improved animal health in southern Ethiopia 185 vii 24 Use of within-project control groups: mortality in vaccinated and non-vaccinated Afar pastoral herds in Ethiopia 188 25 Use of matrix scoring in impact assessment: comparison of livestock and other interventions during drought in southern Ethiopia 189 26 Sampling options for evaluation and impact assessment 191 27 Summarised matrix scoring of service providers 193 28 Approximate benefit-cost ratio for the commercial destocking intervention in Moyale woreda, Ethiopia 194 29 Benefit-cost analysis of supplementary feeding at Web feeding
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