Shape and Rotational Motion Models for Tumbling and Monolithic
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Planetary Defence Activities Beyond NASA and ESA
Planetary Defence Activities Beyond NASA and ESA Brent W. Barbee 1. Introduction The collision of a significant asteroid or comet with Earth represents a singular natural disaster for a myriad of reasons, including: its extraterrestrial origin; the fact that it is perhaps the only natural disaster that is preventable in many cases, given sufficient preparation and warning; its scope, which ranges from damaging a city to an extinction-level event; and the duality of asteroids and comets themselves---they are grave potential threats, but are also tantalising scientific clues to our ancient past and resources with which we may one day build a prosperous spacefaring future. Accordingly, the problems of developing the means to interact with asteroids and comets for purposes of defence, scientific study, exploration, and resource utilisation have grown in importance over the past several decades. Since the 1980s, more and more asteroids and comets (especially the former) have been discovered, radically changing our picture of the solar system. At the beginning of the year 1980, approximately 9,000 asteroids were known to exist. By the beginning of 2001, that number had risen to approximately 125,000 thanks to the Earth-based telescopic survey efforts of the era, particularly the emergence of modern automated telescopic search systems, pioneered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT’s) LINEAR system in the mid-to-late 1990s.1 Today, in late 2019, about 840,000 asteroids have been discovered,2 with more and more being found every week, month, and year. Of those, approximately 21,400 are categorised as near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), 2,000 of which are categorised as Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)3 and 2,749 of which are categorised as potentially accessible.4 The hazards posed to us by asteroids affect people everywhere around the world. -
Volume 1, #1 2021 May 14 Published on Behalf of the International Astronomical Union by the WG Small Bodies Nomenclature
Volume 1, #1 2021 May 14 Published on behalf of the International Astronomical Union by the WG Small Bodies Nomenclature. ISSN <applied for> Cover image: Navigation image of (1) Ceres, obtained by the DAWN mission. Courtesy NASA/JPL-CALTECH. WGSBN Bull. 1, #1 Table of Contents Editorial Notice.....................................................................................................................8 New Names of Minor Planets...............................................................................................8 (3708) Socus = 1974 FV1...............................................................................................9 (4035) Thestor = 1986 WD1...........................................................................................9 (4489) Dracius = 1988 AK..............................................................................................9 (4715) Medesicaste = 1989 TS1.....................................................................................9 (5258) Rhoeo = 1989 AU1..............................................................................................9 (5311) Rutherford = 1981 GD1.......................................................................................9 (5346) Benedetti = 1981 QE3.........................................................................................9 (5648) Axius = 1990 VU1...............................................................................................9 (5766) Carmelofalco = 1986 QR3..................................................................................9 -
The Atlantic Online | June 2008 | the Sky Is Falling | Gregg Easterbrook
The Atlantic Online | June 2008 | The Sky Is Falling | Gregg Easter... http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/200806/asteroids Print this Page Close Window JUNE 2008 ATLANTIC MONTHLY The odds that a potentially devastating space rock will hit Earth this century may be as high as one in 10. So why isn’t NASA trying harder to prevent catastrophe? BY GREGG EASTERBROOK The Sky Is Falling Image credit: Stéphane Guisard, www.astrosurf.com/sguisard ALSO SEE: reakthrough ideas have a way of seeming obvious in retrospect, and about a decade ago, a B Columbia University geophysicist named Dallas Abbott had a breakthrough idea. She had been pondering the craters left by comets and asteroids that smashed into Earth. Geologists had counted them and concluded that space strikes are rare events and had occurred mainly during the era of primordial mists. But, Abbott realized, this deduction was based on the number of craters found on land—and because 70 percent of Earth’s surface is water, wouldn’t most space objects hit the sea? So she began searching for underwater craters caused by impacts VIDEO: "TARGET EARTH" rather than by other forces, such as volcanoes. What she has found is spine-chilling: evidence Gregg Easterbrook leads an illustrated that several enormous asteroids or comets have slammed into our planet quite recently, in tour through the treacherous world of space rocks. geologic terms. If Abbott is right, then you may be here today, reading this magazine, only because by sheer chance those objects struck the ocean rather than land. Abbott believes that a space object about 300 meters in diameter hit the Gulf of Carpentaria, north of Australia, in 536 A.D. -
Planet Earth Taken by Hayabusa-2
Space Science in JAXA Planet Earth May 15, 2017 taken by Hayabusa-2 Saku Tsuneta, PhD JAXA Vice President Director General, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science 2017 IAA Planetary Defense Conference, May 15-19,1 Tokyo 1 Brief Introduction of Space Science in JAXA Introduction of ISAS and JAXA • As a national center of space science & engineering research, ISAS carries out development and in-orbit operation of space science missions with other directorates of JAXA. • ISAS is an integral part of JAXA, and has close collaboration with other directorates such as Research and Development and Human Spaceflight Technology Directorates. • As an inter-university research institute, these activities are intimately carried out with universities and research institutes inside and outside Japan. ISAS always seeks for international collaboration. • Space science missions are proposed by researchers, and incubated by ISAS. ISAS plays a strategic role for mission selection primarily based on the bottom-up process, considering strategy of JAXA and national space policy. 3 JAXA recent science missions HAYABUSA 2003-2010 AKARI(ASTRO-F)2006-2011 KAGUYA(SELENE)2007-2009 Asteroid Explorer Infrared Astronomy Lunar Exploration IKAROS 2010 HAYABUSA2 2014-2020 M-V Rocket Asteroid Explorer Solar Sail SUZAKU(ASTRO-E2)2005- AKATSUKI 2010- X-Ray Astronomy Venus Meteorogy ARASE 2016- HINODE(SOLAR-B)2006- Van Allen belt Solar Observation Hisaki 2013 4 Planetary atmosphere Close ties between space science and space technology Space Technology Divisions Space -
The Sky This Month – Oct 11 to Nov 15, 2017 (Times in EDT & EST) by Chris Vaughan
RASC Toronto Centre – www.rascto.ca The Sky This Month – Oct 11 to Nov 15, 2017 (times in EDT & EST) by Chris Vaughan NEWS Space Exploration – Public and Private Ref. http://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ Launches Oct 11 at Approx. 6:53-8:53 pm EDT - A SpaceX Falcon 9 (re-used) rocket from Kennedy Space Center, payload SES-11/EchoStar 105 hybrid comsat. TBD - United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, classified payload for U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. Oct 12 at 5:32 am EDT - Soyuz rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, payload 68th Progress cargo delivery to the ISS. Oct 13 at 5:27 am EDT - Eurockot Rockot from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia, payload Sentinel 5 Precursor Earth obs sat for ESA (measures atmospheric air quality, ozone, pollution and aerosols). Oct 17 at 5:37 pm EDT - Minotaur-C rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA, payload six SkySat Earth obs sats and CubeSats. Oct 30 at 3:34-5:58 pm EDT - Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, payload Koreasat 5A comsat. Nov 7 at 8:42:30 pm EST - Arianespace Vega rocket from ZLV, Kourou, French Guiana, payload MN35-13 Earth obs sat for Morocco. Nov 10 at 4:47:03-4:48:05 am EST - United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA, payload 1st spacecraft in NOAA’s next-gen Joint Polar Satellite Weather Sat System. Nov 10 at 8:02 am EST - Orbital ATK Antares rocket from Wallops Island, Virginia, payload 9th Cygnus cargo freighter delivery flight to the ISS. -
Revisitfrom2012
A Revisit From Near-Earth Object (NEO) 2012 TC4 Eight days after its discovery, near-Earth object (NEO) 2012 TC4 approached our planet to within 95,000 km, or 25% of the Moon's distance, when it reached perigee at 05:29 UT on 12 October 2012. In this close flyby, 2012 TC4 crossed Earth's orbit travelling inbound toward perihelion on 25.0 November 2012 UT, when it was about 91% of our distance from the Sun. Even in the Earth's night sky before perigee, 2012 TC4 was difficult to observe. Its absolute magnitude H = 26.525 placed its diameter somewhere in the 7.5-30 m range, depending on its unknown surface reflectivity, making observations possible only at very close range. Upon entering Earth's daytime sky as it passed through perigee, 2012 TC4's orbit condition code (OCC) stood at 4 thanks to 281 visible light telescopic observations spanning a 7-day arc. At OCC = 4, 2012 TC4 along-track heliocentric position uncertainty would increase at rates up to 382 arc- seconds per decade.1 Predicted position precision, together with knowledge of 2012 TC4's size and shape, can be vastly improved with radar observations. Although observations were attempted with the Goldstone, California DSS-14 planetary radar in 2012, no echoes were obtained before pointing uncertainties quickly exceeded the precision required to detect 2012 TC4. As it was lost to further observations in 2012, Earth gravity perturbations to 2012 TC4 had increased the NEO's heliocentric orbit period from 1.455 years to 1.667 years. -
J. Lee1,2, D.-H. Kim1,2, F. Yoshida3, S.-M
50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 1497.pdf ROTATIONAL AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF NEA 3200 PHAETHON. M.-J. Kim1, H.-J. Lee1,2, D.-H. Kim1,2, F. Yoshida3, S.-M. Lee1,2, P. Bartczak4, G. Dudzinski4, J. Park1, Y.-J. Choi1,5, H.-K. Moon1, C.-H. Kim2, H.- S. Yim1, J. Choi1, E.-J. Choi1, J.-N. Yoon6, A. Serebryanskiy7, M. Krugov7, I. Reva7, K. E. Ergashev8, O. Burkhonov8, S. A. Ehgamberdiev8, Y. Turayev8, Z.-Y. Lin9, T. Arai3, K. Ohtsuka10, T. Ito11, S. Urakawa12, M. Ishi- guro13, B.-C. Lee1, D.-G. Roh1, and H.Seo1,14, 1Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Korea, [email protected], 2Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon- gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea, 3Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2- 17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan, 4Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznan, Poland, 5University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea, 6Chungbuk National University Observatory, 802-3 Euntan-ri, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, 7Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute, Observatory 23, 050020 Almaty, Ka- zakhstan, 8Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, 33 Astronomicheskaya str., Tashkent, 100052, Uzbekistan, 9Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, 10Tokyo Meteor Network, Daisawa 1–27–5, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 155–0032, Japan, 11National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa 2-21-1, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan, 12Japan Spaceguard Association, Bisei Spaceguard Center, 1716-3 Okura, Bisei-cho, Ibara, Okayama 714-1411, Japan, 13Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea, 14Intelligence in Space, 96 Gajeongbuk- ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34111, Korea. -
Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies Final Report
PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies Final Report Committee to Review Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies Space Studies Board Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study is based on work supported by the Contract NNH06CE15B between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Copies of this report are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. -
Formatting Instructions for NSBE ASC 2010 Paper Submissions
2012 NSBE Aerospace Systems Conference, Los Angeles, CA, February 1-4, 2012. Assessment of DSN Communication Coverage for Space Missions to Potentially Hazardous Asteroids Obadiah Kegege, David Bittner, Frank Gati, Kul Bhasin NASA Glenn Research Center Cleveland, OH, USA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] to the ecliptic plane. In recent years, PHAs have passed Abstract - A communication coverage gap exists for Deep within 100,000 km of the Earth. On March 2, 2009, the Space Network (DSN) antennas. This communication Apollo asteroid named 2009 DD45 (approximately 35 m in coverage gap is on the southern hemisphere, centered at diameter) passed about 72,000 km above the Earth’s approximate latitude of –47° and longitude of –45°. The surface, approximately twice the height of a geostationary area of this communication gap varies depending on the communications satellite. Also, on March 18, 2004, a 30-m altitude from the Earth’s surface. There are no current Aten asteroid identified as 2004 FH, passed about 43,000 planetary space missions that fall within the DSN km above the Earth’s surface, about 0.1 of the distance to communication gap because planetary bodies in the Solar the Moon. system lie near the ecliptic plane. However, some asteroids’ orbits are not confined to the ecliptic plane. In recent years, Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) have passed within 100,000 km of the Earth. NASA’s future space exploration goals include a manned mission to asteroids. It is important to ensure reliable and redundant communication coverage/capabilities for manned space missions to dangerous asteroids that make a sequence of close Earth encounters. -
Michael W. Busch Updated June 27, 2019 Contact Information
Curriculum Vitae: Michael W. Busch Updated June 27, 2019 Contact Information Email: [email protected] Telephone: 1-612-269-9998 Mailing Address: SETI Institute 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200 Mountain View, CA 94043 USA Academic & Employment History BS Physics & Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, awarded May 2005. PhD Planetary Science, Caltech, defended April 5, 2010. JPL Planetary Science Summer School, July 2006. Hertz Foundation Graduate Fellow, September 2007 to June 2010. Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California Los Angeles, August 2010 – August 2011. Jansky Fellow, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, August 2011 – August 2014. Visiting Scholar, University of Colorado Boulder, July – August 2012. Research Scientist, SETI Institute, August 2013 – present. Current Funding Sources: NASA Near Earth Object Observations. Research Interests: • Shapes, spin states, trajectories, internal structures, and histories of asteroids. • Identifying and characterizing targets for both robotic and human spacecraft missions. • Ruling out potential future asteroid-Earth impacts. • Radio and radar astronomy techniques. Selected Recent Papers: Marshall, S.E., and 24 colleagues, including Busch, M.W., 2019. Shape modeling of potentially hazardous asteroid (85989) 1999 JD6 from radar and lightcurve data, Icarus submitted. Reddy, V., and 69 colleagues, including Busch, M.W., 2019. Near-Earth asteroid 2012 TC4 campaign: results from global planetary defense exercise, Icarus 326, 133-150. Brozović, M., and 16 colleagues, including Busch, M.W., 2018. Goldstone and Arecibo radar observations of (99942) Apophis in 2012-2013, Icarus 300, 115-128. Brozović, M., and 19 colleagues, including Busch, M.W., 2017. Goldstone radar evidence for short-axis mode non-principal axis rotation of near-Earth asteroid (214869) 2007 PA8. Icarus 286, 314-329. -
Planetary Defense Final Report I
Team Project - Planetary Defense Final Report i Team Project - Planetary Defense Final Report ii Team Project - Planetary Defense Cover designed by: Tihomir Dimitrov Images courtesy of: Earth Image - NASA US Geological Survey Detection Image - ESA's Optical Ground Station Laser Tags ISS Deflection Image - IEEE Space Based Lasers Collaboration Image - United Nations General Assembly Building Outreach Image - Dreamstime teacher with students in classroom Evacuation Image - Libyan City of Syrte destroyed in 2011 Shield Image - Silver metal shield PNG image The cover page was designed to include a visual representation of the roadmap for a robust Planetary Defense Program that includes five elements: detection, deflection, global collaboration, outreach, and evacuation. The shield represents the idea of defending our planet, giving confidence to the general public that the Planetary Defense elements are reliable. The orbit represents the comet threat and how it is handled by the shield, which represents the READI Project. The curved lines used in the background give a sense of flow representing the continuation and further development for Planetary Defense programs after this team project, as we would like for everyone to be involved and take action in this noble task of protecting Earth. The 2015 Space Studies Program of the International Space University was hosted by the Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA. While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report, ISU does not take any responsibility for the accuracy of its content. -
Appendix 1 1311 Discoverers in Alphabetical Order
Appendix 1 1311 Discoverers in Alphabetical Order Abe, H. 28 (8) 1993-1999 Bernstein, G. 1 1998 Abe, M. 1 (1) 1994 Bettelheim, E. 1 (1) 2000 Abraham, M. 3 (3) 1999 Bickel, W. 443 1995-2010 Aikman, G. C. L. 4 1994-1998 Biggs, J. 1 2001 Akiyama, M. 16 (10) 1989-1999 Bigourdan, G. 1 1894 Albitskij, V. A. 10 1923-1925 Billings, G. W. 6 1999 Aldering, G. 4 1982 Binzel, R. P. 3 1987-1990 Alikoski, H. 13 1938-1953 Birkle, K. 8 (8) 1989-1993 Allen, E. J. 1 2004 Birtwhistle, P. 56 2003-2009 Allen, L. 2 2004 Blasco, M. 5 (1) 1996-2000 Alu, J. 24 (13) 1987-1993 Block, A. 1 2000 Amburgey, L. L. 2 1997-2000 Boattini, A. 237 (224) 1977-2006 Andrews, A. D. 1 1965 Boehnhardt, H. 1 (1) 1993 Antal, M. 17 1971-1988 Boeker, A. 1 (1) 2002 Antolini, P. 4 (3) 1994-1996 Boeuf, M. 12 1998-2000 Antonini, P. 35 1997-1999 Boffin, H. M. J. 10 (2) 1999-2001 Aoki, M. 2 1996-1997 Bohrmann, A. 9 1936-1938 Apitzsch, R. 43 2004-2009 Boles, T. 1 2002 Arai, M. 45 (45) 1988-1991 Bonomi, R. 1 (1) 1995 Araki, H. 2 (2) 1994 Borgman, D. 1 (1) 2004 Arend, S. 51 1929-1961 B¨orngen, F. 535 (231) 1961-1995 Armstrong, C. 1 (1) 1997 Borrelly, A. 19 1866-1894 Armstrong, M. 2 (1) 1997-1998 Bourban, G. 1 (1) 2005 Asami, A. 7 1997-1999 Bourgeois, P. 1 1929 Asher, D.