Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, volume 56, number 4, pp. 644–656 doi:10.1093/icb/icw034 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology SYMPOSIUM The Baculum was Gained and Lost Multiple Times during Mammalian Evolution Nicholas G. Schultz,* Michael Lough-Stevens,* Eric Abreu,† Teri Orr‡ and Matthew D. Dean1,* *Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; †West Adams Preparatory High School, 1500 W Washington Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; ‡Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA From the symposium ‘‘The Morphological Diversity of Intromittent Organs’’ presented at the annual meeting of the Downloaded from Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–7, 2016 at Portland, Oregon. 1E-mail:
[email protected] http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/ Synopsis The rapid evolution of male genitalia is a nearly ubiquitous pattern across sexually reproducing organisms, likely driven by the evolutionary pressures of male–male competition, male–female interactions, and perhaps pleiotropic effects of selection. The penis of many mammalian species contains a baculum, a bone that displays astonishing mor- phological diversity. The evolution of baculum size and shape does not consistently correlate with any aspects of mating system, hindering our understanding of the evolutionary processes affecting it. One potential explanation for the lack of consistent comparative results is that the baculum is not actually a homologous structure. If the baculum of different groups evolved independently, then the assumption of homology inherent in comparative studies is violated. Here, we specifically test this hypothesis by modeling the presence/absence of bacula of 954 mammalian species across a well- at University of Idaho on October 26, 2016 established phylogeny and show that the baculum evolved a minimum of nine times, and was lost a minimum of ten times.