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MIJLPALEN in HET ONDERZOEK NAAR WARMTESTRALING De Bank Van Melloni En Infrarood Metingen Van Zwarte Stralerspectra

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MIJLPALEN in HET ONDERZOEK NAAR WARMTESTRALING De Bank Van Melloni En Infrarood Metingen Van Zwarte Stralerspectra FACULTEIT WETENSCHAPPEN Fysica en Sterrenkunde 2010-2011 MIJLPALEN IN HET ONDERZOEK NAAR WARMTESTRALING De bank van Melloni en infrarood metingen van zwarte stralerspectra Thesis voorgelegd tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de Fysica en Sterrenkunde Door SIEN CROMPHOUT Promotor: Professor Dr. D. Segers Copromotor: Professor Dr. P. Smet Woord Vooraf In de eerste plaats wil ik mijn promotor Professor Dr. Danny Segers bedanken voor de kans die hij mij gegeven heeft om deze thesis in samenwerking met het Museum voor Geschiedenis van de Wetenschappen te maken. Dankzij zijn enthousiasme en feedback heb ik deze thesis tot een goed einde kunnen brengen. Ook de hulp van copromotor Professor Dr. Philippe Smet bij het uitvoeren en het interpreteren van de spectroscopie-, SEM- en XRD-metingen, het nalezen en verbeteren van de tekst en de feedback op het didactische gedeelte, was van onschatbare waarde. Daarnaast bedank ik ook graag alle medewerkers van het museum. In het bijzonder Roland voor de praktische hulp en de feedback tijdens en na de experimenten, en Alexander, zonder wie de video-opname onmogelijk zou geweest zijn. Bedankt ook aan alle mensen die het mogelijk gemaakt hebben om mijn studie met succes te voltooien: mijn ouders, familie, en vrienden die mij gesteund en/of geïnspireerd hebben in mijn keuze voor fysica. Tenslotte wil ik Ruben bedanken, niet enkel voor de onmisbare hulp bij het maken van de website en het nalezen van de tekst, maar meer nog voor de enorme steun die hij de voorbije vijf jaar voor mij betekende. Inhoud Lijst van figuren ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Lijst van tabellen ...................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2 De bank van Melloni ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Warmte en licht ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Van thermokoppel tot thermomultiplicator ..................................................................... 12 2.3 Het onderzoek van Melloni............................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Opstelling .............................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Uitvoering ............................................................................................................. 17 2.3.3 Resultaten ............................................................................................................. 17 2.3.4 Melloni’s interpretatie van de experimenten: ..................................................... 19 2.4 Reconstructie van het historisch experiment ................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Opstelling .............................................................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Uitvoering ............................................................................................................. 24 2.4.3 Resultaten ............................................................................................................. 25 2.4.4 Bespreking ............................................................................................................ 25 2.5 Experiment met moderne middelen ................................................................................ 26 2.5.1 Opstelling .............................................................................................................. 27 2.5.2 Uitvoering ............................................................................................................. 28 2.5.3 Resultaten ............................................................................................................. 29 2.5.4 Bespreking ............................................................................................................ 34 2.6 Vergelijking van de 3 onderzoeken ................................................................................... 39 2.6.1 Gevoeligheid ......................................................................................................... 39 2.6.2 Opstelling .............................................................................................................. 40 2.6.3 Bronnen ................................................................................................................ 40 2.6.4 Totale transmissie ................................................................................................. 43 2.6.5 Vergelijking van de filters gemeten met de bank en met moderne middelen..... 44 2.6.6 Vergelijking van overeenkomstige filters historisch experiment en nu ............... 46 2.6.7 Besluiten uit het vergelijken van de onderzoeken ............................................... 48 2.7 Polarisatie van warmtestraling ......................................................................................... 49 2.7.1 Theorie .................................................................................................................. 49 2.7.2 Historisch .............................................................................................................. 51 2.7.3 Reconstructie ........................................................................................................ 54 2.7.4 Vergelijking van historisch met recent experiment .............................................. 57 2.8 Besluit: Melloni als baanbreker? ...................................................................................... 58 3 Het spectrum van een zwarte straler ............................................................................................ 61 3.1 De queeste naar een zwarte straler ................................................................................. 61 3.2 Het eerste succesvolle spectrum ...................................................................................... 62 3.3 Van thermokoppel tot bolometer .................................................................................... 63 3.4 Metingen van het spectrum bij lange golflengten ............................................................ 63 3.4.1 Lummer en Pringsheim ......................................................................................... 63 3.4.2 Rubens .................................................................................................................. 65 3.4.3 Rubens en Kurlbaum ............................................................................................. 66 3.4.4 Planck .................................................................................................................... 66 3.5 De kwantisatie van energie............................................................................................... 68 3.5.1 Wat vooraf ging .................................................................................................... 68 3.5.2 Het beroemde artikel van Planck ......................................................................... 68 3.5.3 Planck als vader van de kwantummechanica? ..................................................... 71 3.6 Besluit ............................................................................................................................... 72 4 Licht en warmte vanuit didactisch oogpunt .................................................................................. 77 4.1 Misconcepties ................................................................................................................... 77 4.1.2 Licht en warmte in de eindtermen ....................................................................... 79 4.2 Werken aan misconcepties met de bank van Melloni ...................................................... 80 5 Referenties .................................................................................................................................... 89 6 Bijlagen .......................................................................................................................................... 91 6.1 Uitleg bij de tabel van Melloni .......................................................................................... 91 6.2 Resultaten Warmtetransmissie gemeten met de bank van Melloni ................................ 92 6.2.1 De lamp van Locatelli ............................................................................................ 92 6.2.2 Lamp van Locatelli met gloeiende platinadraad ................................................... 93 6.2.3 De lamp van Locatelli met zwarte kap ................................................................. 93 6.2.4 De kubus van Leslie ............................................................................................... 94 6.3 Resultaten Cary ................................................................................................................. 95 6.4 Resultaten FTIR ................................................................................................................. 97 6.5 Gecombineerde transmissies ..........................................................................................
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