Enjoy Hardy Ferns in the Landscape

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Enjoying Hardy Ferns in the Landscape May 4, 2015 1 Use Hardy Ferns in the Landscape 2 Landscaping with Ferns/ Hartman Prehistoric Garden, Zilker Garden, Austin, Texas 3 Landscaping with Ferns/ Mixed Edge….Summer/Dormant Views 4 Landscaping with Ferns/ Autumn Fern….Summer/Dormant Views 5 Landscaping with Ferns/ Rock Wall, Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA 6 Landscaping with Ferns/ Wooded Setting, Duke Gardens, NC 7 Landscaping with Ferns/ Landscape Edge, Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA 8 Landscaping with Ferns/ Dumbarton Oaks 9 Landscaping with Ferns/ Mixed Woodies with Ferns 10 Landscaping with Ferns/ Wooded Setting, Meadowlark Botanical Gardens, Vienna, Va 11 Culture of Ferns 12 Designing with Ferns 13 Collecting Ferns 14 Evergreen ferns Dryopteris erythrosora Autumn Fern 15 Dryopteris erythrosora Autumn Fern 16 Polystichum acrostichiodes Christmas Fern 17 Polystichum acrostichiodes Christmas Fern 18 Blechnum spicant Deer Fern 19 Arachnoides simplicor Variegata East Indian Holly Fern 20 Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s-Tongue Fern 21 Cyrtomium falcatum Holly Fern 22 Cyrtomium falcatum Holly Fern 23 Cyrtomium falcatum Holly Fern 24 Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern 25 Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern 26 Dryopteris cycadina Shaggy Shield Fern 27 Polystichum polyblepharum Tassel Fern 28 Dryopteris intermedia Intermedia Wood Fern Fancy Fern 29 Dryopteris intermedia Intermedia Wood Fern Fancy Fern 30 Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Wood Fern 31 Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Wood Fern 32 Dryopteris sp Wood Fern 33 Selaginella braunii Arborvitae Fern 34 Deciduous Ferns Thelypteris hexagonoptera Beech Fern 35 Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern 36 Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern 37 Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay-scented Fern 38 Microlepia strigosa Lace Fern 39 Athyrium niponicum Japanese Painted Fern 40 Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern 41 Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair Fern 42 Thelypteris kunthii Maiden Fern, Southern River Fern 43 Woodwardia areolata Netted Chain Fern 44 Thelypteris noveboracensis New York Fern 45 Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern 46 Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern 47 Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern 48 Osmunda regalis Royal Fern 49 Onoclea sensiblis Sensitive Fern 50 Onoclea sensiblis Sensitive Fern 51 Ferns Comparisons 52 Marginal Wood Ferns with Hellebores 53 Emerging Shade Garden 54 Ferns in Landscape Borders 55 Shade Perennials with Ferns 56 Selaginella uncinata Peacock Fern 57 Selaginella braunii Arborvitae Fern 58 Sarcococca humilis Sweetbox 59 Resources, Ferns for American Gardens ISBN 0-02-861618-9 60 Have Fun with Ferns Thank You 61 Jim Orband Senior Extension Agent Emeritus Advanced Virginia Certified Horticulturist #632 B.S. and M.S. Horticulture [email protected] Listen monthly to ‘In the Garden” with Jim Orband on Hear Say WHRV FM 89.5 from 12 noon until 1 p.m. on every third Thursday of the month. It is a live call-in radio program. Call HearSay at 440-2665 or 800-940- 2240 or e-mail us at [email protected]. .

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Polystichum Perpusillum (Sect. Haplopolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), a New Fern Species from Guizhou, China
Ann. Bot. Fennici 49: 67–74 ISSN 0003-3847 (print) ISSN 1797-2442 (online) Helsinki 26 April 2012 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2012 Polystichum perpusillum (sect. Haplopolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), a new fern species from Guizhou, China Li-Bing Zhang1 & Hai He2,* 1) Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; and Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA 2) College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400047, China (*corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) Received 20 Dec. 2010, final version received 23 Mar. 2011, accepted 24 Mar. 2011 Zhang, L. B. & He, H. 2012: Polystichum perpusillum (sect. Haplopolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), a new fern species from Guizhou, China. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 49: 67–74. Polystichum perpusillum L.B. Zhang & H. He, a new fern species of Polystichum sect. Haplopolystichum (Dryopteridaceae), is described and illustrated from the entrance to a karst cave in southern Guizhou, China. A phylogenetic analysis based on the chlo- roplast trnL-F sequences shows that it is phylogenetically isolated in the section with no close relatives. Morphologically, it is similar to P. minutissimum, but P. perpusillum has an acute lamina apex, up to 12 pairs of pinnae per lamina, and deltoid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate rachis scales, while P. minutissimum has a round lamina apex, 5–8 pairs of pinnae per lamina, and subulate or linear rachis scales. Polystichum perpusil- lum has a granulate sculpture with verrucae on its perispore, a sculpture rare in the genus. The species is considered to be critically endangered.
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Diseases of Western Sword-Fern, Polystichum Munitum (Kaulf.) Presl
DlS S S OF W ST S 0&0-F . N, POLYSTICBUII llUNlTUJI ( ULF . ) P ESL . by JAMBS LOUIS SAND BO A THESIS submitted to UNIV SITY in partial fulfill nt of th r u1re nts for th degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1962 APPBOYS: Redacted for Privacy Ia ehrrgo of hJor Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Drto thegls ic preaooted Typcd by Brrblra Snook Crmron ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes t o express his graditude to Dr. Roy A. Youn g , advisor and major professor , for his guidance and encouragement during the preparation of this study . Thanks also to Dr . H. J . Jensen, for his help with the section dealing with nematodes, and to Dr . B. K. Vaughan and Dr . R. 0. Belkengren for their valuable criti cism of the manuscript . The author also wishes to express his graditude to Mr. Frank Skewis and Mr . Orvile Noice of Callison's Incorporated for some of the information and plant mate rial used for t his study . Finally , financial assistance provided by Callison's Incorporated is grat efully acknowled ed. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • • . • • . Page 1 LITERATURE REVIEW • • . • • • . 2 The host . • • • • • • . • • • . 4 Fern diseases • . • . • • • • • • • . • • • 8 Taphrina faulliana llix • • • • • • • 9 Milesia polystichi Wineland and Kilesia vogesiaca ( Syd . ) Faull . • .•• •••• 10 Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos 1891) Christie • . • • • • . • . 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 15 Source of ferns • • • • • • • . 15 Isolation of microorganisms • 15 Media • . • . • . 17 Identification of microorganisms . • . 18 Bacterial inoculation of f ern pinnae 19 Isolation , ounting and staining of nematodes • • • . • . • • . • • • . 21 Identification of nematodes . • • • • • • . • 23 Photomicrographs and photographs • • • . • 23 Measurement of organisms • • • • .
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Ferns, Cycads, Conifers and Vascular Plants
Flora of Australia Glossary — Ferns, Cycads, Conifers and Vascular plants A main glossary for the Flora of Australia was published in Volume 1 of both printed editions (1981 and 1999). Other volumes contain supplementary glossaries, with specific terms needed for particular families. This electronic glossary is a synthesis of all hard-copy Flora of Australia glossaries and supplementary glossaries published to date. The first Flora of Australia glossary was compiled by Alison McCusker. Mary D. Tindale compiled most of the fern definitions, and the conifer definitions were provided by Ken D. Hill. Russell L. Barrett combined all of these to create the glossary presented here, incorporating additional terms from the printed version of Volume 37. This electronic glossary contains terms used in all volumes, but with particular reference to the flowering plants (Volumes 2–50). This glossary will be updated as future volumes are published. It is the standard to be used by authors compiling future taxon treatments for the Flora of Australia. It also comprises the terms used in Species Plantarum — Flora of the World. Alternative terms For some preferred terms (in bold), alternative terms are also highlighted (in parentheses). For example, apiculum is the preferred term, and (=apiculus) is an alternative. Preferred terms are those also used in Species Plantarum — Flora of the World. © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2017. Flora of Australia Glossary — Ferns, Cycads, Conifers and Vascular plants is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people.
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Microsorum 3 Tohieaense (Polypodiaceae)
Systematic Botany (2018), 43(2): pp. 397–413 © Copyright 2018 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364418X697166 Date of publication June 21, 2018 Microsorum 3 tohieaense (Polypodiaceae), a New Hybrid Fern from French Polynesia, with Implications for the Taxonomy of Microsorum Joel H. Nitta,1,2,3 Saad Amer,1 and Charles C. Davis1 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 2Current address: Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Japan, 305-0005 3Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Alejandra Vasco Abstract—A new hybrid microsoroid fern, Microsorum 3 tohieaense (Microsorum commutatum 3 Microsorum membranifolium) from Moorea, French Polynesia is described based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Microsorum 3 tohieaense can be distinguished from other French Polynesian Microsorum by the combination of sori that are distributed more or less in a single line between the costae and margins, apical pinna wider than lateral pinnae, and round rhizome scales with entire margins. Genetic evidence is also presented for the first time supporting the hybrid origin of Microsorum 3 maximum (Microsorum grossum 3 Microsorum punctatum), and possibly indicating a hybrid origin for the Hawaiian endemic Microsorum spectrum. The implications of hybridization for the taxonomy of microsoroid ferns are discussed, and a key to the microsoroid ferns of the Society Islands is provided. Keywords—gapCp, Moorea, rbcL, Society Islands, Tahiti, trnL–F. Hybridization, or interbreeding between species, plays an et al. 2008). However, many species formerly placed in the important role in evolutionary diversification (Anderson 1949; genus Microsorum on the basis of morphology (Bosman 1991; Stebbins 1959).
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QH Ferns, Brakes and Horsetails 1
Quail Hollow Ranch County Park Ferns and Their Spore-Bearing Allies Key to QH Ferns, Brakes and Horsetails 1. Found on surface of pond December - February, often looking reddish . .. Azolla filiculoides 1 [1'] Tubular stems . .. .. .. .Horsetail . Family . 4 1 [2'] Leaflets roundish, not noticeably longer than wide . Adiantum jordanii 1 [3'] Tiny leaflets green to purplish, edges curled under; all other plant parts brown . .. .. .. Pellaea. mucronata var. mucronata 1 [4'] Leaf shape +/- triangular; ventral leaflet surface may appear gold . .. .. .. Pentagramma. triangularis ssp. triangularis 1 [5'] Leaves 1-pinnate, deeply lobed or not . .. 2 1 [6'] Leaflet attachments generally appear +/- perpendicular at base, especially lower . .. 3 1 [7'] Leaflet attachments generally appear angled at base . .. .. Dryopteris arguta 2. Deeply lobed 1-pinnate leaves; sori oblong . Woodwardia fimbriata 2 [1'] Unlobed leaflets attached across entire base; sori round to generally ovate . .. .. Polypodium californicum 2 [2'] Unlobed leaflets narrowly attached via "petiole"; sori round, indusia peltate . .. .. Polystichum munitum 3. Sporangia at leaflet margin; leaves generally 3-pinnate, unlobed . .. .. .. .Pteridium . aquilinum var. pubescens 3' Oblong sporangia between leaflet margin and axis; leaves generally 1-2-pinnate, deeply lobed . Athyrium filix-femina 4. Stems annual; sterile stems branched . .. .. .. .Equisetum . telmateia ssp. braunii 4' Stems annual to perennial, usually unbranched . .. .. Equisetum X ferrissii 1 [3'] Pellaea mucronata var. mucronata , birdfoot cliffbrake - Leaves 2-3(4)-pinnate; tiny greenish to purplish leaflets 2-6(8) mm long by 0.5- 1. Azolla filiculoides , mosquito fern 2(4) mm wide, with edges folded under. Other than Common in ponds, slow streams, wet ditches. the leaflets, every other visible part of the plant is Tiny green to reddish leaves, 0.5 - 1.5 mm.
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Polystichum Munitum (Kaulf.) C
Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) C. Presl Hǝnq̓ ̓ǝmin̓ǝm ̓ Name: sthxhelum Island Hu’lqum̲ ínu’m Name: sthxhelum Upriver Halq’eméylem Name: sthxá:lem English Name: sword fern (western swordfern) Family: Dryopteridaceae (Wood Fern) Identifying characteristics: Polystichum munitum is an evergreen perennial fern that produces lanceolate (sword-shaped) blade 20-150cm long, 5-25cm wide leaves growing from a short, stout rhizome. In addition to the shape, the base of each pinna (leaflet) has a protruding notch that looks like the hilt on a sword. The stalks (rachis) and stipes (stalk below the blade) are covered in cinnamon-coloured scales. Fronds (the whole blade, stalk, and stipe) typically grow 60-90cm in height; emerging fronds are called fiddleheads (efloraBC 2017). emerging fronds Distribution: Sword fern can be commonly found throughout rain forests on the west coast of Turtle Island, from Alaska/ Yukon Territory to northern California (efloraBC 2017). Natural and Cultural History Habitat: P. munitum prefers moist to mesic forest habitats, preferably with large old-growth trees. They can be found growing in the shady understory near Thuja plicata (Western redcedar) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) (Proudfoot et al 2016). 9 Reproduction: Sword ferns do not flower, producing spores from specialized parts located on circular-shaped bumps (sori) located on the underside of the pinna (efloraBC 2017). P. munitum sori Interactions and Human Interest: P. munitum is a favourite fern for native plant gardening in BC. Their deep green stiff fronds are attractive year-round. Sword ferns are very robust, reliable, and essentially maintenance-free. They tolerate difficult soil and manage to look good through the summer drought, recovering quickly in fall rains if not watered during the summer.
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T, Kew)* Pantropic with Taxonomy
1 Flora Malesiana ser. 11. Vol. 2 (1991) 1-132 Tectariagroup R.E. Holttum t, Kew)* Polypodiaceae subfam. Dryopteridoideae section A, auct.: C. Chr. in Verdoorn, Man. Pteridol. (1938) 543, p.p. Aspidiaceae tribe Aspidieae auct.: Ching, Sunyatsenia 5 (1940) 250, excl. Lomariopsis — of Ctenitis Gen. Fil. 153. and related genera. Aspidiaceae, group Copel., (1947) Aspidiaceae auct.: Pichi Sermolli, Webbia 31 (1977) 460—468, p.p. Dennstaedtiaceae subfam. Tectarioideae Holttum, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 53 (1947) 152; Revis. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 494; Studies fern genera I, Fern Gaz. 12 (1984) 313—319; Ibid. VI, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 153—167. Caudex in almost all cases erect or suberect, always with a radially organized dictyo- stele; scales narrow and rather firm, marginal teeth (if present, except in Cyclopeltis) al- most always formed at the junction of two cells; i.e., the wall separating the two adjacent cells is elongated at right angles to the margin. Vascular structure of stipe consisting of small subequal vascular strands arranged in a U-formation as seen in transverse section (except in Pleocnemia where the arrangement ismore complex), the two on the adaxial side Fronds variously enlarged. amply divided with free veins, or with broader divisions in which veins anastomose variously, in a few species simple, in most (except Heterogoni- um) the basal pinnae or lobes longest with elongate basal basiscopic lobes or pinnules; costules of ultimate lamina-elements costae or ± prominent on the upper surface, branch- ing directly from the prominent upper surface of the rachis bearing them, the margins of lamina of of the decurrenton the sides the rachis.
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Hybridization in Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae: Pteridophyta)
FERN GAZ. 19(8):319-341. 2014 319 HYbridization in polystichum (drYopteridaceae: pteridopHYta) A. SLEEP †* Department of Plant Sciences, University of Leeds Key words: synthesized hybrids, wild hybrids, meiosis, chromosome pairing, bivalents, basic chromosome number, polyploidy abStract The origins of two European Polystichum species, tetraploids P. aculeatum and P. braunii , have been investigated through experimental hybridization with other Polystichum species from Europe and North America, and an attempt made to re -synthesize P. aculeatum from its putative diploid parents, P. lonchitis and P. setiferum . The results of the hybridization programme were unexpected. Hybrids between parents which were thought to be unrelated proved easy to synthesize, and showed bivalent formation at meiosis, and chromosome pairing occurred in all hybrids examined. The degree of pairing appeared to be similar regardless of the level of ploidy. This interesting phenomenon has still not been found to occur in any other fern genus and appears to be characteristic of Polystichum . introduction In the early nineteen-sixties a hybridization programme was set up in Leeds with the purpose of investigating the mode of origin and relationships of the two tetraploid European species of Polystichum , P. aculeatum (L.) Roth and P. braunii (Spenn.) Fée. In order to study the origin and relationships of a given tetraploid it is necessary first to establish whether the plant under investigation is auto- or allopolyploid, and this can most easily be done by producing wide hybrids between the tetraploid in question and species believed on morphological grounds to be unrelated to it. A longer-term aim of the project was also to synthesize P.
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Summer 2016 - 49 President’S Message
THE HARDY FERN FOUNDATION P.O. Box 3797 Federal Way, WA 98063-3797 Web site: www.hardyfems.org The Hardy Fern Foundation was founded in 1989 to establish a comprehen¬ sive collection of the world’s hardy ferns for display, testing, evaluation, public education and introduction to the gardening and horticultural community. Many rare and unusual species, hybrids and varieties are being propagated from spores and tested in selected environments for their different degrees of hardiness and ornamental garden value. The primary fern display and test garden is located at, and in conjunction with, The Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden at the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters, in Federal Way, Washington. Affiliate fern gardens are at the Bainbridge Island Library, Bainbridge Island, Washington; Bellevue Botanical Garden, Bellevue, Washington; Birmingham Botanical Gardens, Birmingham, Alabama; Coastal Maine Botanical Garden, Boothbay, Maine; Dallas Arboretum, Dallas, Texas; Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, Colorado; Georgia Perimeter College Garden, Decatur, Georgia; Inniswood Metro Gardens, Columbus, Ohio; Lakewold, Tacoma, Washington; Lotusland, Santa Barbara, California; Rotary Gardens, Janesville, Wisconsin; Strybing Arboretum, San Francisco, California; University of California Berkeley Botanical Garden, Berkeley, California; and Whitehall Historic Home and Garden, Louisville, Kentucky. Hardy Fern Foundation members participate in a spore exchange, receive a quarterly newsletter and have first access to ferns as they are ready for distribution. Cover design by Will anna Bradner HARDY FERN FOUNDATION QUARTERLY THE HARDY FERN FOUNDATION QUARTERLY Volume 26 No. 3 Editor- Sue Olsen ISSN 1542-5517 President’s Message. Richie Steffen In Defense of Plants. A Fern with Flower G Odd Case of Horizontal Gene Transfer Dryopteris bissetiana - Beaded Wood Fern.52-53 James R.
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Cutting Back Ferns – the Art of Fern Maintenance Richie Steffen
Cutting Back Ferns – The Art of Fern Maintenance Richie Steffen When I am speaking about ferns, I am often asked about cutting back ferns. All too frequently, and with little thought, I give the quick and easy answer to cut them back in late winter or early spring, except for the ones that don’t like that. This generally leads to the much more difficult question, “Which ones are those?” This exposes the difficulties of trying to apply one cultural practice to a complicated group of plants that link together a possible 12,000 species. There is no one size fits all rule of thumb. First of all, cutting back your ferns is purely for aesthetics. Ferns have managed for millions of years without being cut back by someone. This means that for ferns you may not be familiar with, it is fine to not cut them back and wait to see how they react to your growing conditions and climate. There are three factors to consider when cutting back ferns: 1. Is your fern evergreen, semi-evergreen, winter-green or deciduous? Deciduous ferns are relatively easy to decide whether to cut back – when they start to yellow and brown in the autumn, cut them to the ground. Some deciduous ferns have very thin fronds and finely divided foliage that may not even need to be cut back in the winter. A light layer of mulch may be enough to cover the old, withered fronds, and they can decay in place. Semi-evergreen types are also relatively easy to manage.
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Phylogenetic Analyses Place the Monotypic Dryopolystichum Within Lomariopsidaceae
A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeysPhylogenetic 78: 83–107 (2017) analyses place the monotypic Dryopolystichum within Lomariopsidaceae 83 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.78.12040 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Phylogenetic analyses place the monotypic Dryopolystichum within Lomariopsidaceae Cheng-Wei Chen1,*, Michael Sundue2,*, Li-Yaung Kuo3, Wei-Chih Teng4, Yao-Moan Huang1 1 Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan 2 The Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 27 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA 3 Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan 4 Natural photographer, 664, Hu-Shan Rd., Caotun Township, Nantou 54265, Taiwan Corresponding author: Yao-Moan Huang ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Almeida | Received 1 February 2017 | Accepted 23 March 2017 | Published 7 April 2017 Citation: Chen C-W, Sundue M, Kuo L-Y, Teng W-C, Huang Y-M (2017) Phylogenetic analyses place the monotypic Dryopolystichum within Lomariopsidaceae. PhytoKeys 78: 83–107. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.78.12040 Abstract The monotypic fern genusDryopolystichum Copel. combines a unique assortment of characters that ob- scures its relationship to other ferns. Its thin-walled sporangium with a vertical and interrupted annulus, round sorus with peltate indusium, and petiole with several vascular bundles place it in suborder Poly- podiineae, but more precise placement has eluded previous authors. Here we investigate its phylogenetic position using three plastid DNA markers, rbcL, rps4-trnS, and trnL-F, and a broad sampling of Polypodi- ineae.
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Using a Multilocus Phylogeny to Test Morphology-Based Classifications Of
Le Péchon et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:55 DOI 10.1186/s12862-016-0626-z RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Using a multilocus phylogeny to test morphology-based classifications of Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae), one of the largest fern genera Timothée Le Péchon1,2, Hai He3, Liang Zhang1, Xin-Mao Zhou1,4, Xin-Fen Gao1 and Li-Bing Zhang5* Abstract Background: Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae) is probably the third largest fern genus in the world and contains ca. 500 species. Species of Polystichum occur on all continents except Antarctica, but its highest diversity is found in East Asia, especially Southwest China and adjacent regions. Previous studies typically had sparse taxon sampling and used limited DNA sequence data. Consequently, the majority of morphological hypotheses/classifications have never been tested using molecular data. Results: In this study, DNA sequences of five plastid loci of 177 accessions representing ca. 140 species of Polystichum and 13 species of the closely related genera were used to infer a phylogeny using maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and maximum parsimony. Our analyses show that (1) Polystichum is monophyletic, this being supported by not only molecular data but also morphological features and distribution information; (2) Polystichum is resolved into two strongly supported monophyletic clades, corresponding to the two subgenera, P. subg. Polystichum and P. subg. Haplopolystichum; (3) Accessions of P. subg. Polystichum are resolved into three major clades: clade K (P. sect. Xiphophyllum), clade L (P. sect. Polystichum), and the HYMASO superclade dominated by accessions of P. sect. Hypopeltis, P. sect. Macropolystichum, and P. sect. Sorolepidium, while those of P. subg. Haplopolystichum are resolved into eight major clades; and (4) The monophyly of the Afra clade (weakly supported), the Australasian clade (weakly supported), and the North American clade (strongly supported) is confirmed.
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