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Otter News ® OTTER NEWS ® from the International Otter Survival Fund INTERNATIONALIOSF OTTER No 45 Autumn/Winter 2006 SURVIVAL FUND SEA OTTER ART COMPETITION RESULTS on back cover WELCOME TO THE NEW LOOK NEWSLETTER Considering the recent changes in postal charges and a desire to give it a “facelift”, Otter News now comes to you in a smaller format which is cheaper to post. We are sure you agree that it is important to keep costs to a minimum so that more can be spent on caring for otters. But don’t worry, we will still be keeping you up to date with all that is going on in the otter world. You will also find enclosed our latest catalogue and we would like to invite you to support our work even more by doing some of your Christmas shopping through our Ottershop where you will find Christmas cards and all sorts of gifts – and remember that it all helps the otters. IOSF has had another busy year both at our sanctuary and abroad. We have also set up two displays about our work at Drumkinnon Tower, Loch Lomond Aquarium and the Aros Centre in Portree, Isle of Skye. They have links to our otter webcam so people can view the otters without disturbing them. At long last the proceedings of the European Otter Conference will soon be published and our children’s environmental education pack is nearly ready for the printers - so if you are a teacher, children’s group leader or an interested parent, check for news on our website. I have recently returned from Shetland helping Jim Conroy with his annual otter survey and once again it seems that Shetland otter numbers are down. This is probably because of low fish numbers but I will write more in the next newsletter when we have analysed all of the data. We are also part funding with Scottish Natural Heritage toxicological analysis of the Shetland otters. Once again on behalf of IOSF I would like to thank you for your support over the past year - we really do appreciate your help and your letters. We wish you a happy Christmas and New Year and may 2007 be a good year for you all. Paul 2 OTTER SURVEY OF APPLECROSS This year, instead of our usual survey of Hebridean islands, we decided to test the hypothesis of the effect of geology on otter populations. Paul’s PhD work had shown that the number of otters on a particular coastline was related to the type of rock. Why is this so? Otters which feed in the sea need freshwater to wash the salt out of their coats’ otherwise the thermo- insulation effect of the fur will be lost. The abundance of freshwater pools is related to the rock-type as porous rocks will obviously have less available pools. Paul’s work on Skye showed that the Torridonian sandstone area is the best on Skye as the silica sand grains are cemented together by silica and so it is non-porous. So we decided to visit Applecross, which is also on Torridonian sandstone, to see if the situation is the same. The Applecross Peninsula is straight across from Broadford on the mainland but to get there you have to drive over the 2053ft high pass called the Bealach na Ba, with its hairpin bends. This is the highest road in Britain and as you reach the top you see the kind of views normally reserved only for sweaty mountaineers! The village of Applecross has just 238 people and its name comes from the Gaelic ‘a Chomraich’, which means ‘The Sanctuary’, and it really is a little haven. The study area stretched from Toscaig in the south to Callikille to the north of Applecross. The area is composed mostly of Torridonian sandstone, although the bay itself consists of Jurassic sediments. For the purposes of the survey the group was divided The survey team at applecross Photo: IOSF into two and we surveyed different areas of coastline each day, recording otter activity, the number of major holts, minor holts and lie-ups, and the number of freshwater pools. Over the course of the survey we covered a total of 27.7 km of coastline 3 and we also had good sightings of otters including a mother and cubs. We found 39 holts, 381 sprainting points and 53 freshwater pools, which is a much higher density of otter variables than on the Torridonian coastline on the Isle of Skye. The reason for this could be that the Torridonian itself can be broken down into different parts: the rocks in the south belong to the Aultbea Group and are very blocky forming steep slopes and cliffs; in the north the rocks belong to the Applecross Group and these are more thinly bedded. These erode to produce ideal holt sites and in fact in the south we found an average of only 1.3 holts per km whilst in the north it was 3.1 holts per km. All the rocks are non-porous so there is no shortage of freshwater pools. In our previous surveys on the islands we have used the data to produce an estimate of the size of the otter population. On Shetland it had been found that there is a good correlation between otter numbers and holt numbers, enabling the number of holts to be used as an index for the number of otters. The same is true on Skye. However in Applecross there will be movement of otters along the coast (as compared with the separate unit of an island) and so it is not possible to give an accurate figure for the total otter population of the area. Nevertheless the survey did show that the population on the Applecross peninsula is strong. It also showed that although distribution is affected by the abundance of freshwater pools, the availability of suitable holt sites is also an important factor. We would like to thank the following people who took part in the survey and climbed boulders above and beyond the call of duty! Bee Collins John Kent John Noorani Reg Opie Sheila Opie Andy Rothwell Jackie West 4 MARINE OTTERS IN SOUTHERN CHILE The following is a summary of a report by Gonzalo Medina-Vogel and his team who carried out a project on population assessment and habitat use by marine otters with the help of funding from IOSF and our supporters. The full report can be found on our website on www.otter.org/news/world3.html - go to Chile and click on the link to the pdf. Data on distribution, abundance, habitat selection and population trends are an important tool for animal conservation and management of species of interest. The marine otter (Lontra felina) is the smallest otter in its genus and is poorly known virtually throughout its range, making the development of appropriate management or conservation Seacat Photo: Ong.Chinchimen, Chile policies difficult. They typically inhabit coasts with exposed rocky shores, covering areas approximately 30m inland and 150m offshore along the Pacific coast. Their distribution ranges from 6ºS (near Chimbote, Peru) through Chile to 56ºS (Cape Horn and Isla de los Estados, Argentina). In Chile the population abundance varies from 0.04 otter/km in the Beagle Channel to 6.9 otter/km on Chiloe Island. However, previous studies had encountered problems in assessing the precise distribution due to difficulties in recognising individuals, the lack of sexual dimorphism and the various obstructions to observation – caves, rocks, etc. This project therefore had two objectives: 1. to develop a method for estimating the abundance of the otter within a region 2. to assess its use of the terrestrial habitat. For this, four sites were chosen between Punta Bonifacio and Punta Chungungo (Chungungo is the local name for otter!). These sites were chosen as they have relatively high otter numbers and they also provide easy observation of 1km of shoreline. At each site time was spent watching for otters and the habitat was classified according to the total number of rock caves, cracks and reef rocks, which 5 are features believed to be important for the otters. Due to bad weather no counts were made during August and May. Observations of otters were made on 90% of the study periods but in summer more otters were recorded during the morning than in the afternoon. The period of activity was divided into 54% feeding, 28% traveling, 8% grooming, 6% socialising and 4% resting with no differences between seasons. The mean distribution was 3.8 otters/km of which 18% were pups born during the year. Indeed pups were recorded throughout the year with most pups in spring i.e. September to November. Most previous studies have been based on a census technique consisting of transect walks along a determined distance of shoreline. In such studies observation times varied between 0.5-2 hours/km with an average of 1 hour/km. If this method had been used for this study, it would only have recorded 12.5% of the events observed here. This also does not take into account any variation within the day or by season. Other studies have estimated the population abundance of otters (not just the marine otter) in marine habitats by counting the numbers of holts or by assessing the concentration of spraints. In this study it was demonstrated that these procedures are not effective in the case of the marine otter: there was no relation between the number of caves and rock cracks and the number of otters counted and the concentration of spraints and prey remains are also not a reliable indicator of the number of otters or of aquatic habitat use and selection.
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