Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Enigmatic Ghost Lineage

www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Phylogeny and biogeography of the enigmatic ghost lineage Cylindrotomidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Iwona Kania‑Kłosok 1*, André Nel 2, Jacek Szwedo 3, Wiktoria Jordan‑Stasiło1 & Wiesław Krzemiński 4 Ghost lineages have always challenged the understanding of organism evolution. They participate in misinterpretations in phylogenetic, clade dating, biogeographic, and paleoecologic studies. They directly result from fossilization biases and organism biology. The Cylindrotomidae are a perfect example of an unexplained ghost lineage during the Mesozoic, as its sister family Tipulidae is already well diversifed during the Cretaceous, while the oldest Cylindrotomidae are Paleogene representatives of the extant genus Cylindrotoma and of the enigmatic fossil genus Cyttaromyia. Here we clarify the phylogenetic position of Cyttaromyia in the stem group of the whole family, suggesting that the crown group of the Cylindrotomidae began to diversify during the Cenozoic, unlike their sister group Tipulidae. We make a comparative analysis of all species in Cyttaromyia, together with the descriptions of the two new species, C. gelhausi sp. nov. and C. freiwaldi sp. nov., and the revision of C. obdurescens. The cylindrotomid biogeography seems to be incongruent with the phylogenetic analysis, the apparently most derived subfamily Stibadocerinae having apparently a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution, with some genera only known from Australia or Chile, while the most inclusive Cylindrotominae are Holarctic. Cylindrotomidae Schinner, 18631 together with Limoniidae Speiser, 19092, Pediciidae Osten-Sacken, 18603, and Tipulidae Latreille, 1802 4 sensu stricto are classified within Tipuloidea Latreille, 1802 4, group of insects present in the fossil record since at least 220 Ma (Triassic)5. With only 71 extant 6 and 16 extinct species7, this smallest family within Tipuloidea is divided into two subfamilies Cylindrotominae, repre- sented mainly in Holarctic Region, and Stibadocerinae with an example of vicariant distribution with a sister-group relationship between South American and East Asian taxa, supporting hypothesis an ‘ances- tral’ trans-Pacific biota8. According to phylogenetic synthesis based on combined morphological characters of adult, larvae and pupae, together with nuclear gene sequence data as 28S rDNA or CAD, the Cylindrotomidae are found as a sister group of Tipulidae (both being treated as subfamilies in Tipulidae in Ref.9. This group of insects is generally indicated as a sister group or being closely related to the Tipulidae by other authors 10–20. But, within Cylindrotomidae21, only the representatives of subfamily Cylindrotominae are known from fossil record. The oldest described representatives of Cylindrotominae are only known from the Paleogene (56.0–47.8 Ma) by the extant genera Cylindrotoma Macquart, 183422 and Diogma Edwards, 193823–33, plus the extinct genus Cyttaromyia Scudder, 18777,34, while the oldest stem Tipulidae are Jurassic and the oldest crown Tipulidae are Cretaceous5,35–37. Thus, the Cylindrotomidae can be considered as a typical ghost lineage during the Mesozoic. This phytophagous group of craneflies, which immatures lives among mosses and herbaceous plants. The Cylindrotomidae (Supplementary Data S1) probably knew a period of diversification during the Eocene, sufficient to become frequent enough to be found as fossils. Most of the fossil Cylindrotomidae are 1Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland. 2Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, EPHE, Paris, France. 3Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St, 80308 Gdańsk, Poland. 4Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. *email: [email protected] Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:13916 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91719-w 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ know from the Middle Eocene Baltic amber31,32,38,39 and the Late Eocene Florissant Formation in USA24,39. Three species of Cylindrotoma are known from impressions of the Ypresian Fur Formation; two species from the Ølst Formation of Denmark were described within Cyttaromyia29 (Supplementary Table S1). Four species of Cyttaromyia were described from the Eocene Green River Formation USA, the other were described from Florissant Formation and Kishenehn Formation in USA, Middle Salt Formation in Alsace (France), Biamo Formation in Russia, and from Baltic amber24,27,28,30,31,40. Here we propose a morphological phylogenetic analysis to define the relationships between extinct genus Cyttaromyia and the other taxa in the family. We also describe two new species of Cyttaromyia on the basis of new fossils from the same Formation, and new technics of research give us possibility to redescribe Cyttaromyia obdurescens Cockerell, 192427. Results Systematic paleontology. Order Diptera Linnaeus, 175842 Infraorder Tipulomorpha Latreille, 18024 Family Cylindrotomidae Schinner, 18631 Subfamily Cylindrotominae Schinner, 1863 1 Genus Cyttaromyia Type species: C.yttaromyia fenestrate Scudder, 187734, by monotypy. Key to species of the genus Cyttaromyia Scudder, 187734 1. Wings without distinct patterning………………..………………………….…...…...………………………3. – Distinct patterns of coloration on wings………………..………………………….…...…...…………2. 2. Rs longer than R2+3+4 and R3+4 combined………………..…………………...................................... ....................................................................……….…...…...Cyttaromyia vahldieki Freiwald, 199129 Denmark/Ølst Formation – Rs shorter than R2+3+4 and R 3+4 combined………………..…………………………......... ............................................................…...…...Cyttaromyia rayona Freiwald & Krzemiński, 199130 Russia/Biamo Formation 3. Wings hyaline………………..………………………….…...…...………………………………………………4. – Wings pale brownish without conspicuous markings with end of marginal cell apically somewhat clouded (Cockerell, 1924)………………..………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia reclusa Cockerell, 1924 26 USA/Green River Formation/Roan Moutains/Colorado 4. Vein R1 well-developed………………..………………………….…...…...………………………………5. – Vein R1 reduced………………..………………………….…...…...……………………………………7. 5. Crossvein m-cu situated beyond bifurcation of Mb on M 1+2 and M3+4; Sc terminating in C far beyond fork of Rs………………..………………………….…...…...………………………………………………6. – Crossvein m-cu situated at bifurcation of Mb on M1+2 and M3+4; Sc terminating in C just beyond fork of Rs………………..…………… …………………………………………...Cyttaromyia gelhausi sp. nov. USA/Green River Formation 6. Crossvein sc-r one of its length before tip of Sc; A 1 tip before tip of Sc level………………..……………………… ………………………… …………………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia obdurescens Cockerell, 192527 USA/Green River Formation/Roan Moutains/Colorado – Crossvein sc-r at least two of its length before tip of Sc; A 1 tip beyond e tip of Sc level……………… ..………… ………………………………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia princetoniana Scudder, 189424 USA/Green River Formation 7. Sc elongate, terminating in C well beyond level of fork of Rs………………..………………………….…...…...8. – Sc short, terminating in C before level of fork of Rs………………..…… ………………………… …………………………..........…………………….…...…...……………Cyttaromyia freiwaldi sp. nov. USA/Green River Formation Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:13916 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91719-w 2 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 8. Crossvein m-cu situated at most or before fork of Mb on M1+2 and M3+4… ………………………… .........9. – Crossvein m-cu situated beyond fork of Mb on M1+2 and M3+4………………..……… ………………………… ………………………… …………………………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia frelloi Krzemiński, 1998 31 Baltic amber 9. Vein r–r (R2) terminating before level of r′–m′, before level of m–m………………..………………………….10. – Vein r–r (R2) terminating at level of r′–m′, behind level of m–m………………..……………………… ….…... ………………………… ……………………………...Cyttaromyia fenestrata Scudder, 187734 USA/Green River Formation 10. d′-cell as long as d-cell or shorter………………..………………………….…...............…...……………11. – d′-cell longer tan d-cell………………..………………………….…...…...…………………………………12. 11. M3+4 bifurcation on M3 and M4 approximately at level of m-m; d-cell 2× as long as M4; m-m beyond level of tip of r–r (R2)………………..………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… …………………………................…...…...Cyttaromyia lynnae De Jong, 201940 USA/Kishenehn Formation. – M3+4 bifurcation on M 3 and M4 before level of m–m; d-cell 1.5× as long as M 4; m–m approximately at level of tip of r–r (R2)………………..………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia fuscula Cockerell, 192125. USA/Green River Formation 12. Fork of Mb at level of fork of Rs; d′-cell narrowed at base………………..… ………………………… …………………………..................……………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia quievreuxi Séguy, 193428 Alsace, France/Middle Salt Formation. – Fork of Mb before level of fork of Rs; d′-cell narrow, but not narrowed at base………………..……….…..13. 13. Tip of r–r (R2) beyond level of tip of fork of M3 +4 on M3 and M4; Rs at 2× as long as R2+3+4………… ……..……………… …………………………………….…...…...Cyttaromyia scudderi Freiwald, 199129 Denmark/Ølst Formation – Tip of r–r (R2) before level of tip of fork of M3 +4 on M3 and M4; Rs at approximately as long as 41

Load more