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Indirect Engagement Towards Australia After the Bali Nine Case : the Efforts to Increase Australian Tourists to Indonesia (2015-2016)

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Indirect Engagement Towards Australia After the Bali Nine Case : the Efforts to Increase Australian Tourists to Indonesia (2015-2016) INDIRECT ENGAGEMENT TOWARDS AUSTRALIA AFTER THE BALI NINE CASE : THE EFFORTS TO INCREASE AUSTRALIAN TOURISTS TO INDONESIA (2015-2016) By ZAHARA SAKINAH ABDULLAH 016201400180 A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Major in Diplomacy Studies 2018 ABSTRACT Title: Indirect Engagement Towards Australia After The Bali Nine Case : The Efforts to Increase Australian Tourists to Indonesia (2015-2016) The bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Australia is one of the most important cooperation in the history of international cooperation in the world. In 2015, this bilateral cooperation was restrained because of the execution of two Australians that were included in Bali Nine case, Chan and Sukumaran, by Indonesian law. Australia, both the government and the citizens, showing a strong opposing reaction towards this act by Indonesia by withdrawing their ambassador and boycotting one of holiday destinations of Indonesia, which is Bali. Whereas, Australian tourists are one of the majority tourists that come to Indonesia, especially Bali. In result, in that year, the number of Australian tourists coming to Indonesia got decreased slightly. Tourism sector is one of the important sector that is being the primary focus of Indonesian economy enhancement under the presidency of Joko Widodo. Therefore, in order to revive the number of Australian tourists, Indonesia engaged to Australia to re-attract and re-build the trust of Australia. This research has found that the engagement of Indonesia towards Australia through sport tourism, cooperation between sister cities, cultural festival, trade mission and trade fair, free visa-entry, and awareness distribution regarding other holiday destinations beside Bali has proven to attract the Australian tourists to go to Indonesia. In result, Australian tourists coming to Indonesia got increased in the following year after the case. Keyword: Indonesia, Australia, bilateral cooperation, tourism, engagement iv ABSTRAK Kerjasama bilateral antara Indonesia dan Australia adalah salah satu kerja sama terpenting dalam sejarah kerja sama internasional di dunia. Pada tahun 2015, kerja sama bilateral ini terkekang karena eksekusi dua orang Australia yang terjerat dalam kasus Bali Nine, Chan dan Sukumaran, oleh hukum Indonesia. Pemerintah dan rakyat Australia menunjukkan reaksi penentangan yang kuat terhadap keputusan Indonesia dengan cara menarik duta besar mereka dan memboikot salah satu destinasi wisata Indonesia, yaitu Bali. Padahal, wisatawan Australia adalah salah satu wisatawan mayoritas yang datang ke Indonesia, terutama ke Bali. Hasilnya, pada tahun itu, jumlah wisatawan Australia yang datang ke Indonesia mengalami sedikit penurunan. Sektor pariwisata adalah alah satu sektor penting yang menjadi fokus utama dalam peningkatan ekonomi Indonesia dibawah pemerintahan Joko Widodo. Jadi, untuk mengembalikan jumlah wisatawan Australia, Indonesia melibatkan diri dengan Australia untuk menarik kembali dan membangun kembali kepercayaan Australia. Penelitian ini telah menemukan bahwa keterlibatan diri Indonesia terhadap Australia melalui wisata olahraga, kerja sama antara kota kembar, festival budaya, misi perdagangan dan pameran perdagangan, bebas visa, dan penyebaran kesadaran terhadap destinasi wisata selain Bali telah terbukti menarik wisatawan Australia untuk datang ke Indonesia. Hasilnya, wisatawan Australia yang datang ke Indonesia mengalami kenaikan di tahun berikutnya setelah kasus Bali Nine. Kata kunci: Indonesia, Australia, kerja sama bilateral, pariwisata, keterlibatan v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to give my gratitude to the Almight God, Allah had granted for me in life. Without His help, I cannot be where I stand today with the finished thesis as one of the requirement in order to graduate from this university. Secondly, I would like to give countless thanks to the most important people in my life. My one and only parents, the best parents a child could ever have, my father Eddhien Abdullah and my mother Shanty Kurnely. Their unconditional love and daily struggle at work only for me and my brother to become successful persons drive me to become better and achieve more each day. My little brother Zahran F. Abdullah for being a good brother from the day he was born. The main persons that helped me to finished this thesis, Mr. Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D. and Ms. Natasya Kusumawardani, MProfStuds(Hons), whom without them I would be a clueless final semester university student. Big thanks also given to all of the lecturers of International Relations President University, for their knowledge and guidance from my freshman year until this final year that have turned me to be more open- minded about what is happening in this world and how to interpret it in the form of paper. And then, I would like to thank my best friends, the apple of my university life, Time Capsule -- Rizka Kristanti, Fika Dian Nuranita, Arin Wijaya Hutapea, Steven Wijaya, and Yuliana Doloksaribu, that has given me many supports and helping hands whenever I am in need and whom without them I would hardly survived these college years. Thank you Lukie Shantika Togas and Yuni Artiningsih for staying in touch with me even after we graduated from high school and giving me all of the supports through our random jokes. I would also like to give my thanks to Ms. Ornella, my supervisor number two at the internship workplace, for giving me inspirations and enlightenment in deciding which topic of thesis that I should write. And of course, the people of Social Responsibility and vi Corporate Communication of United Tractors, Ms. Erika, my supervisor number one Ms. Meyta, Mr. Dimas, Mr. Rohman and Mr. Handi, for their support and also many lessons in work and life itself. Lastly, I would like to thank everyone that has been truly helpful in supporting me from the beginning of my college year until now. I will always be thankful of your kindness and may you all be granted more blessings. Cikarang, January 2018 Zahara Sakinah Abdullah vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER........................................ i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY................................................................. ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET.................................................. iii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................. xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................. xiv CHAPTER I............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of Study............................................................................ 1 1.2. Problem Identification.......................................................................... 5 1.3. Research Question................................................................................ 6 1.4. Objective of Research.......................................................................... 7 1.5. Significance of Research...................................................................... 7 1.6. Theoretical Framework........................................................................ 7 1.6.1. International Cooperation.................................................... 7 1.6.2. Bilateralism......................................................................... 8 1.6.3. Engagement......................................................................... 9 1.7. Scope and Limitations of the Study................................................... 12 1.8. Thesis Structure.................................................................................. 12 viii 1.8.1. Chapter I Introduction.................................................... 12 1.8.2. Chapter II Literature Review......................................... 13 1.8.3. Chapter III Research Methodolodgy.............................. 13 1.8.4. Chapter IV Bali Nine Case and Indonesia-Australia Tourism Cooperation Amid The Case (2005-2015)......... 13 1.8.5. Chapter V The Engagement between Indonesia and Australia After The Case of Bali Nine.............................. 13 1.8.6. Chapter VI Conclusion................................................... 14 CHAPTER II......................................................................................................... 15 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................... 15 2.1. After hegemony : Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy by Robert O. Keohane............................................................... 15 2.2. International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strenghts and Weaknesses Review Article by Helen Milner........................................... 16 2.3. Multilateralism, Bilateralism, and Unilateralism in Foreign
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