Technology Literacy Empowerment in Underdeveloped Village to Increase Public Service Accessibility in Pulau Laut Utara Sub-Distr

TECHNOLOGY LITERACY EMPOWERMENT IN UNDERDEVELOPED VILLAGE TO INCREASE PUBLIC SERVICE ACCESSIBILITY IN PULAU LAUT UTARA SUB-DISTRICT, KOTABARU REGENCY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

MAUNDA GRESTINA YOLANDA SYARIFAH NOOR ANNISA

ABSTRACT The initiation of technology-based public service has been started since the existance of President Instruction Number 3 of 2003 Pertaining to the Policy and Strategy of E-Government National Development as the spearhead of the technology-based public service implementation and the media of technology literacy empowerment to the community. Technology literacy empowerment must reach the extent of underdeveloped villages to achieve the positive effect of empowerment. Based upon these issues, the Author is interested to research about “ THE TECHNOLOGY LITERACY EMPOWERMENT IN UNDERDEVELOPED VILLAGES TO INCREASE PUBLIC SERVICE ACCESSIBILITY IN PULAU LAUT UTARA SUB-DISTRICT, KOTABARU REGENCY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE”. This research is designed to gain in-depth understanding of technology literacy empowerment to increase the awareness and knowledge of the community in underdeveloped villages and the public service accessibility through technology in Pulau Laut Utara sub- district. In this research, the Author used qualitative method with explorative research. The data-collection techniques used in this research are observation, interview, and documentation. The results of the rsearch showed that the technology literacy empowerment in Pulau Laut Utara Sub District is heavily affected by the cooperation between the Government, the private sector, and the community to solve the obstruction in operational and technical level to improve the accessibility of public service in Pulau Laut Utara Sub District. Based upon the research results, the Author could draw some conclusion that: first, there is a lack of awareness and knowledge of the community in the underdeveloped villages because the community does not have the orientation to utilize technology as a means to solve problems; second, legal standing of technology-based public service accessibility is direly needed especially in the underdeveloped villages while geographical and human resource quality are also an important factors that decides the technology-based public service; and third, Mobile Sub-District Internet Service (MPLIK) is a form of technology literacy empowerment program in Pulau Laut Utara sub-district, hand-in-hand with direct and indirect learning media through junior, senior, and vocation high schools and computer course institutions although there are many obstacles of the implementation. The conclusion above serves as the foundation of the Author to offer some advices, which are: first, to implement a programme that introduces technology as a substitution of MPLIK program such as the Technology in Village program; second, to design a derivative regulation such as the Regional Regulation that supports the implementation of technology- based public service; and third, to arrange online marketing courses to the businessman and to introduce the function of technology to increase the community’s knowledge.

I. INTRODUCTION information modernization, safe internet, and 1.1 Background technology aid allocation to remote villages. Within the concept of community empowerment, there are two kinds of If we connect the success of nonphysical empowerment: physical and nonphysical development and empowerment with Millennium empowerment (Wresniwiro: 2007). Standing our Development Goals in general, technology ground long and firm, Indonesia‟s freedom reached utilization as a capital to develop global-scale its 69 years while continuing our effort to create partnership is a part of Millennium Development more and do more in the scope of community Goals. Millennium Development Goals according empowerment, all to protect and increase to the result of High-Level Summit in 2000 as a community welfare. Empowerment itself ranges development goal has eight aspects, as followed from economics, education, health, socio-culture, (OECD, 2001:1): and infrastructural perspective. Dhakidae in Mardikanto and Soebiato (2013:7) has described  Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by that empowerment is not only in the perspectives 50% in 2015; above, but also in technological empowerment such  Achieve universal primary education for as idea, method, technique, and also the effort to all; fulfill the betterment of community empowerment.  Promote gender equality and woman empowerment; Decentralization as the root of regional  Reduce child mortality rate; autonomy in Indonesia stated that self-sustaining  Improve maternal health; and self-empowering are the statutory requirements  Fight against HIV/AIDS; to be an autonomous region. Empowerment in the  Ensure environmental sustainability; and definition is not only as a physical aspect, as said  Develop global-scale partnership. by Wresniwiro, but also is a sign that nonphysical aspects such as skills and knowledge must be The Local Government of Kotabaru in enhanced. Unfortunately, the writer‟s pre-research increasing community‟s capability and knowledge showed that nonphysical aspects are more difficult needs technology mastery from the community to empower. This could only indicate that there are especially those in remote villages. The Local more obstacles in the field, such as the remote Government of Kotabaru is obliged to be the areas, misconduct in planning or executing stage, facilitator to increase technology literacy and also or inability in managerial or leadership aspect. to bridge community‟s access to public service.

The obstacles we face in nonphysical The role of Kotabaru Local Government empowerment especially in remote areas are not as a facilitator has yet to be supported by legal the reason to lessen our mutual responsibility to protection. Legally, there is no Regional Regulation increase community welfare. Empowerment is an nor Regent Regulation concerning technology important mandate from the Constitution of 1945 literacy while practically, there is a and is a responsibility of both central government Communication, Information, and Code Agency as and regional government to fulfill it. a subordinate of Transportation Department which executes Mobile Internet Service Center (MPLIK) In accordance to the Law Number 23 that introduces technology to remote districts in Year 2014 Pertaining to Local Government, Kotabaru. concerning the Local Government‟s responsibility in community empowerment, Local Government in The cause of technology literacy problem compiling Mid-Term Regional Development Plan in Kotabaru Regency is a stagnancy where the (RPJMD) must include the general policy of people in remote areas such as Pulau Laut Utara empowerment. Referring to Regional Regulation of sub-district can only access technology every once Kotabaru Regency Number 02 Year 2011 in a while when Mobile Internet Service Center Pertaining to Mid-Term Regional Development comes. An archipelago region such as Kotabaru Plan (RPJMD) 2011-2015 especially in Regency has its own problem and obstacle to nonphysical empowerment, the Kotabaru Local bridge people‟s access to public service because Government is focused to enhance the community‟s capability in technology utilization,

there are many isolated Pulaus which are far from their incapability in technology utilization is the capital. affected by limited transportation access and distance. The Local Government of Kotabaru in Based on the problem analysis of enhancing community‟s capability in technology Kotabaru Mid-Term Regional Development Plan utilization has increased the quantity of technicians 2011-2015, the general capability of the and teachers especially in technology field. community in technology literacy is lower than in Furthermore, the conceived human resources are any other regencies because there are many of them distributed to remote areas to help the community who do not have the access to technology. This is in technology mastery. This policy is reflected in even more ironic because the people in remote the table below, as following: villages such as in Sebelimbingan Village where Table 1.1

The Total of Government Employee (GE) and Government Employee Candidate (GEC) Formation in Teachers and Technology Technician 2013-2014

No Formation GEC Formation GE Formation 1. IT Teachers for Junior High School 2 12 2. IT Teachers for Senior High School 2 25 3. Computer Technology Teachers for Vocational 4 6 High School 4. Computer Technician 3 18 Total 11 Persons 51 Persons

Source: Regional Government Employee Agency of Kotabaru Regency 2013

The increase in teachers and computer 1.2 Problems technician human resource is followed up by the 1.2.1 Problem Identification course institution growth in technology field in In regard to the core of this matter and spite of its limited existence and location that could background above, the problems that can be not reach the remote areas. By this policy, the identified in this research are, as follow: Local Government of Kotabaru hopes that with the 1) Unoptimalized technology utilization in increase of Government Employee with the Kotabaru Regency, especially in Pulau qualification in technology, the sub-districts which Laut Utara sub-district. are far from the capital can take the benefits from 2) The rise of communal awareness and technology utilization in Kotabaru Regency. knowledge to increase technology utilization which has yet to grow. On the other hand, enhancing general 3) Technology Introduction which is done knowledge of the community in Kotabaru Regency through junior high school, senior high can be a measure taken to alleviate the obstacle in school, and vocational high school and also bridging the access to public service. Technology course institution could not reach remote mastery can obliterate the community‟s areas which are far from the capital. powerlessness especially those in remote villages. 4) Unreadiness of Regional Regulation and Through technology mastery, the community other derivative regulations pertaining to especially in Pulau Laut Utara sub-district is able to technology literacy. communicate with others inside and outside the 5) Unreachable access to technology-based area of Kotabaru Regency while maintaining the public service in Pulau Laut Utara sub- access to public service. district.

1.2.2 Problem Limitation 1.4 Benefit Deriving from the problem identification 1.4.1 Practical Benefit for Research as defined above, the writer obtains further location description of the problem that lies within this This research is encouraged to give a research. Unfortunately, with regard to the limited contribution and thought for the Local Government time and capability, the writer has to limit the of Kotabaru, private sector, and the community in problem with the hope to observe and obtain in- technology literacy empowerment for depth understanding of the focus of this research. underdeveloped village in increasing public service Meanwhile, the object of this research is accessibility with the hope that the true meaning of limited to technology literacy empowerment for development itself can be felt by all without any underdeveloped village to increase public service discrimination. accessibility through field research in Pulau Laut 1.5 Concept Definition Utara sub-district, Kotabaru Regency, Souh 1) Empowerment Borneo. Subejo and Supriyanto (2004:12) 1.2.3 Problem Formulation described that the deeper meaning of Based on the brief description from empowerment itself is an intended effort problem identification above, the writer is able to to facilitate the local community in conclude that the problem formulations of this planning, deciding, and managing their research are. As follow: local resources through collective action 1) How the technology literacy and networking expecting that the final empowerment is carried out to increase result would enable them to be capable community awareness and knowledge in economically, ecologically, and socially underdeveloped village within Pulau Laut through self-sustaining effort. The core Utara sub-district? approach in this empowerment concept 2) How is the public service accessibility for is to place the community as the subject underdeveloped village through of development, not only as an object of technology in Pulau Laut Utara sub- empowerment projects. district? Bebbington (2000:15) in compliance 1.3 Purpose and Aim with the definition above, supported that 1.3.1 Purpose empowerment can be seen through three The purpose of this research is to viewpoints, which are as follow: observe, analyze, study, and interpret the phenomenon in Pulau Laut Utara sub-district which a) Creating a situation or climate that is technology literacy and the efforts to bridge the enables the growth of community‟s access to public service in underdeveloped village. full potential (enabling); b) Strengthening the potential or 1.3.2 Aims resources of the community The aim of a research is to gain in-depth (empowering); understanding of a problem in the field and further c) Protecting and taking the side of to find the best alternative to solve the problem. the weaker community without The aims of this research are to, as follow: making them rely too much to the 1) To gain a keen and deep understanding of free aid programs (protecting). technology literacy empowerment in increasing community awareness and 2) Technology Literacy. knowledge in underdeveloped village within the scope of Pulau Laut Utara sub- Poedjiadi (2005:31) described that district. technology literacy is the ability to 2) To gain a keen and deep understanding of utilize technology wisely to solve public service accessibility for everyday problems through the concept underdeveloped village in Pulau Laut and utility of technology itself. In this Utara sub-district. research, technology literacy is more directed as a tool to bridge the access to

public service. Technology literacy as a activities which are made to support the need is also as a challenge in the current fulfillment of every person‟s basic needs governance. to public goods, service, and/or Technology literacy has an important administrative service by the stand in the effort to increase the corresponding public service organizer. community‟s quality of life as the information basis in decision-making In accordance to the results of Study and and also in understanding the root of the Communication and Information community‟s problem in local, regional, Development Office (BPPKI) Jakarta‟s and national level (Bloch E in Poedjiadi: research about the implementation of 2005:3). technology-based public service, the increase of public service accessibility is As a concept that has its own measures, affected by the following elements, as the Research and Human Resource follow: Development Agency which is a  Teamwork. The increase of public subordinate of Communication and service accessibility through Information Department of Republic technology implementation needs Indonesia stated that the measures of mutual respect and teamwork from technology literacy are, as follow: the corresponding parties, such as the 1. Ability to identify; Local Government, the legislative 2. Access; party, and the related institution; 3. Managing integration;  Human resource development. 4. Evaluation; and Increasing the quantity and quality of 5. Creation and communication. a competent and skilled human resource is imperative to be the 3) Underdeveloped Village. qualified operator of technology- based public service; and The Underdeveloped Area Development  Socialization and accessibility. Department (KPDT) in a National Symposium of Underdeveloped Area Development in 2005 defined an II. METHOD underdeveloped region or village as a 2.1 Method region or a village where the community Suryana (2010: 40) stated that qualitative and the area can be relatively measured method is usually regarded as a post positivistic as an underdeveloped area in research because it tend to bend towards post comparison to any other areas as well. positivism philosophy and has naturalistic The Underdeveloped Area Development characters. This naturalistic character is the main Department gave some criteria of how cause of why a qualitative research is also known we can measure an underdeveloped area as an interpretative research. or village which are measured through economic, social, infrastructure Departing onward from this general readiness, financial capability, assumption, the researcher found that the main accessibility to public service and difference between qualitative and quantitative geographical analysis. research is placed on the data ratio. This is where Danim (in Suryana, 2010: 41) defined the 4) Public Service Accessibility difference between qualitative and quantitative Sutantono (2004:1) stated that research, in which quantitative research uses data accessibility is: the right to access of basic such as numbers and any other means of needs service”. In this research, quantitative data to ascertain the hypothesis result. accessibility is prepared by the government, private sector, and the In line with the definition above, community itself. Meanwhile, the public explorative method according to Arikunto service as defined by the Law Number 25 (2005:115) is: Year 2014 is an activity or a series of

Defined to be able to describe a situation The role of the writer in the or a phenomena status and in this matter, observation is as the observer if the researcher wants to gain insight based on the given role of a regarding the situation. researcher, as said by Junker (in Patton, 1980:131-132). In this The characteristic of qualitative research research, the observed locations itself, according to Lincoln and Guba (1985:30-44) will be the activities within the described that qualitative research has several scope of Pulau Laut Utara sub- characteristics, which are scientific-based, district which is related to the human/researcher as a research instrument, uses internet utilization in which this qualitative method, the data is analyzed through observation would lead to the inductive means, starts from basic theory, natural situation of the field descriptive, puts process over results, limited focus, research and also how Pulau Laut has particular criteria to ascertain data validity, Utara sub-district‟s effort to temporary design, and the research result is empower technology literacy for discussed and agreed upon all. underdeveloped village to bridge public service accessibility. The The purpose of data-collecting is to find observed locations would be the reference of an issue in the field and implement it location which is visited by the in the internship. Gulo (2002:110) stated that the Mobile Internet Service Center, purpose of data-collecting itself is to gain new junior and senior high schools information needed to reach the highest goal of this that introduce technology research. utilization in each respective location, computer course Qualitative research place institutions, and the local human/researcher as an important data-collecting community in Pulau Laut Utara instrument. Researcher‟s subjectivity as a human sub-district. being must be set aside to obtain data validity. A human being as a data-collecting instrument must b) Interview show a responsive, adaptive, whole, scientific, look Interview is an intended for data compendium, and idiosyncratic qualities. conversation between the researcher and the source in a Sugiyono (2012:137) stated that a field session of questioning and researcher must sort through the data by keeping answering. Patton (1980:197) the data quality in mind, further ensured by the divided interview based on the quality of the data-collecting and the data- question plans. In this research. collecting instrument itself. These factors would The intended sources which are affect the validity and the reliability of the data and related to the phenomena are, as also the accurateness of the researcher‟s data. follow:

2.2 Data Collection

The data collection in this research will be carried out by these techniques, as follow: 1. The Head of Pulau Laut Utara sub-district, Kotabaru 1) Primary Data Regency; Primary data in this research will be 2. The Head of collected through field observation underdeveloped village method and direct interview to each within the scoop of Pulau related party. Primary data, according to Laut Utara sub-district; Sugiyono (2012:139), is a: 3. The teachers of IT and “Primary resource is a source of data that computer technician gives direct respond to the researcher” subjects in Pulau Laut Utara a) Observation

sub-district, Kotabaru c) Protecting and taking side in favor of the Regency about 2 persons; vulnerable community without making them 4. The manager of computer dependent on the program (protecting). course institutions about 2 persons; and Based on the above definition of 5. The local community in empowerment, the author can draw the conclusion Pulau Laut Utara sub- that empowerment is a deliberate effort of the district, Kotabaru Regency government, the private sector, and the public in about 24 persons. order to provide opportunities, strengthen the potentials, and protect vulnerable groups to achieve 2) Secondary Data social independence, ecology, and economics. According to Lofland and Lofland (1984:47), secondary data in which they respectively called as „document‟ has a limited and an extensive meanings, in In order for technology literacy which an extensive data is each and empowerment in improving the accessibility of every written or spoken data and a public services goes well, the National Research limited data is each and every written Council reveals that the concept of community data. empowerment with the use of technology has a Moreover, Renier divided document into close relationship with information literacy and two kinds, textual document (memo, computer literacy (Washington, DC: National instruction, announcement, report, Academy Press, 1999). Information literacy and magazine, book, newspaper, and catalog) computer literacy will allow a community to be a and non-textual document (map, technological community. graphics, figures, records, video, and film). Based on the above definition, the author can draw the conclusion that the technology III. ANALYSIS AND literacy empowerment to create a society that is RECOMMENDATIONS empowered by technology, then also have to 3.1 Analysis empower the community through information 3.1.1 Technology Literacy Empowerment to literacy and computer literacy. Increase Awareness and Creating a technologically empowered Community Knowledge in society requires planning and sustainable Underdeveloped Village in the Sub District of development. Governments both at national and Pulau Laut Utara local levels have been referring to the Law No. 17

of 2007 on the National Long-Term Development According to Subejo and Supriyanto Plan 2005-2025 that proclaims the development (2004: 12), the meaning of empowerment is a direction of Information and Communication sector deliberate effort to facilitate local communities in by building an Indonesian knowledge-based society planning, deciding, and managing owned local which is referred to as the Indonesian Information resources through collective action and networking Society by 2025. so that they have the ability and independence economically, ecologically, and socially, especially Although the Indonesian government's the weak community. Bebbington (2000: 15) attention to the new technology literacy emerged further explains that community empowerment can after the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 3 year be seen from three sides, namely: 2003 on National Policy and Strategy Development a) Creating an atmosphere or climate that allows of E-Government, historical searches showed that the community‟s potentials to develop technology literacy in community empowerment (enabling); has been proclaimed in the New Order era in MPR b) Empowering the community‟s potentials or RI Decree No. II / MPR / 1993 on State Policy power (empowering); and Guidelines. In the New Order era, technological literacy is one of the programs in Repelita (Five- Year Development Plan).

Relevance of the Repelita program from community, the Sub District Internet Service Car the New Order governance with the Reformation program (MPLIK) is a program initiated by the era is connected by the Presidential Instruction Ministry of Communications and Information Number 3 year 2003 on National Policy and Technology (Kominfo). MPLIK is the mandate of Strategy Development of E-Government. In this the Minister of Communication and Information regulation, to implement sustainable development, Technology Number 19 year 2010 Concerning the government began implementing E- Internet Access Service Provider in Sub District Government which in turn is regulated by Law Internet Telecommunication Universal Service Number 11 year 2008 on Information and Area that focuses on the expansion of the Internet Electronic Transactions and Government and the introduction of equity for remote villages. Regulation Number 82 Year 2012 on the Regulation of the Minister of Implementation System and Electronic Communication and Information Technology Transactions. Number 19 / PER / M.KOMINFO / 12/2010, is designed to support the expansion of Internet Implementation of the above regulations service access and as an accelerated increase in the in the life of the state and society can be seen in the accessibility of services as well as to encourage process of community empowerment, especially people, especially people living in remote villages the community in underdeveloped villages. in using of technology. It can be seen that with this Unfortunately, until now there has been no regional regulation, the government hopes that technological regulation or other derivatives regulation in the sub literacy can improve the knowledge of society and District of Pulau Laut Utara and even in Kotabaru gradually increase the public awareness about the District on regulations related to technology importance of technology in the era of literacy in community empowerment. globalization. According to Article 2 in Perkominfo The shortcoming above causes the Number 19 year 2010, the sub District Internet community empowerment through the utilization of service providers (PLIK) centered on the capital technology has not run optimally. The main sub district in each region of MPLIK program deficiency in technology literacy empowerment in target, especially in the sub District of Pulau Laut the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara lies in not Utara, Kotabaru District. Since the MPLIK program maximal utilization of technological literacy in the began in the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara, the public service and the complexity of the area in the MPLIK program has been running effectively in Sub District of Pulau Laut Utara which has urban February 2014 and has visited several remote areas, mountains, and the offshore waters. villages in the sub district of Pulau Laut Utara, like Technological literacy empowerment program that Megasari Village which is a village located in the has been implemented in the sub District of Pulau mountainous region of sub District of Pulau Laut Laut Utara is a sub District Internet Service Car Utara. program (MPLIK) which will be explained further. This sub district internet service activity is intended to introduce and provide socialization a. Sub District Internet Services Car for people, especially students and the community Program (MPLIK) who are farmers. The purpose of choosing the As comparison between legislation and student and farming communities in the reality on the field, raising awareness and introduction and dissemination of this is to expand knowledge of the community with the utilization of the knowledge and awareness of these two technology literacy is very dependent on communities that will positively impact the government policies of sub District of Pulau Laut progress of the region. Implementation of Utara as a facilitator of community empowerment. dissemination activity and the introduction of the Therefore, as the first step in empowering the Internet to increase awareness and knowledge of community with the utilization of technology the community in the sub District of Pulau Laut literacy, Sub District Internet Service Car program Utara which is primarily intended for farmers, (MPLIK) was launched to help people in remote students and businesses has a major impact on villages to understand the technology. changes in the orientation of the local economy. As a part of the government program to As quoted from the website of the increase knowledge and awareness of the Information, Communication, and Code Agency of community in order to empower the technology

Kotabaru District (Bakiasda) in an article dated medium business doers may cooperate with PLIK February 19, 2014, in which the positive effects of providers in a sub district that implement the MPLIK presence began to be felt by the farming MPLIK program in the operation and maintenance community. Farming communities that previously of the facility, in accordance with Article 12 were confused with knowledge and appropriate Paragraph 1 of the Regulation of the Minister of technology (TTG) in the agricultural sector, Communication and Information Technology especially the way of farming with limited capital Number 19 / PER / M.KOMINFO / 12/2010. can know the latest techniques in farming through MPLIK program as a part of the author‟s the internet that has been provided in the MPLIK observation scope has carried out several visits for program. MPLIK benefits are also felt by students internet services and dissemination to people in in Mekarsari Village, sub District of Pulau Laut remote villages not only in the sub District of Pulau Utara that do not have internet. Laut Utara, but also some other sub districts. For The improvement of society economic detailed implementation of MPLIK activities, can orientation is one of the objectives of MPLIK be seen in the table below: program by involving business doers. Small and TABLE 1 IMPLEMENTATION OF MPLIK ACTIVITY IN KOTABARU DISTRICT IN 2014

NO DATE OF ACTIVITY LOCATION Sungai Limau Village, Pulau Laut 1 February 19, 2014 Timur sub district Lontar Village, Pulau Laut Barat 2 May 02, 2014 sub district Sungai Pasir Village, Pulau Laut 3 May 02, 2014 Tengah sub district Malangkaian Village, Hampang 4 May 07, 2014 sub district Megasari Village, Pulau Laut Utara 5 May 05, 2014 sub district Source: Website of Communication, Information, and Code Agency Kotabaru District 2014

Pulau Laut Utara sub District area is as one of the the MPLIK program. Although it was officially sub districts that implement MPLIK program discontinued by the Ministry of Communications assisted by the Agency of Communication, and Information Technology in February 2015, the Information, and Code of Kotabaru District has two MPLIK program itself in the sub District of Pulau (2) PLIK cars either managed by the local Laut Utara and overall Kotabaru District was government or by UKM. Two PLIK cars in the sub discontinued in May 2014 after the merger of the District of Pulau Laut Utara are strategically Agency of Communication, Information, and Code located in Kotabaru Hilir Village and Stagen (Bakiasda) with the Department of Transportation Village that are two midpoint between the of Kotabaru District. northwest and north of the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara where remote villages are located. Until now, there is no substitute of MPLIK program in the sub District of Pulau Laut However, as part of central government Utara so that the society at large has not yet felt the programs to increase knowledge and awareness of positive impact of the program. The government the community in remote villages of the has not set replacement program for MPLIK that technology, the MPLIK program encounters many can reach communities in underdeveloped villages. challenges in its implementation, one of which is The government of Pulau Laut Utara sub District, the difficulty of monitoring the implementation of the private sector and the public need to implement

other programs that can encourage people to realize Both information literacy and computer the importance of technological literacy, especially literacy require serious treatment from the various in the era of globalization and the ASEAN Free parties. Because good information literacy will Trade Area in 2015. support the distribution and dissemination of information from the city to the village in an area However, in the sub District of Pulau as complex as the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara Laut Utara and even in Kotabaru District, there has will be faster. Due to the good computer literacy, it not been any non-Governmental Organizations will facilitate the boys and girls in the area of (NGOs) that are specifically related to technology remote villages to get a decent job. Information literacy empowerment. The absence of NGOs literacy and computer literacy that support working on technology literacy indicates that the technology literacy enhancement will facilitate an condition of the people in the sub District of Pulau area for better preparation for the quality of its Laut Utara has not implemented the technology as human resources to face the era of globalization a tool for problem-solving and decision-making as and the ASEAN Free Trade Area in 2015. well as the opening of economic opportunities. To implement technological literacy Technology in the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara empowerment requires the role of secondary is still regarded as a facility that can only be schools and computer course institutions to enjoyed by people who are close to the capital of increase public interest in the technology literacy. sub district. Phenomena that occur in the field show that the public interest in technological literacy increased at The stigma that technology can only be a certain time and was usually associated with the enjoyed by people who are close to the capital benefits capabilities of technological literacy to district can be removed gradually and progressively improve the community quality of life, especially by developing technology literacy as a condition people living in remote areas. This happens that people in underdeveloped villages can take because the job opportunities can be increased with advantage of technology in everyday life. the mastery of technology. Development of technology literacy as a Based on a phenomenological viewpoint requirement of technology utilization can be in the field, it can be seen that the increase of explained further. knowledge and awareness for the technology literacy has benefits, among other things: b. Technology Literacy Development 1. Increase the job opportunities; To increase awareness and knowledge of 2. Open business opportunities; the society through technological literacy 3. Create ready to work individuals; and empowerment needs to be executed by all parties, 4. Increase community‟s capability to absorb including government, private sector and the information. public. The government of Pulau Laut Utara sub District in increasing knowledge and awareness In connection with the benefits of the requires active participation of the private sector community‟s awareness and knowledge and the public to achieve a participatory development in remote areas, to expand people's community development. access to education is required thing to do. Formal Developing technology literacy can be and non-formal education about technological seen by the establishment of institutions that literacy can be done through the media of implement technology-based community secondary schools and computer course development, although in the sub District of Pulau institutions. Laut Utara, it is limited to secondary schools and Sub District of Pulau Laut Utara has computer course institutions to encourage public some computer courses and one secondary interest in technological literacy. vocational school that aim to specifically improve In accordance with the results of the the specialization of students and course National Research Council study on technological participants in technological literacy, which the literacy (Washington, DC: National Academy author focuses on the LPK Mangala, MIP Press, 1999), what influence a technology literacy Kotabaru, and SMK 1 Kotabaru as the is basically, among other things: implementers of technology literacy for students 1. Information Literacy; and and the course participants. 2. Computer Literacy.

The three educational institutions above knowledge is supported by the show different results because they are influenced participation of government agencies by the status of the institution in which there are such as SMK 1 Kotabaru and institutions run by the government and some others Communication, Information, and by the private sector. SMKN 1 Kotabaru as a formal Code Agency (Bakiasda) Kotabaru educational institution is managed by the District and the sub District Internet Department of Education Kotabaru District and has Services Car‟s existence and private complete computer lab facilities. It shows that the institutions such as LPK Mangala students‟ orientation of technological literacy is and MIP Kotabaru as institutions of intended to be ready to work human resources but non-formal technology educational. likely to continue to higher education in the field of Nevertheless, the positive technology. impact of technological literacy in While the other two institutions are the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara privately managed which are Mangala LPK and cannot be perceived by the public in MIP Kotabaru with the area courses and limited remote villages maximally. Reality facilities produce course participant graduates that on the ground that has been felt by have been equipped with the ability to operate a the author is the lack of public computer and are directed to get into the job market awareness in remote villages to by having internship in some companies that have utilize technology in the field of cooperation with the courses that are scattered economics as to open an online store throughout the Kotabaru district. and market the products featured in The existence of institutions that the remote villages. implement technological literacy empowerment has The phenomenon of the object improved the living standards of the community of research in the field is the and meet the needs of private companies for human existence of stigma growing in the resources that have good technology literacy. community that the utilization of Broadly speaking, we could conclude that the technology can only be enjoyed by differences in status and facilities was the problem people who are located close to the faced by the managers of these institutions to capital sub district. The stigma is not improve the technology literacy. entirely wrong because field In the Beni Romanus‟ opinion (Kompas: observations conducted by the author 2002), a phenomenon in the field indicate that the also concluded that access to impacts of technology literacy in community technology such as the Internet is empowerment, especially to increase awareness difficult in remote villages like and knowledge, among other things: Sebelimbingan Village due to the 1. Advancing the field of education; absence of the tower. Literacy empowerment Another consideration why technology can significantly advance literacy is indispensable technology the field of education. With the in advancing the field of education, technology at a school facility and especially in communities in remote institute courses, capability and villages is also in accordance with awareness in advancing knowledge the purpose embodied in Law and education will also be developed Number 14 year 2008 Article 3 in accordance with the era. In the era Paragraph 6, which states that: of globalization, the role of "The goal of the information technology as a tool to promote is to develop science and intellectual education is imperative for closer life of the nation." access to knowledge and information. 2. Changing the characteristics of Technological literacy searching and working patterns; development in the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara, especially in The development of raising public awareness and technology literacy in a society is

expected to change the paradigm of online site. The role of the direct and manual work into automated so that indirect media has positive and it becomes faster, efficient, effective, negative sides. and practical as well as changing the Negative side of the direct characteristics of job seekers with job media of knowledge dissemination is search information disclosure on the lack of infrastructure through the use of technology. technology owned by the students. Characteristics of job search Based on the author‟s observations in in the sub District of Laut Utara SMKN 1 Kotabaru, the students Pulau is still very dependent on the mostly come from the Regional Government, where the job underdeveloped villages who enter seekers are just waiting for the the vocational school to get ready for information manually. With the work skills, but after school they do utilization of technology literacy, job not have the means to learn more seekers have more open about the technology at home and opportunities to access job there are some students who are opportunities both from government technology stutter. While the positive and from the private sector. side of direct media through the The phenomenon that the school is that students can learn author found in the field that is the about technology literacy with motivation of people in remote areas computer laboratory facilities that are to attend a computer course that is in complete and free of charge. the capital sub district like at LPK Negative side of indirect Mangala and MIP Kotabaru. Most of media dissemination of knowledge the course participants come from through online sites is on the remote areas around the sub District difficulty of monitoring the access to of Laut Utara Pulau and even from online sites. While the positive side outside the sub district. This of the existence of indirect media is motivation makes it easier for people easy access and low costs. in remote areas to change the characteristics of their job search. 4. Changing the ways to improve the The result expected from the society‟s knowledge; easy access to information about job opportunities is a change in the Changes in implementing mindset of the people, especially the ways to improve public education people who are in remote villages on lies in the paradigm of knowledge job opportunities and work patterns. itself that becomes more divergent and scientific. Previously, ways to 3. Spreading knowledge more efficiently increase public knowledge is limited and evenly; to the direct increase from mouth to mouth and learning in the classroom. Dissemination of information According to Habermas (MIT in the form of knowledge is easier to Press: 2002), after the paradigm do with the technology literacy. changes, knowledge is considered as Efficiency and equity dissemination emancipatory knowledge. This of knowledge can be done through knowledge paradigm puts knowledge electronic media such as online sites as an effort of the humanization and direct learning media as done by process, especially the people who SMKN 1 Kotabaru. are in remote areas. Literacy Both of the above media are technology can be used as a tool to vital to spread knowledge efficiently improve public education, which in and evenly, either directly through the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara the school or indirectly through an was implemented in the village of

Sarang Tiung as technological Specifically mentioned in Article 4 innovation village in collaboration Paragraph 3 that the purpose of the with the Ministry of Maritime and utilization of technology, information, Fisheries Affairs. and electronic transactions is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public 5. Encouraging progress in the creation services. of tools to disseminate and access new knowledge. 2. Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2012 on the Implementation System and Before the advent of Electronic Transactions; technological literacy, the tools to Specifically mentioned in Article 3, disseminate knowledge and Paragraph 2 that the implementation of information were limited only to the the electronic system can be used to physical shape of tools such as a perform public service and non-public printed book. Advancement of services, where the focus of public technology literacy empowerment services is on licensing and non- can encourage the creation of tools to licensing public services. disseminate and access knowledge that does not depend on the physical 3. Presidential Instruction Number 3 year form, such as the advent of e-books 2003 on National Policy and Strategy in an attempt to overcome the Development of E-Government; weaknesses of printed books. Specifically mentioned in the preamble This progress cannot be felt that the consideration of the need for the significantly in the sub District of development of E-Government is to Pulau Laut Utara because of factors organize good governance and improve that affect the difficulty of the public services effectively and deployment of new knowledge which efficiently. is the lack of public interest. People in remote areas have not put 4. Kotabaru District Regulation Number 03 technology literacy as a tool for Year 2013 on the Implementation of disseminating and accessing new Licensing and Non-licensing Public knowledge. Services. Specifically mentioned in Article 6 that 3.1.2 Accessibility of Public Services for the licensing public service providers Underdeveloped Villages through organized by the Integrated Licensing Technology in the sub District of Services and Investment (BPPTPM) and Pulau Laut Utara non-licensing services organized by Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office is SKPDs. Therefore, Laut Utara Pulau sub the primary basis for the utilization of technology District Office is to implement the non- in technology – based public service. licensing services. Implementation of technology-based services in Additionally, as described in Article 11 Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office is non-license and Article 12 of Kotabaru District services such as e-ID card and Certificate because Regulation Number 03 year 2013 that for license services are transferred to Satu Pintu the sub District of Laut Utara Pulau Service Office located in the district capital. Office as a non- licensing public service Law Number. 25 year 2009 on Public providers requires infrastructure Service has been equipped with several derivatives development in accordance with the legislation that reflects the legal umbrella for the advancement of technology. utilization of technology in service. Legislation related to the application of technological literacy Public services can be accessed by all in the public service are, among others: the people in the sub District of Pulau Laut Utara 1. Law No. 11 Year 2008 on Information through the Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office as and Electronic Transactions; an SKPD that provides public service. The ability

of the Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office to services such as Certificate of E-ID card recording, implement technology-based public services should and assist in the process of E-ID card recording. conform to the purpose of technology utilization Based on the research of Development tailored to the functions and capabilities. Institute for Communication and Information Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office has (BPPKI) Jakarta regarding the implementation of started the implementation of the non-licensing - public services through technology, improved based technology public services which are E-ID accessibility of public services through technology card recording services and Certificate although not can be done if there are the following elements, yet maximal. Non-licensing public services in the namely: Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office are relatively  Cooperation. To improve the quality of smooth and flexible because of the human public services through the resources staff of Pulau Laut Utara sub District implementation of technology needs Office that do not make it difficult for the people cooperation of various parties, both from who come to ask for non-licensing services. the government and private sector as The flow of non-licensing public well as the public; services are manually managed and archived due to  Increased HR. To increase the quantity the lack of capability of personnel to operate the and quality of human resources (HR) computer, where there are only a few apprentices that have the competence and expertise who can operate computer. Although in practice the related to qualification as the executors phenomenon of public services in the Pulau Laut of technology based public services; and Utara sub District Office can be categorized  Dissemination and accessibility. smooth, no derivative regulation of Law Number 11 year 2008 and Government Regulation Number Implementing technology-based public 82 year 2012 in the Kotabaru district and Pulau services for underdeveloped villages begins with Laut Utara sub-district. improving the accessibility of technology for Non-licensing based technology services underdeveloped villages effectively and also in the Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office are still improving their access to information literacy and limited in regulative because of the absence of legal computer literacy. Empowering communities in protection, the derivative of the two regulation information and computer requires supportive and above. The negative effect of the absence of gradual cooperation between government, the derivative regulation on technology-based public private sector and the public in the system of good services is also hampered by the complexity of the governance. area in Pulau Laut Utara sub District which In practice, the phenomenon of complicates mobile public services after the cooperation to increase the quality of public MPLIK program was terminated. services through the application of technology for However, there is a pattern regarding underdeveloped villages is largely influenced by public services in the Pulau Laut Utara sub District the interaction between local governments and Office. This pattern is that although the use of institutions with a courses scattered throughout the technology literacy to bring public access close to Kotabaru district. Application of this cooperation public services, especially people living in remote can be seen in the physical and non-physical forms. villages began to start, people still come to the Based on the author‟s observations, the Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office to request the phenomenon of cooperation between local service. governments and companies is visible because the Based on the author‟s observations in the private sector, namely PT. Arutmin cooperates with Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office, the face-to- local governments through the provision of funds face process between the service providers with the for development of rural offices especially community who ask for the services still persists underdeveloped villages, the Sigam Village and the although the utilization of technology literacy in Tirawan Village. the service has been executed. This technology Based on the interview with Mr. literacy utilization occupies a role in storing data of Heryandi as the manager of the MIP Kotabaru all services implemented in the Pulau Laut Utara course on January 31, 2015 at 12:49 pm, the sub District Office, accelerate non-licensing phenomenon of cooperation between the private sector and MIP Kotabaru course is non-physical

and more associated with the empowerment of 2. Technology-based Accessibility of human resources and employment opportunities. public services, especially for The course graduates produced by MIP Kotabaru underdeveloped villages in Pulau Laut are directed to follow advanced vocational training Utara sub district is affected by the and apprenticeship organized by MIP Kotabaru in prevailing legal framework. In collaboration with several private parties such as regulative, there have been no regional PT. Arutmin, PT. SILO, PT. Levest Bekasi, PT. regulations that have derivative rules for Indocement, and PT. Sebuku Group. regulations that govern the technology The important thing to note is that most based public services. Besides being of the people who attend a computer course come hindered regulatory, technology-based from underdeveloped villages throughout Kotabaru accessibility of public services is also and Tanah Bumbu districts. Therefore, in addition hindered by the geographical factor to empowering people in technological literacy, which is the complexity of Pulau Laut cooperation between agencies and the company Utara sub district. In term of personnel, also plays roles in providing job vacancy. technology-based public services in Dissemination and accessibility of public Pulau Laut Utara sub District Office as services have been summarized in the Sub District the provider of non-licensing services, Internet Services Car program (MPLIK), which has experience shortage of human resources been terminated since May 2014. Besides who can operate a computer. introducing the Internet to underdeveloped villages in the sub district of Pulau Laut Utara, MPLIK also 3. Awareness and knowledge of the disseminates the sites of Kotabaru District community in technology literacy are the Government which can be accessed by the public to key in empowering information society. obtain information about the electronic public In Pulau Laut Utara sub District, the services, such as e-Tendering, E-Commerce, E- public interest in technological literacy is Budgeting , and E-Procurement that are still still low, especially people who are in running until today. underdeveloped villages because 3.2 Recommendations community technology orientation in 3.2.1 Conclusion underdeveloped villages is restricted to Based on the description of the data the utilization of technology as a means analysis results on Technology Literacy of communication, has not shown the Empowerment for Underdeveloped Villages in utilization of technology for solving Improving Accessibility of Public Services in Pulau daily problems. Laut Utara sub District, Kotabaru District, South Kalimantan province, it can be concluded as 3.2.2 Suggestions follows: Based on these conclusions, the author 1. Technology literacy empowerment can give the suggestions on Technology Literacy program in Pulau Laut Utara sub District Empowerment for Underdeveloped Villages in has ever been implemented in the form Improving Accessibility of Public Services in Pulau of Sub District Internet Services Car Laut Utara sub District, Kotabaru District, South program (MPLIK) as well as direct and Kalimantan province, as follows: indirect learning media through 1. Implement a technology introduction secondary schools and institutions of program that can replace MPLIK computer courses. The programs above program like Technology Enters Village are still having problems in the program because the people who are in implementation because MPLIK underdeveloped villages still require program has been discontinued and there dissemination of technology, especially is no replacement program. While the internet which is intended for secondary schools and institutions of students, farmers, and businesses. The computer courses also encounter technology introduction program can be problems in the operational and technical the beginning of the paradigm shift of levels. the people in underdeveloped villages in order to have a technology orientation as

a medium to improve the knowledge and business people in underdeveloped economic opportunities. villages in Pulau Laut Utara sub district to increase their market coverage and the In addition, to overcome the obstacles in introduction of the technology function the operational and technical level, the to improve public education, especially secondary schools and computer courses for students and changing work patterns should be facilitated in term of and mindset of the public about the infrastructure by local governments, the benefits of technological literacy, private sector, and the public. especially for farmers so as to improve the welfare of farmers in Pulau Laut 2. Designing a derivative form of legal Utara sub District. protection in the forms Regional Regulations to support the BIBLIOGRAPHY implementation of technology-based public services in local government A. BOOKS levels and carry out the mandate of legislation that has been set on the 1. Adi, Isbandi Rukminto. 2002. Pemikiran- application of technological literacy in Pemikiran dalam Pembangunan the public service. Legal framework Kesejahteraan Sosial. Jakarta: UI Press serves as the basis for the legality of the 2. Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2005. Manajemen governance implementation, which in Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. this study was a community 3. Bebbington, Anthony. 2000. Development development in the field of technological is More Than Just Growth. Development literacy and public services. Outreach Vol. 2 Number 3: 7-11. 4. Beni, Romanus. 2002. Transisi The challenge of complexity regions in Masyarakat Indonesia : Suatu Pemikiran Laut Utara Pulau sub District can be Awal, dalam Sekapur Sirih Pendidikan overcome if the whole region is Perpustakaan di Indonesia 1952-2002. connected with information and Jakarta : Kompas communication systems facilitated by 5. Committee on Information, Technology the utilization of technology, so that both Literacy, Computer Science and the government, and the private sector as Telecommunications Board of National well as the public must work together to Research Council. 1999. Being Fluent overcome these challenges. with Information Technology. Washington : National Academy Press. The lack of personnel on the staff of 6. Chowdhurry, G.G., and Sudatta Laut Utara Pulau sub District who can Chowdhury. 2001. Searching CD-ROM operate the computer in the service and Online Information Source. London : requires basic computer training Library Association Publishing. program at least Microsoft Word and 7. Dhakidae, Daniel. 1979. Teknologi, Microsoft Excel because Microsoft Prisma 6. Jakarta: LP3S Word is required in the process of daily 8. Gulo, W. 2002. Metode Penelitian. public services and Microsoft Excel is Jakarta: PT. Grasindo. required to accelerate the process of 9. Habermas, Jurgen. 2002. A Conversation preparing the RKA (Budget Plan) after about God and the World, Interview with the annual Musrenbang is held. Eduardo Mandieta in Religion and 3. The main problem of the lack of public Rationality: Essays on Reason, God and interest in the technology literacy is the modernity. Cornwall : MIT press. 10. Mardikanto, Totok and Poerwoko technology-oriented society, especially Soebiato. 2013. Pemberdayaan in underdeveloped villages that still Masyarakat dalam Perspektif Kebijakan consider the technology only as a means Publik. Bandung: Alfabeta. of communication. It is suggested that marketing online training be held for 11. Moleong, Lexy. 2012. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.

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