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Assessment of Physicochemical, Textural and Microbiological Properties of Brazilian White Mold Surface-Ripened Cheeses: a Technological Approach

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Assessment of Physicochemical, Textural and Microbiological Properties of Brazilian White Mold Surface-Ripened Cheeses: a Technological Approach Ciência AssessmentRural, Santa of physicochemical, Maria, v.50:1, textural e20190595, and microbiological 2020 properties of brazilian http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190595 white mold surface-ripened cheeses... 1 ISSNe 1678-4596 FOOD TECHNOLOGY Assessment of physicochemical, textural and microbiological properties of brazilian white mold surface-ripened cheeses: a technological approach Antonio Carlos Prestes Pereira1 Priscila Judacewski1 Gabriel Coelho1 Renata Dinnies Santos Salem1 Marina Tolentino Marinho1 Aline Alberti1 Acácio Antonio Ferreira Zielinski2 Ivo Mottin Demiate1 Alessandro Nogueira1* 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), 84030900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 2Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. ABSTRACT: There are no specific technical regulations regarding the identity and quality of white mold surface-ripened cheeses in Brazil. These cheeses are sold both whole (Camembert-type) and in wedges (Brie-type). The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties; technological parameters and microbiological safety of 20 whole cheeses (Camembert-type) and 16 cheese wedges (Brie-type) produced in Brazil. Samples showed a wide range in sodium (91.0-731.0 mg/100 g, cheeses wedges) and calcium (238.0-1100.0 mg/100g, whole cheeses) contents. The cheese groups presented no significant differences in relation to the majority of the analyzed parameters. Listeria monocytogenes was reported in 5% of the whole cheese samples. The other microbiological parameters were in accordance with the current legislation, RDC no 12/2001 of Anvisa. The comparative assessments between these two cheeses indicated that they are different. In addition, the wide range of results indicated a lack of processing standardization. The mean values of the physicochemical and textural parameters should be considered as recommended for these cheeses in Brazil. Key words: cheese quality, chemometrics, Camembert-type cheese, Brie-type cheese. Avaliação das propriedades físico-químicas, de textura e microbiológicas de queijos brasileiros maturados com mofo branco: uma abordagem tecnológica RESUMO: No Brasil, não há uma regulamentação técnica específica sobre a identidade e qualidade de queijos maturados com mofo branco na superfície. Estes queijos são comercializados inteiros (tipo Camembert) e em cunhas (tipo Brie). O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar as propriedades físicas e químicas; parâmetros tecnológicos e marcadores microbiológicos de 20 queijos inteiros (tipo Camembert) e 16 cunhas de queijo (tipo Brie) produzidos no Brasil. Os teores de sódio e cálcio apresentaram elevada amplitude (8,0 e 4,6 vezes o valor mínimo, respectivamente). Os valores médios destes queijos não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à maioria dos parâmetros analisados. Listeria monocytogenes foi encontrada em 5% das amostras de queijo tipo Camembert. Os demais parâmetros microbiológicos estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente, RDC no 12/2001 da Anvisa. Esta avaliação comparativa entre estes dois queijos indica que são diferentes. Além disso, os valores com elevada amplitude correspondem a falta de padronização do processamento. Os valores médios poderiam ser considerados como recomendados para estes queijos no Brasil. Palavras-chave: qualidade de queijo, quimiometria, queijo tipo-Camembert, queijo tipo-Brie. INTRODUCTION 2018). These cheeses are frequently consumed at home or in restaurants in colder regions of southern The production of white mold surface- Brazil, with friends or at social gatherings, and ripened cheeses in Brazil started around the 1930s in usually with wine (JUDACEWSKI et al., 2019). The the state of Minas Gerais, which is considered to be largest producer of this class of cheese worldwide is the first time that this class of cheese was produced in France, with 263,000 tons made from bovine milk. It the southern hemisphere. In 2017 the production of is estimated that this class of cheese represents 2-3% these cheeses in Brazil was 3,289 tons (72% and 28% of cheese production worldwide (SPINNLER, 2017). of Brie and Camembert-type, respectively), which These cheeses are coated with Penicillium was produced by fourteen companies (BRASIL, camemberti or P. candidum mycelium and they have Received 08.10.19 Approved 11.13.19 Returned by the author 12.5.19 CR-2019-0595.R1 Ciência Rural, v.50, n.1, 2020. 2 Pereira et al. a velvety white surface. This mold is responsible Methods for promoting the characteristic appearance, taste Label specifications, dimensions and analytical and aroma of the cheese (BATTY el al., 2019; procedure SPINNLER, 2017). Brazilian white mold surface- The weight (g), diameter (mm) and height ripened cheeses have significant differences when (mm) of all the samples were determined. The price compared to the French original versions of such of the cheese per kg was expressed in US dollars. cheeses. These differences include the following: The colorimetric analysis and texture profile were (1) Brazilian cheese is produced using milk from then analyzed. The samples were subsequently different breeds of dairy cows (mainly Holstein and crushed in a food processor (Philips Walita, model Jersey) with distinct animal feeding and climatic RI 7620, Brazil) homogenized and analyzed for their conditions; (2) commercialization occurs at 2-3 physicochemical and microbiological parameters. All weeks of ripening (fresh to partially ripened) due the analyses were performed in triplicate. to the low sensorial perception of bitterness and residual ammonia (factors which are unpalatable for Color measurement the majority of Brazilian consumers) at that stage; (3) The instrumental color of the samples Brazilian cheese may contain less moisture and be was analyzed by reflectance using a MiniScan EZ harder in order to maintain its structure in the higher colorimeter (HunterLab, Reston, Virginia, USA). temperatures of a tropical climate; and (4) there is no The cheese samples were divided into four quadrants, specific Brazilian legislation regarding the quality including the two surfaces (top and bottom). The L*, standards for white mold surface-ripened cheeses a* and b* values were recorded. The whiteness Index (LECLERCQ-PERLAT, 2011; FRANCE, 2013; (WI) of the surface of the cheeses was calculated GALLI et al., 2016; JUDACEWSKI et al., 2016, according to JUDACEWSKI et al. (2016). FRANCE, 2018). Brazilian cheeses with white mold on the Texture profile analysis (TPA) surface were not previously characterized with respect The TPA was performed instrumentally to their physical, chemical and microbiological with a TA.XTplus texture analyzer (Stable Micro attributes. This information could be used directly Systems® texturometer, Godalming, UK) with a by the cheese-making industry in order to establish 5,000 g load cell. The cheeses were cut into cylinders processing standards, and by inspection authorities with 20 mm diameter and 20 mm height (JASTER to establish quality and identity standards. Thus, et al., 2019). The test speed was 0.8 mm/s with dual the aim of the present study was to evaluate the compression, which was 30% of the initial height physical and chemical properties, texture profile and of the sample, using an aluminum cylindrical probe microbiological safety of white mold surface-ripened of 36 mm diameter, at 25 °C, in accordance with cheeses produced in Brazil. MARINHO et al. (2015). The parameters of hardness (N), cohesiveness, chewiness (N.s) and resilience MATERIALS AND METHODS were analyzed using Exponent Lite 6.1.4.0 software for Windows. The analyses were carried out in six Materials replicates per sample. Samples of whole (n = 20, Camembert- type cheeses) and wedges (n = 16, Brie-type Physicochemical analysis cheeses) of white mold surface-ripened cheeses The determination of moisture was carried were collected in different regions of Brazil. out gravimetrically after drying the samples in an oven These samples represent 80% of this class of at 105 ºC up to constant weight. The determination cheese produced in the country. All the samples of pH (pH 21 meter, Hanna, Cotia, Brazil), acidity, were produced by establishments inspected by lactose, lipid content and total nitrogen (Kjeldahl the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) regulated method), converted to protein with a conversion factor by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and of 6.38, were made according to the AOAC (2016). Food Supply (MAPA). The cheese samples were The dry extract was determined by the difference in collected by MAPA inspectors and forwarded moisture content subtracted from 100, and the non-fat by refrigerated mail to the State University of dry extract (NDE) was determined by the difference Ponta Grossa (UEPG, Paraná, Brazil) and were between the dry extract and lipids content. The ash subsequently refrigerated (5 to 7 °C) until further content was determined by incineration in a muffle analysis (BRASIL, 2017). furnace (2310, Fornos Jung Ltda, Blumenau, Brazil) Ciência Rural, v.50, n.1, 2020. Assessment of physicochemical, textural and microbiological properties of brazilian white mold surface-ripened cheeses... 3 at 550 ºC for 6 h (IAL, 2008). The sodium content was The dimensions of the samples of both determined using the method of Volhard modified by cheeses presented significant difference (p<0.05)
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