List X: Natural Science, Medicine, and Mathematics Part II
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Anti-Vaccinationism and Public Health in Nineteenth-Century England
Medical History, 1988, 32: 231-252. THE POLITICS OF PREVENTION: ANTI-VACCINATIONISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by DOROTHY PORTER AND ROY PORTER* THE FRAMING OF THE LAW ON COMPULSORY VACCINATION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF OPPOSITION The coming of compulsory health legislation in mid-nineteenth-century England was a political innovation that extended the powers of the state effectively for the first time over areas of traditional civil liberties in the name of public health. This development appears most strikingly in two fields of legislation. One instituted compulsory vaccination against smallpox, the other introduced a system of compulsory screening, isolation, and treatment for prostitutes suffering from venereal disease, initially in four garrison towns.' The Vaccination Acts and the Contagious Diseases Acts suspended what we might call the natural liberty of the individual to contract and spread infectious disease, in order to protect the health ofthe community as a whole.2 Both sets oflegislation were viewed as infractions ofliberty by substantial bodies of Victorian opinion, which campaigned to repeal them. These opponents expressed fundamental hostility to the principle ofcompulsion and a terror of medical tyranny. The repeal organizations-above all, the Anti- Compulsory Vaccination League and the National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts-were motivated by different sets of social and scientific values.3 Nevertheless, their activities jointly highlight some of the political conflicts produced by the creation of a public health service in the nineteenth century, issues with resonances for the state provision of health care up to the present day. Compulsory vaccination was established by the Vaccination Act of 1853, following a report compiled by the Epidemiological Society on the state ofvaccination since the *Dorothy Porter, PhD, and Roy Porter, PhD, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 183 Euston Road, London NWI 2BP. -
The English Revolution in Social Medicine, 1889-1911
THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION IN SOCIAL MEDICINE, 1889-1911 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PhD THESIS DOROTHY E. WATKINS 1984 To J.D.M.W. and E.C.W. 2 ABSTRACT The dissertation examines the development of preventive medicine between 1889-1911. It discusses the rise of expertise in prevention during this period and the consolidation of experts into a professional body. In this context the career histories of medical officers of health in London have been analysed to provide a basis for insight into the social structure of the profession. The prosopog- raphy of metropolitan officers demonstrated a broad spectrum of recruitment from the medical profession and the way in which patterns of recruitment changed over time. The level of specialisation in preventive medicine has been examined through a history of the development of the Diploma in Public Health. The courses and qualifying examinations undertaken by medical officers of health revealed the way in which training was linked to professionalisation through occupational monopoly. The association representing the interests of medical officers of health, their own Society, was Investigated through its recorded minutes of Council and Committees from the year it was first amalgamated into a national body, 1889, up to the date of the National Insur- ance Act in 1911. Here the aims and goals of the profession were set against their achievements and failures with regard to the new patterns of health care provision emerging during this period. This context of achievement and failure has been contrasted with an examination of the 'preventive ideal', as it was generated from within the community of preventive medical associations, of which the Society of Medical Officers of Health was one member. -
Introduction
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1: General introduction Your Committee having carefully considered the Message of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, and having also communicated with the principal Medical Practitioners in Hobart Town, Launceston, and other parts of the country, and ascertained their opinions as to the best mode of promoting vaccination, (which is admitted by all competent authorities to be extremely desirable, as affording the best protection against the ravages of that dreadful disease the Small-pox), have arrived at the unanimous conclusion that the most, if not the only effectual means of rendering vaccination general throughout the Island, will be by passing an Act of the Legislature imposing a pecuniary penalty on the parent or guardian of any child, above the age of six months and under that of fourteen years, who shall, without reasonable cause or excuse, be found after the 1st day of April next not to have been vaccinated.1 With this seemingly uncontroversial recommendation in September 1853, the chairman of the Tasmanian Select Committee on Smallpox and Colonial Secretary, William Champ, set into motion the first Compulsory Vaccination Act in the Australian colonies. Carefully considered in light of expert opinion and local conditions, it also represents an early instance of the extension of state authority into the private lives of citizens and an integral component of the development of public health in the colonies. The presence of smallpox in Sydney caused this exotic and terrible disease to appear immediately threatening, making the widespread implementation of preventive measures reasonable. When Champ was writing the above statement, vaccination was not a new technology. -
Bovine Tuberculosis and Tuberculin Testing in Britain, 1890–1939
Medical History http://journals.cambridge.org/MDH Additional services for Medical History: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here To Stamp Out “So Terrible a Malady”: Bovine Tuberculosis and Tuberculin Testing in Britain, 1890–1939 Keir Waddington Medical History / Volume 48 / Issue 01 / January 2004, pp 29 - 48 DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300007043, Published online: 26 July 2012 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0025727300007043 How to cite this article: Keir Waddington (2004). To Stamp Out “So Terrible a Malady”: Bovine Tuberculosis and Tuberculin Testing in Britain, 1890–1939. Medical History, 48, pp 29-48 doi:10.1017/S0025727300007043 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/MDH, IP address: 131.251.254.13 on 25 Feb 2014 Medical History, 2004, 48: 29±48 To Stamp Out ``So Terrible a Malady'': Bovine Tuberculosis and Tuberculin Testing in Britain, 1890±1939 KEIR WADDINGTON* In the early-twentieth century, movesto prevent infection from tuberculosisbecamean integral part of local government public health schemes.1 While the scale of action was dependent on individual authorities and ratepayers, interest was not limited to the pulmon- ary form of the disease. Effort was also directed at tackling bovine tuberculosis, which by the 1890s had become ``the most important disease of cows'' and, with its zoonotic proper- ties accepted, ``a substantial risk to the ...consumer''.2 With meat and milk identified asthe main vectors, moves to detect infected livestock and limit the spread of the disease became part of a wider preventive strategy. Measures were introduced to control the sale of tuber- culousmeat and milk. -
Anti-Vaccinationism and Public Health in Nineteenth-Century England
Medical History, 1988, 32: 231-252. THE POLITICS OF PREVENTION: ANTI-VACCINATIONISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by DOROTHY PORTER AND ROY PORTER* THE FRAMING OF THE LAW ON COMPULSORY VACCINATION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF OPPOSITION The coming of compulsory health legislation in mid-nineteenth-century England was a political innovation that extended the powers of the state effectively for the first time over areas of traditional civil liberties in the name of public health. This development appears most strikingly in two fields of legislation. One instituted compulsory vaccination against smallpox, the other introduced a system of compulsory screening, isolation, and treatment for prostitutes suffering from venereal disease, initially in four garrison towns.' The Vaccination Acts and the Contagious Diseases Acts suspended what we might call the natural liberty of the individual to contract and spread infectious disease, in order to protect the health ofthe community as a whole.2 Both sets oflegislation were viewed as infractions ofliberty by substantial bodies of Victorian opinion, which campaigned to repeal them. These opponents expressed fundamental hostility to the principle ofcompulsion and a terror of medical tyranny. The repeal organizations-above all, the Anti- Compulsory Vaccination League and the National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts-were motivated by different sets of social and scientific values.3 Nevertheless, their activities jointly highlight some of the political conflicts produced by the creation of a public health service in the nineteenth century, issues with resonances for the state provision of health care up to the present day. Compulsory vaccination was established by the Vaccination Act of 1853, following a report compiled by the Epidemiological Society on the state ofvaccination since the *Dorothy Porter, PhD, and Roy Porter, PhD, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 183 Euston Road, London NWI 2BP. -
Anti-Vaccinationism and Public Health in Nineteenth-Century England
Medical History, 1988, 32: 231-252. THE POLITICS OF PREVENTION: ANTI-VACCINATIONISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by DOROTHY PORTER AND ROY PORTER* THE FRAMING OF THE LAW ON COMPULSORY VACCINATION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF OPPOSITION The coming of compulsory health legislation in mid-nineteenth-century England was a political innovation that extended the powers of the state effectively for the first time over areas of traditional civil liberties in the name of public health. This development appears most strikingly in two fields of legislation. One instituted compulsory vaccination against smallpox, the other introduced a system of compulsory screening, isolation, and treatment for prostitutes suffering from venereal disease, initially in four garrison towns.' The Vaccination Acts and the Contagious Diseases Acts suspended what we might call the natural liberty of the individual to contract and spread infectious disease, in order to protect the health ofthe community as a whole.2 Both sets oflegislation were viewed as infractions ofliberty by substantial bodies of Victorian opinion, which campaigned to repeal them. These opponents expressed fundamental hostility to the principle ofcompulsion and a terror of medical tyranny. The repeal organizations-above all, the Anti- Compulsory Vaccination League and the National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts-were motivated by different sets of social and scientific values.3 Nevertheless, their activities jointly highlight some of the political conflicts produced by the creation of a public health service in the nineteenth century, issues with resonances for the state provision of health care up to the present day. Compulsory vaccination was established by the Vaccination Act of 1853, following a report compiled by the Epidemiological Society on the state ofvaccination since the *Dorothy Porter, PhD, and Roy Porter, PhD, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 183 Euston Road, London NWI 2BP. -
Inoculation of Cowpox) and the Potential Role of Horsepox Virus in the Origin of the Smallpox Vaccine ⇑ José Esparza A, , Livia Schrick B, Clarissa R
Vaccine 35 (2017) 7222–7230 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vaccine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine Review Equination (inoculation of horsepox): An early alternative to vaccination (inoculation of cowpox) and the potential role of horsepox virus in the origin of the smallpox vaccine ⇑ José Esparza a, , Livia Schrick b, Clarissa R. Damaso c, Andreas Nitsche b a Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA b Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 – Highly Pathogenic Viruses & German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses & WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany c Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Virus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil article info abstract Article history: For almost 150 years after Edward Jenner had published the ‘‘Inquiry” in 1798, it was generally assumed Received 20 September 2017 that the cowpox virus was the vaccine against smallpox. It was not until 1939 when it was shown that Received in revised form 18 October 2017 vaccinia, the smallpox vaccine virus, was serologically related but different from the cowpox virus. In the Accepted 2 November 2017 absence of a known natural host, vaccinia has been considered to be a laboratory virus that may have Available online 11 November 2017 originated from mutational or recombinational events involving cowpox virus, variola viruses or some unknown ancestral Orthopoxvirus. A favorite candidate for a vaccinia ancestor has been the horsepox Keywords: virus. Edward Jenner himself suspected that cowpox derived from horsepox and he also believed that Cowpox ‘‘matter” obtained from either disease could be used as preventative of smallpox. -
History and Pathology of Vaccination, Vol.1., a Critical Inquiry, 1889
History and pathology of vaccination, vol.1., a critical inquiry, 1889 Dit is de titel van een lijvig boekwerk (560 bladzijden) door Edgar M. Crookshank, M.B., […] Professor of comperative pathology and bacteriology in, and fellow of, King’s College, London. Author of papers on the etiology of scarlet fever; anthrax in swine; tuberculosis and the public milk supply; and the history and pathology of actinomycosis; in reports of the agricultural department of the privy council, etc. Author of a manual of bacteriology, etc. […] Dit boek is door de University of California Library in Los Angeles voor het laatst uitgeleend op 15 juni 1988, maar is nu via internet te lezen. Dat betekent dat in principe iedereen die de beschikking heeft over een computer nu kennis kan nemen van de grootste dwaling in de medische geschiedenis, die al in 1889 als zodanig werd ontmaskerd, maar waarvan het praktiseren helaas nog steeds wordt voortgezet. Net na het afronden van mijn studie naar de ‘Verborgen gevaren van vaccinaties’ kreeg ik dit oude boek aangereikt. Daarom besloot ik om enkele citaten uit dit boek vooraf te laten gaan aan mijn eigen werk, dat eigenlijk overbodig zou zijn geweest als men de studie van deze professor Crookshank al in 1889 serieus had genomen. Ik citeer eerst uit Chapter XVI: Progress of vaccination in England: […] I have already dealt with the life and letters of Edward Jenner, from the study of which an insight may be obtained into the history of vaccination in England up to the year of Jenner’s death (1823). Before passing on to the period which followed, I will point out how it was that after Cow Pox inoculation had been adopted by the profession in this country, the doctrine of Cow Small Pox came to be considered as essential. -
Benjamin Jesty, the Grandfather of Vaccination
Benjamin Jesty, the Grandfather of Vaccination Benjamin Jesty, the Grandfather of Vaccination By Patrick John Pead Benjamin Jesty, the Grandfather of Vaccination By Patrick John Pead This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Patrick John Pead All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4382-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4382-9 Dedicated To my Dearest Wife Linda for all her unwavering support help and encouragement And to the memory of the late Marjorie Wallace who set me on this journey Mrs Wallace died aged 99 years on the 26th October 2011, 32 years to the day on which smallpox was first declared eradicated from the world by Dr Halfdan Mahler of the World Health Organisation iii ‘L’Origine de la Vaccine’ an etching by Depeuille, Paris, c1800 A physician examines a cowpox lesion on a milkmaid’s hand whilst a farmer passes a lancet to another physician. That the portly farmer appears to be a caricature of Jesty is coincidental. One doctor appears reluctant to adopt the new procedure. Depeuille’s inclusion of a shipwreck is assumed to be a satirical comment on the potential of vaccination iv Contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgements xvii Introduction xix PART ONE Context 1. -
Chapter Two History of Inoculation and Immunization
A Shot in the Dark: Lay Perception of Inoculations and Anti-Vaccination Discourse By ©Andrea Kitta A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in pat1ial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy Department ofFolklore Memorial University ofNewfoundland July 2009 St. John's Newfoundland Abstract In spite ofthe success of the childhood inoculation movement, questions about vaccines have increasingly been an object of concern for Canadians. This thesis explores vernacular beliefs and practices that surround decisions not to vaccinate, with the primary aim of providing concrete recommendations for improving inoculation promotion programs. Ideally health education programs are community based, involve collaborative partnerships between communities, researchers, and service providers, and make use of local concerns. Understanding health choices is dependent on exploring the variety of cultural issues and influences that constitute risk for the communities and individuals in question. Risk categories and 1isk perception are multifaceted, culture bound, personal, and political. Through the use of ethnographic, media, and narrative analysis, this thesis explores the vernacular explanatory models used in inoculation decision-making. The purpose of this research is targeted at the creation of public health education programs and promotional materials which respond to patients' real fears, real understandings of risk, real concerns, and real doubts. Explming the nature of inoculation distrust and miscommunication, this work isolates areas which require better public health communication and greater cultural sensitivity in the handling of inoculation programs. It also suggests guidelines for physician interaction with inoculation resistant patients. 11 Acknowledgements There are many people to which I am indebted, many of whom will likely have been forgotten in this section. -
Anti-Vaccinationism and Public Health in Nineteenth-Century England
Medical History, 1988, 32: 231-252. THE POLITICS OF PREVENTION: ANTI-VACCINATIONISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by DOROTHY PORTER AND ROY PORTER* THE FRAMING OF THE LAW ON COMPULSORY VACCINATION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF OPPOSITION The coming of compulsory health legislation in mid-nineteenth-century England was a political innovation that extended the powers of the state effectively for the first time over areas of traditional civil liberties in the name of public health. This development appears most strikingly in two fields of legislation. One instituted compulsory vaccination against smallpox, the other introduced a system of compulsory screening, isolation, and treatment for prostitutes suffering from venereal disease, initially in four garrison towns.' The Vaccination Acts and the Contagious Diseases Acts suspended what we might call the natural liberty of the individual to contract and spread infectious disease, in order to protect the health ofthe community as a whole.2 Both sets oflegislation were viewed as infractions ofliberty by substantial bodies of Victorian opinion, which campaigned to repeal them. These opponents expressed fundamental hostility to the principle ofcompulsion and a terror of medical tyranny. The repeal organizations-above all, the Anti- Compulsory Vaccination League and the National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts-were motivated by different sets of social and scientific values.3 Nevertheless, their activities jointly highlight some of the political conflicts produced by the creation of a public health service in the nineteenth century, issues with resonances for the state provision of health care up to the present day. Compulsory vaccination was established by the Vaccination Act of 1853, following a report compiled by the Epidemiological Society on the state ofvaccination since the *Dorothy Porter, PhD, and Roy Porter, PhD, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 183 Euston Road, London NWI 2BP. -
Vaccination Resistance, Religion and Attitudes to Science in Nigeria
VACCINATION RESISTANCE, RELIGION AND ATTITUDES TO SCIENCE IN NIGERIA Falade, Bankole Adebayo A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Department of Social Psychology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. January 2014 Page | 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 71,596 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Transformat Ltd, London. Falade, Bankole A Page | 2 Abstract The 2003 to 2004 revolt against the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in Nigeria provides a case study for investigating how a new scientific phenomenon becomes part of common sense in a culture with high levels of religiosity. Moscovici’s Social Representations Theory about how society familiarises itself with the unfamiliar provides a framework for the research which includes two media analyses, historical texts, online and paper administered surveys and interviews.