LOCAL POPULATION STUDIES No. 80 Spring 2008 Published twice yearly with support from the Department of Humanities, University of Hertfordshire. © Local Population Studies, 2008 Registered charity number 273621 ISSN 0143–2974 The cover illustration is from W. H. Pyne, Encyclopedia of Illustration of the Arts, Agriculture, &c. of Great Britain, 1845 1 EDITORIAL BOARD Peter Franklin Chris Galley Nigel Goose (editor) Andy Gritt Andrew Hinde Janet Hudson Christine Jones Alysa Levene Tom Nutt Jon Stobart Matthew Woollard SUBMISSION OF ARTICLES AND REVIEWS Articles, notes or letters, which normally should not exceed 7,000 words in length, should be addressed to Professor N. Goose at the LPS General Office. Material submitted should comply with LPS house style and a leaflet explain- ing LPS conventions can be obtained from the General Office. Books for review should be sent to Chris Galley, LPS Book Review Editor, Department of Humanities, Barnsley College, Eastgate, Barnsley, S70 2YW. 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All members of the Society will receive LPS without further payment, two copies of the LPSS Newsletter per annum and may purchase supplements and back numbers of the journal at reduced rates. To join the Society, or purchase supplements and back numbers, please contact the LPS General Office at the address given below. For members of the LPS Society the prices of back numbers are nos 3, 7–28, £1.05; nos 29–31, £1.70; nos 32–61, £2.25; no. 62 onwards, £3.38. Postage must be added in all cases. The LPSS Secretary is Christine Jones, 17a Romford Close, Colchester, Essex CO4 0AP. E-mail: [email protected] For details of the Local Population History Book Club contact: Dr. P. Franklin, 46 Fountain Street, Accrington, Lancs, BB5 0QP. ADVERTISING & GENERAL OFFICE All enquiries about advertising in LPS should be sent to the LPS General Office, Department of Humanities, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB. e-mail: [email protected] 2 CONTENTS EDITORIAL 6 The Roger Schofield Local Population Studies Research Fund 7 LPS publication projects 8 LPSS conferences 8 LPSS Website 9 Personnel changes 9 LPSS subscriptions 10 Editorial matters 10 LPSS CONFERENCE REPORTS Autumn 2007 Agricultural labourers in England 11 Spring 2008 The local demography of deviance: crime, illegitimacy and prostitution in Britain 1700–2000 15 ARTICLES Remco Knooihuizen Inter-ethnic marriage patterns in late sixteenth–century Shetland 22 Janet Hudson The incorporation of evidence about local nonconformity into parish population reconstruction 39 Audrey Perkyns The admission of children to the Milton Union workhouse, Kent, 1835–1885 59 RESEARCH NOTE Rebecca Probert and Catholics and the Clandestine Marriages Liam D’Arcy Brown Act of 1753 78 SOURCES AND METHODS Nigel Goose Measuring illegitimate fertility 83 NEWS FROM THE UNIVERSITIES University of Glasgow 90 3 BOOK REVIEWS Emily Cockayne Hubbub. Filth noise and stench in England (reviewed by Chris Galley) 93 M.A. Crowther and Medical lives in the age of surgical revolution Marguerite Dupree (reviewed by Robert Woods) 94 Christopher Dyer The self-contained village? The social history of ed. rural communities 1250–1900. (reviewed by Andy Gritt) 95 H.R. French The middle sort of people in provincial England, 1600–1750 (reviewed by Andy Gritt) 98 H.R. French and The character of English rural society: Earls R.W. Hoyle Colne 1550–1750 (reviewed by Nigel Goose) 100 Eilidh Garrett Infant mortality. A continuing social problem Chris Galley (reviewed by Naomi Williams) Nicola Shelton and Robert Woods eds 104 Nigel Goose ed. Women’s work in industrial England. Regional and local perspectives (reviewed by Sara Horrell) 107 Mary S. Hartman The household and the making of history. A subversive view of the Western past (reviewed by Julie Marfany) 110 Colin Heywood Growing up in France (reviewed by Chris Galley) 111 Andrew Lees and Cities and the making of modern Europe 1750– Lynn Hollen Lees 1914 (reviewed by Jon Stobart) 112 Susan Oosthuizen Landscapes decoded. The origins and development of Cambridge’s medieval fields (reviewed by Robert Brooks) 114 Peter Razzell Population and disease: transforming English society, 1550–1850 (reviewed by Eilidh Garrett) 116 David E. Shuttleton Smallpox and the literary imagination 1660–1820 (reviewed by Chris Galley) 118 4 Mark Allen and The 1871 Census for Winchester (reviewed by Tom Beaumont Jones Michael Edgar) 119 eds Winifred A. Harwood Southampton Brokage Book, 1447–8, ed. (reviewed by Michael Edgar) 121 Roger Young ed. Sparsholt 1841–1891. A Hampshire village 122 microhistory (reviewed by Michael Edgar) CORRESPONDENCE 124 LPSS PUBLICATIONS 127 5 EDITORIAL The first article in this issue of LPS uses evidence from personal names found in the Shetland Register of Testaments in an attempt to uncover patterns of inter-ethnic marriage in Shetland in the late sixteenth century, shortly after a large Scots immigration had drastically altered the ethnic make-up of its population. Remco Knooihuizen discusses the difficulties that arise in the interpretation of personal names, which inevitably renders the conclusions based upon them highly tentative. Nevertheless, the results suggest that there was a reasonable degree of inter-ethnic marriage, estimated at 25 to 30 per cent of all marriages, in which the Norse and Scots parts of the population engaged equally, although both showed a preference for endogamous marriage. Inter- ethnic marriage appears to have begun amongst first-generation immigrants, and had certainly reached this scale by the second generation. It also seems that, allowing for the differences in gender make-up of both parts of the population, Norse women and men were equally likely to marry Scots partners. These results seem to confirm the theory that Scots immigration to Shetland stimulated the Norn-to-Scots language shift in the islands, through geographical proximity and through inter-marriage. The second article, by Janet Hudson, builds upon another piece by the same author published recently in LPS (‘Parish population reconstruction in Stonehouse, Gloucestershire: an experiment using Wrigley and Schofield’s correction factors’, LPS 77 (2006), 24–41). In the present article Hudson turns her attention to the particular problem of incorporating nonconformity into the reconstruction of parish populations, but also widens the sample examined to include eight further parishes in addition to Stonehouse. Having stripped out the Wrigley and Schofield correction factors for nonconformity from her population estimates, she replaces them with new, locally derived, estimates from a return of 1735, and interpolates back to 1640 (when nonconformity should have been minimal) and forward to the 1801 census. These new factors are then tested by comparing them, firstly, with the Compton Census and, secondly, with alternative points developed from nonconformist registration in the parishes of Stroud and Cam, both procedures validating the new estimates. Parish population estimates can thus be produced which, while still partly based upon the correction factors suggested by Wrigley and Schofield, provide greater sensitivity to the local incidence of nonconformity. The third article is the work of a seasoned contributor to this journal, Audrey Perkyns, and extends her work on the population history of Kent, which has provided LPS with three valuable contributions to date ‘Birthplace accuracy in the censuses of six Kentish parishes, 1851-1881’, LPS 47 (1991), 39–55; ‘Age checkability and accuracy in the censuses of six Kentish parishes, 1851–1881’, LPS 50 (1993), 19–38; ‘Migration and mobility in six Kentish parishes, 1851–81’, LPS 63 (1999), 30–70). Her present contribution extends and enriches the series of workhouse studies published recently in LPS through a detailed focus upon children in the Milton Union Workhouse, 1835–1885, which served eighteen 6 Kentish parishes. The major source for identifying children in the workhouse is the series of Admission and Discharge Registers for the period, but evidence from the Annual Reports, General Orders and inspectors’ reports of the three successive central Poor Law authorities have also been used, as have the Minutes Books of the Board of Guardians and correspondence between the Milton Union and the central poor law authorities. Children formed roughly one-third of workhouse inmates in Milton, illegitimacy, the loss of one or both parents and desertion forming the main reasons for them to be taken in. Indeed, children were increasingly taken into the workhouse with just one parent, predominantly