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Desert Tortoise Population Densities and Distribution, Piute Valley, Nevada Randal W

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Desert Tortoise Population Densities and Distribution, Piute Valley, Nevada Randal W RANG ELANDS 14(4), August 1992 239 Desert Tortoise Population Densities and Distribution, Piute Valley, Nevada Randal W. Wilson and Robert D. Stager A soils and vegetation survey was completed during the Piedmontslopes and the basinfloor. The three major April 1988 in PiuteValley, Clark County,Nev. The survey landform typesof the Piedmontslopes are erosional fan covered approximately 47,000 acres of Public Lands remnants, insetfans, and fan skirts. The vegetationcom- administered by theBureau of Land Management located munity surveyed were creosote/whitebursage with the south of Searchlight,Nev., and 60 miles southeast of Las herbaceous understory ranging from predominantlya Vegas. Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) have been mixtureof introducedand native annual forbs and grasses studied in Piute Valley since 1979. The objectives of the in the southern portion of the area to perennial grasses surveywere to comparesoils and vegetative characteris- with annuals in the north. tics to tortoise density and distribution and attempt to The soils and vegetationwere classifiedand analyzed identify soils characteristics that may be used to predict usingstandard USDA-SCS and USDI-BLM field methods. tortoise distribution and densities. The vegetationwas categorized to range site (ecological site). Soil properties examined included rock fragment content, texture, consistence, pH, color, effervescence, data consisted air KWY l5 and electroconductivity.Vegetation of dry production by plant species, determination of range condition (ecologicalstatus) and the correlationof range sites to soils. The presence or absence of tortoise sign was docu- mented during the soils and vegetationmapping to sup- plementexisting tortoise data. Soil transects were care- fully located to represent the dominantsoil types, deter- mine soil map unit percent compositionand compareto thetortoise distributionand density data and field obser- p—v vations to determine if an association may exist. Results Eight soil map units were developed in the study area from the soil survey. Map units 1 through 7 will be dis- cussed in this paper. The climatic conditions were ideal for studying spring vegetative growth responses on the different soils. The winter and spring storms were docu- mented on site as gentle and uniform with a goodS to 10 inches percolation into the soil profile throughout the surveyarea. Any vegetative differences are interpretedas being morea function of soil propertiesand characteris- El: tics than climate for this study. The firstarea reviewed, soil mapunit 1, is locatedalong the old railroad grade southwest of Searchlight. The component landforms in this soil mapping unit are ero- sional fan remnants with an alternating pattern of inset FIg. 1. Location ofthe study area, Piute Valley, Nevada. fans. The dominantsoil in this unit occurs on erosional The climate is typical Mojave Desert with cool winters fan remnants and is classified as a fine-loamy, mixed and hot summers. The area receives 5 to 8 inches of thermic Ustalfic Haplargidsrepresenting 60 percent of precipitation annually from low intensity uniformly dis- the unit. There is a limiting argillic horizon from 11 to 43 tributed winter storms and scattered, high intensitysum- inches. Tortoise burrowswere lacking in this soil though mer storms. The elevation varies from about 2,300feet to sign and tortoiseactivity were documented. 3,500feet. The major physiographicparts of thevalley are The second majorsoil in this unit is located in the inset fans, and is classified as a coarse-loamy, mixed, calcare- The authors are Soil Conservationist,U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Soil conservation Service, Las vegas, Nev.; RangeConservationist, U.S. Depart- ous, thermicUstic Torriorthentsrepresenting 35 percent ment of Interior, Bureauof Land Management, Las vegas, Nev., respectively. of the unit. This profile lacksany restrictivesoil feature 240 RANGELANDS14(4), August 1992 and has stablestructural strengththroughout the profile. mixed, thermic Typic Camborthidsrepresenting 25 per- This map unit has a low to medium density of desert cent of the map unit. tortoise with about 50 to 100 per square mile. Tortoise This map unit has the highestdensity of deserttortoise burrowsoccurred predominantlyin the insetfans. Creo- with 150 or greater per square mile. Tortoise burrows sate bush, white bursage, and big galletta grass are the appeared to be uniformlydistributed on both soils. Creo- major perennial plant species present. Twelve native sote bush, and white bursage are the major perennial annuals and three introducedannuals were identified. plant species present. Seven native annuals and two Soil map unit 2 is located approximately two miles introducedannuals were identified. southwestof the Searchlight landing strip. The compo- Map unit4is located south ofTen MileWell inthe south nentlandforms in this unit are fanskirts with intermingled central part of the survey area. This unit has three major streamterraces. The dominantsoil in this unit occurs on componentsthat occur in a complex association. They fan skirts, and is classifed as a coarse-loamy, mixed, are fan skirts, fan remnants, and inset fans. thermic Typic Camborthids. It represents 50 percent of The dominantsoil inthis unit occurson fan skirts and is the map unit. classified as a coarse-loamy, mixed, thermicTypic Cam- The secondmajor componentoccurs on stream terra- borthidsrepresenting 55 percent of the unit. ces and is classifiedas a coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic The secondcomponent in this unit occurs on fan rem- Typic Calciorthids representing 35 percent of the map nants and is classifiedas a loamy-skeletal, mixed, thermic unit. Typic Calciorthids representing20 percent of the map This map unit has a low to mediumdensity of desert unit. tortoise with about 50 to 100 per square mile. Tortoise The third componentoccurs in inset fans and active distribution appeared to bethe same in both major soils. channels and is classifiedas a sandy or sandy-skeletal, Creosote bush, white bursage, and big galletta grass are mixed, thermicTypic Torriorthentsrepresenting 16 per- the major perennial plant species present. Ten native cent of the map unit. This soil is occasionally flooded, annuals and three introducedannuals were identified. with flooding generally occurring during prolonged high- intensitystorms in the mid and late summer months. This area has a medium to high density with 100 to 150 and 150 or greater animals per acre. Component1 had most of the tortoise burrows. Fewer tortoise sign was noted in component2 with very or extremely cobbly sur- faces and in component 3. Creosote bush, and white bursage are the major perennial plant species present. Nine native annuals and two introduced annuals were identifed. Map unit 5 is located in the southern portion of the surveyarea. The two major components are eolian sand sheets and inset fans occurring in an association. The dominant soil occurs on the eolian sand sheets classified as a mixed, thermic, Typic Torripsamments representing 70 percent of the unit. This soil lacks any structural strength and has loose soil consistence throughoutthe profile. The secondmajor componentoccurs on fan skirts that are intermingled along the periphery of the unit and is classifiedas coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Cam- borthids. No tortoiseburrows were noted in the eolian sand sheet soil with most burrowing activity identified on the fan skirts. Tortoisedensity is low to medium with about 50 to Map Unit 3 Showing greater vegetativeproduction and canopy 100 per square mile in this map unit. Creosote bush, and cover associatedwith a goodAvailable WaterCapacity. white bursage are the major perennial shrub species Soil map unit 3 is locatedeast of the town CalNevAri. presentwith 3 to40 percent, by weight, big gallettagrass. This unit covers most of the valley bottom. The compo- Five native annuals and one introduced annual were nent landformsin this unit are fan skirts and stream terra- identified. ces. The dominantsoil in this unit occurson fan skirtsand Map unit 6 is divided by U.S. Highway 95 south of is classified as a coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Searchlight,Nev. The componentlandforms in this unit Camborthidsrepresenting 65 percent of the map unit. are erosional fan remnants with alternating patterns of The next major component in this unit occurs on insetfans and active channels. The dominantsoil in this stream terraces and is classified as a coarse-loamy, unit occurs on fan remnants and is classified as a Fine- RANGELANDS 14(4), August 1992 241 100 per square mile in this map unit. Creosote bush, andwhite bursage are the major peren- nial plant species present with trace to 3 percent, by weight, big galleta. Spanish daggeris commonon thefan remnants. There were over four nativeannuals identified and two introducedannuals. Conclusions The objective of the survey was to compare soils and vegetative habitat characteristics to tortoise density and distribution and identify possible soils and geomorphic relationships that may beassociated and later used in the field to predicttortoise distribution and densities for sim- ilar soils. Dr. Hardy, as quoted in E. Jaegers Desert Wildlife (1961) concludedthat soils largelydetermine habitatand distribution of the deserttortoise. Hardy determined that the soil must be sufficiently free from rocks to permit digging and compact enough to maintain a strong arch- way over the burrow. Woodburyand Hardy (1948) and Miller and Stebbins (1964) found that tortoise habitat types
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