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Downloaded from Brill.Com10/07/2021 11:13:57AM Via Free Access 142 M Biology and infestation rate ofCorallonoxia longicauda, an endoparasitic copepod of theWest Indian reef coral Meandrina meandrites by Maureen E. Butter Institute of Taxonomic Zoology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands & Caribbean Marine Biological Institute (Carmabi), Curasao, Netherlands Antilles Abstract Meandrina meandrites with its copepod parasites the of Corallonoxia of During 1½ year biology longicauda, as an object investigation during my stay at a copepod endoparasitic in the stony coral Meandrina mean- the Caribbean Marine Biological Institute (Car- drites was studied in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. mabi), Curasao, from December till The infestation rate of the corals as well as the numbers 1, 1975 of parasites present were investigated at several depths and June 1, 1977. in several stations. The parasites proved to be distributed This investigation was meant to elucidate the in a spatial pattern inside the colony. This pattern appeared between host and be and relation parasite (harmfulness to correlated with current exposure. It is postulated that the numerical distribution of the for the reef, propagation and distribution, role in differs from copepods in the corals, which markedly a normal the skeleton formation of the coral, bathymetric of and distribution, depends on the way proliferation settling and possible other environmental In this of the parasites. This offers also an explanation for the factors). remarkable inside the spatial pattern colony. context transplantation experiments were carried The results of the comparison of the biomasses of host and which corals out, during live were moved from parasite indicate that the parasite must be rather harmless 30 m depth to 10 m and vice versa. Furthermore, to its host, and that no significant influence of its metab- skeleton of be taken olism on the formation the coral is to samples were from locations where the expected. orientation of the reef slope towards the current differs from the the latter INTRODUCTION principal station, being more or less representative of the general situation Stock (1975) recorded the first endoparasitic at the S.W. coast of Curasao. copepods in West Indian stony corals. These It is that a well-known fact some coral species, with copepods, ten new species, were classified which also among Meandrina, expell spontane- two new genera, Corallovexia and Corallonoxia is ously (that without apparent reason) their of the new family Corallovexiidae. zooxanthelles. The possibility that parasites form In Curasao three species are particularly abun- this in a major cause for was considered; that case dant, viz. Corallovexia brevibrachium Stock, 1975 "bleached" corals should contain parasites more in Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758), frequently and in larger quantities than specimens C. longibrachium Stock, 1975 in Manicina areolata capable of maintaining their zooxanthelles. This (Linnaeus, 1758) and Corallonoxia longicauda assumption was also tested. Stock, 1975 in Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus, 1758). The latter species was sometimes met with CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH in such extraordinary large quantities that it seem- AREA ed not improbable that these parasites exercise an important influence on the metabolism of their Curasao belongs to the Dutch Leeward Islands. host. It was this assumption that made me choose Because of the constant trade winds the current is Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 11:13:57AM via free access 142 M. E. BUTTER - BIOLOGY OF OORALLONOXIA Fig. 1. Location of the sampling stations 1 to 6; occurrence of Corallonoxia longicauda in Curaçao (scale 1 : 960000). from East to West for most of the time (fig. 1). Station 1 has the following characteristics: The reefs at the leeward S.W. coast usually show constant current from Southeast to Northwest; in the station — other S.W. cross section profile as drawn for 1 compared to locations at the coast (fig. 2A). Station 1, situated in front of Rifwater, the water is a bit murky because of the effluent the East of Piscadera, is by far our most important of nearby situated freshwater distilling sampling point. For comparison, samples have plant and the outflow of muddy water from in been taken from station 2, front of the Holiday Rifwater, a salty lagoon; Inn Hotel, and the stations 3 to 6 at the N.E. Meandrina meandrites is abundantly present coast of Curasao (fig. 1). at all depths where I was sampling (3-33 m), In but abundant between and samples from station 1 we determined: (1) most 3 5 m. the rate of infestation at various depths, (2) the — the general physiognomy of station 1 is shown biomass of host and parasites, (3) the rate of in table I. infestation of the rate of young colonies, (4) of "bleached" and the Station in front has infestation Meandrina (5) 2, of Holiday Inn, a double spatial distribution of the parasites inside the reef parallel to the shore, a cross section of which colonies. Also the transplantation experiment was is shown in fig. 28. Samples were taken from the carried out here. inner slope, which lies faced to the shore and thus Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 11:13:57AM via free access BIJDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE, 48 (2) - 1979 143 Table I — the assemblage of corals on the inner slope Percentages of coverage at station 1. does not differ from that on the outer slope station at 2, or at station 1. 4!/2 m 12 m 22 m 30 m (%) (%) (%) (%) Stations situated the N.E. 3 to 6 are at coast (fig. Meandrina meandrites 6.4 3.9 all round to the 19.9 3.8 1). They are year subjected strong Agaricia 1 2.2 3.2 4.8 5.5 sp. trade wind (average velocity 7.2 m/sec). So Montastrea 9.6 17.7 sp. 3.0 15.1 violent is the water movement that diving is most Rock, sand, algae 57.0 67.4 72.1 69.6 2 Other 17.7 7.8 9.6 3.3 of the time impossible and always dangerous. The reef differs in several from that on the 1 respects Mostly A. agaricites (Linnaeus, 1758) in shallow waters S.W. Near the shore there and almost exclusively A. lamarcki Milne Edwards & Haime, coast (cf. Bak, 1975). below 20 1851, m. is a vehement water movement, the terrace slopes 2 of Madracis An important part hereof (6.6%) is constituted down and for distance of about very gradually a mirabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1861), at the other is with depths this species is entirely absent. 200 m from the shore it densely covered and with Sargassum other algae, now and then reversed to the current and as flat discs of fire coral Mille- exposition compared large sponges or ( to the situation in station 1. this of about pora). Beyond 200 m, at a depth 20 m, the coral reef begins. Here the corals have Further characteristics of station 2 are: a different shape than at the S.W. coast, they are — the current is from Southeast to Northwest, but and Like the larger flatter. on S.W. coast, Mont- bit often quite a stronger than in station 1; is dominant the astrea the species, Meandrina on other hand is rather scarce. The cross section profile of the stations 3 to 6 is drawn in fig. 2C. METHODS — with Collecting. Collecting was done the aid of SCUBA Corals gear. of about the same size were jerked loose from the substratum with divers' and the orientation with a knife respect the reef marked with in to slope was small cuts the of the edge colony. Next the coral was put into numbered a plastic bag, and number and depth noted formica. were down with pencil on a piece of The corals, still in their plastic bags, were trans- ferred into a bucket of seawater and in this manner transported to the laboratory for furthertreatment. — With the Sawing. a diamond-saw colony sawed into 4 4 was cubes (approximately X cm colony surface), which could be examined for parasites or tissue weight. Isolation of the parasites. — Es- sentially the method of Stock (1975) was fol- little lowed, a simplified. (a) Using decomposed corals: The coral in piece of is incubated seawater or tap- it with water. After 2 or 3 days is squirted off a water 2. Profiles the section. pick (method: Johannes & Wiebe, 1970), Fig. of sampling stations in cross 10 Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 11:13:57AM via free access 144 M. E. BUTTER - BIOLOGY OF CORALLONOXIA after which the tissue and mixture tube is into water, parasite put a porcelain cup, subsequently is filtered through a fine mesh cloth (mesh size: dried, weighed, ashed and weighed again, after In this the of the coral which it is calculate the ash-free 0.2 mm). way major part possible to dry tissue, which has become more or less liquid, weight. the but the chitinous passes cloth, not parasites. Freshly isolated parasites too can be dried, and I did for males and Disadvantage: if, by chance, eggs are present, weighed ashed. so females with this and and they are lost method remain un- separately used the results to convert numbers noticed. Nor is it possible to determine the biomass of parasites into units of ash-free dry weight, for of the parasites thus isolated. comparison with the dry weight of the colony in (b) Using fresh corals: which they were found. Without previous incubation the living coral is T — ransplantations. Corals from 10 m off, the water filled with sea- squirted pick being collected and marked the usual depth were way water. Filtering renders living parasites surrounded and transported to 30 m, where they were cemented by pieces of coral tissue. Sometimes ovigerous to plastic grills with Marine Tex (method: Bak, females sometimes also or are present, single eggs 1973).
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