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1959 Antarctic Treaty
Melting claims: The normative force (and weakness) of territorial claims in Antarctica Alejandra Mancilla, CSMN, University of Oslo *This is a rough draft. Please do not quote, cite or circulate without permission. Abstract Since 1959, the year in which the Antarctic Treaty (AT) was signed by 12 countries, the territorial claims of seven of the original signatories have remained untouched or frozen. In this paper, I analyze the normative force of the arguments given to support these claims, in the light of the two main types of theories of territorial rights. Moreover, I point to how we should assess them were they to melt – that is, were the AT to radically change or come to an end. I suggest that, on the one hand, arguments based on some past and/or present-looking connection serve to justify much more restricted types of control over much more restricted areas than the ones actually claimed. On the other hand, arguments founded upon some present or forward-looking function that the claimant fulfills to protect the territory seem more promising, but again imply heavily redrawing the contours of the original claims. In conclusion, I suggest that the normative force of the seven original territorial claims to Antarctica is only enough to get the claimants much more modest portions of the territory. This leaves pending the question of sovereignty over most of the White Continent. Keywords Antarctica, territorial claims, connection-based theories, function-based theories 1 1. Preliminaries ‘Often, among the varied topics brought forward in the cabin in the long winter evenings, arose the question of the ownership of the South Orkneys. -
The Antarctican Society P.O
THE ANTARCTICAN SOCIETY P.O. BOX 40122 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20016 A PRE-HOLIDAY SPECIAL TREAT Tuesday evening, December 5th, 8 p.m. Board Room, 5th Floor, National Science Foundation 18th and 6 Streets, N.W. features REAR ADMIRAL RICHARD B. BLACK Famed Explorer and Poet Laureate of the Antarctic presenting with great enthusiasm his 16mm film "ANTARCTICA REVISITED" ********* DO PLAN TO ATTEND! BRING A FRIEND! Officers for 1978-79: President - Paul C. Dalrymple Vice President - Meredith F. Burrill Secretary-Historian - W. Timothy Hushen Treasurer-Membership Sec'y - Mrs. Sophie R. Dales Board of Directors: Robert J. Allen Peter Barretta Mrs. A. P. Crary (Mildred) Kenneth J. Bertrand Frederick S. Brownworth,Jr. Mrs. Henry M. Dater (Alice) Richard L. Cameron Jerry W. Huffman Richard Y. Dow George E. Watson III Mrs. Paul A. Siple (Ruth) Peter Espenchied Antarctican Society Membership I have recently reviewed the membership file and have found out that we are carrying quite a few "free loaders". Our mailing list shows 275 members, but only 152 paid their dues in 1977-78. This was a drop of 29 from 1976-77. DUES ARE NOW PAYABLE! They are $3.00 for the 1978-79 year, but the Board has voted to raise the dues a year from now (1 October 1979). So if you want to beat our inflationary rise (which I am sure will be within Jimmy Carter's guidelines), why not make your check for several years in advance? We would appreciate back payment from the delinquents, although we are writing off all debts prior to 1975. -
International Year of Plant Health 2020
January-March 2020 Volume: 1, Issue: 4. For internal circulations only INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF PLANT HEALTH 2020 0 January-March 2020 Volume 1, Issue: No.004 ****************************** Editor-in-chief: Dr S.T. Mehetre Reach me: [email protected]/9920467755 Editorial Board Contents …… Dr A. M. Bhagwat Dr A.K. Rajarajan Dr D. A. R. Babu Dr K. P. Muthe 1. From editorial desk 1 Dr P. R. Sangurdekar Shri M.P. Bellary Dr Niranjan Ramgir 2. International year of Plant health 2 Shri Tejas Shah Published by: 3. Secretes of Antarctica 7 Navi Mumbai Science Foundation 4. Picture gallery 16 5. Next issue 18 6. NMSF calendar 19 Address: B-51, Gitanjali, Plot No.52, Sector-17 Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400703 [Regn. No.: Maha/2592/10/ (Thane) BPT Regn. No. F/24093/Thane] Webpage: www.navimumbaisciencefoundation.org Email: [email protected] Contact No. : 022-27891475 ******** This is a quarterly e-magazine published by Navi Image courtesy: www.fao.org, Mumbai Science Foundation, a society engaged in https://www.developmentaid.org/ spreading science education among students of Navi Mumbai region for last one decade. The magazine will cover all the activities of the society as well as articles on educating science to the students and 1 teachers. Editors Page……….. World was celebrating new year 2020 with joy and zeal but at the same time very dangerous threat to mankind was emerging from the northern city of Wuhan in Hubei Province of China. This threat is known as Corona virus which is spreading all over the world day by day. WHO has declared this outbreak as a global health emergency and declared as world‟s deadliest status now. -
The Path to Intractability the Path to Ron E
The Path to Intractability The Path to Ron E. Hassner Intractability Time and the Entrenchment of Territorial Disputes In 2002 Britain and Spain broke off talks over the future of Gibraltar after several months of in- tense negotiation. The dispute over the 2.25-square-mile colony, once a signiªcant strategic asset but now a minor tourist destination of 35,000 inhabit- ants, dates to the conquest of the peninsula by Britain in 1704.1 Although the two parties have not exchanged ªre over Gibraltar since the early nineteenth century, the dispute has led to decades of border closures, violent quarrels over ªshing rights, and mutual displays of force. It has soured relations be- tween Britain and Spain at multiple international forums including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, and the United Nations.2 In 1998 war erupted between Ethiopia and Eritrea over 250 square miles in the Badme region. The area is of no strategic importance and has no signiªcant resources. Its population resides in a few hundred huts near a dirt track, growing sorghum and raising goats. Yet the dispute over Badme pro- duced nearly 200,000 casualties between 1998 and 2004, and there is no peace- ful resolution in sight.3 “That area, I think, is desert,” commented one Ethiopian, but hastened to add: “It’s territory, you know....we’ll die for our country.”4 These cases exemplify two curious characteristics of territorial disputes. Ron E. Hassner is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. The author would like to thank Hamutal Bernstein, Deborah Boucoyannis, Daniel Byman, Lynn Eden, Arnold Eisen, Tanisha Fazal, Taylor Fravel, George Gavrilis, Arman Gregorian, Laura Hassner, Stephen Krasner, Kevin Narizny, Scott Sagan, Holger Schmidt, participants of the John M. -
Plan De Recepción De Visitantes En La Base Antártica Esperanza
Plan de recepción de visitantes en la Base Antártica Esperanza Una propuesta para su discusión Contenido Resumen .................................................................................................. 1 1. Presentación ......................................................................................... 2 3. La Antártida, una introducción ............................................................... 7 4. Descripción de la Base..........................................................................11 5. El público.............................................................................................24 6. Inventario de recursos interpretativos ...................................................26 7. Mensaje principal del área ....................................................................28 8. Objetivos de experiencia.......................................................................29 9. Medios para su instrumentación............................................................30 10. Evaluación y monitoreo.......................................................................62 11. Recomendaciones ..............................................................................65 12. Palabras finales ..................................................................................75 13. Bibliografía.........................................................................................76 14. Agradecimientos.................................................................................78 15. Anexos ..............................................................................................78