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Location of the Brecourt (Normandy, France) WW2 Howitzer Battery Using a Geoforensic Search Strategy

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Location of the Brecourt (Normandy, France) WW2 Howitzer battery using a geoforensic search strategy Ruffell, A., & Wach, G. (2019). Location of the Brecourt (Normandy, France) WW2 Howitzer battery using a geoforensic search strategy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2018.1583480 Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright 2019 The Authors. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:07. Oct. 2021 Location of the Brecourt (Normandy, France) WW2 Howitzer Battery Using a Geoforensic Search Strategy Alastair Ruffella and Grant D. Wachb aSchool of the Natural Built Environment, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN; bDePartment of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, 1459 Oxford Street, PO BOX 15000, Halifax NS B3H 4R2, Canada ABSTRACT The assault on D-day by Easy Company of the 101st Airborne CorPs on a German Howitzer battery at Brecourt Manor (Normandy) that was firing upon Utah Beach, is a famous action of World War 2. Understanding the firefight and disablement of the guns dePends on where the four Howitzers and crew were located. Three of the locations are unequivocal with post-WW2 accounts and the search described here in agreement. One Howitzer Position (the northernmost of the four) remains in contention, with two different Positions described. A geoforensic search strategy (desktoP study, geoPhysics, excavation) was dePloyed that shows strong evidence for the location of the debated fourth gun, together with aerial PhotograPhic and military tactical evidence for why this fourth Howitzer was moved to a second location close to D-day, resolving these debates. ARTICLE HISTORY KEYWORDS D-day; Band of Brothers; Geoforensic Search; Geophysics; Howitzer Introduction The 101st Airborne Assault on Brecourt, Normandy (a German Howitzer Battery) by Easy Company (101st Airborne CorPs, US Army) took Place on 6th June, 1944 as Part of OPeration NePtune (D-Day) and has been made famous subsequently in Publications, television series (most famously – The Band of Brothers) and comPuter games. Subsequent to WW2, the site has not been geoPhysically surveyed or excavated for archaeological context, resulting in different and sometimes conflicting accounts and maPs being Published of the location of the four 105mm leFH Light Howitzers that are key to reconstructing the action. Providing more robust information on the layout of the site will impact these accounts, and is imPortant as the assault is still used in military training. A television series ‘Dig World War 2’ by 360 Productions Provided the imPetus and access to this site, for which the authors carried out a standard (modified for the site) forensic search strategy (Harrison & Donnelly, 2008) to target limited excavation and attemPt to establish the layout of parts of the site. This work Provides some background on the Brecourt Assault, the Pre-search strategy, an account of the survey and excavation results and the most definitive (to date) location of the guns and site layout. The Brecourt Assault A very brief summary of the relevant accounts of this famous action is provided here, as there are academic and PoPular books (Ambrose, 2001, 2016; Brotherton, 2012; ComPton, 2009; Guarnere & Heffron, 2008; Landavazo, 2011; Webster, 1994; Winters, 2005); films (the best known being the second ePisode HBO’s ‘Band of Brothers’ series, based on Ambrose [2001]); websites and action games based on this event. A timeline of events Provides the clearest and most succinct form of providing background. 6th June 1944: Approximate Timeline ComPany E, (Easy ComPany) Second Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne (XV111 Airborne CorPs) Action as Part of Operation NePtune (D-Day) - 01.30 Parachute droPs from C-47 (Skytrain) aircraft begin in thick cloud, followed by reorganization of units. - 06.30 – 07.30 E (Easy) ComPany command taken by First Lieutenant Richard Winters at Le Grand Chemin, Normandy. - 08.30 Winters takes 12 men from E ComPany and others to reconnaissance a battery of German 105mm leFH (light Howitzers), firing upon Utah Beach. - 09.00- onwards, Winter’s comPany discover Number 6 Battery of the Wehrmacht 90th Artillery Regiment, firing light Howitzer 105mm leFH 18s canon onto United States Army disembarkment of trooPs and associated landing craft at Utah Beach. Their assault begins. Detailed and sometimes conflicting accounts of the firefight and gun disablement can be found in the sources cited above. This is not surPrising given that maPPing enemy Positions and taking timings is not a Priority in battle, but is afterwards (in order to Plan future action), from which changes to the scene may not be aPParent. No disagreement occurs in the literature that the assault began at the northern most Howitzer and proceeded in various waves to the other three thereafter, and that the action was over before midday on 6th June. Contention revolves around the exact location and orientation of this first caPtured, northern weapon, the focus of this study, along with the other three Howitzer locations. Pre-search Strategy: Desktop Study of Brecourt Manor and surrounding Area, Cherbourg Peninsula, Normandy, France The Desktop Study in Geoforensic Search Geoforensics comPrises apPlication of Earth science techniques to investigations of the Search, the Scene and the SamPle for legal (criminal, environmental, humanitarian, engineering and military) purposes (Ruffell & McKinley, 2008). Scene and Sample investigations commonly include the location of an event (maybe a crime scene), its samPling and maPPing, and the analysis of evidence (soil, sediment: see Murray, 2011). Geoforensic Search has long-been a primary part of criminal or archaeological investigations, but has increased in visibility over the Past 20 years, largely as a result of the Pioneering work of Laurance Donnelly, as a strategy for the location of buried objects, commonly victims of homicide as well as drugs, contraband, victims of accidents and disasters. In short, a search strategy comPrises Planning (pre-search desktoP studies), field dePloyment of Personnel in assessing: ‘diggability’; geophysics; geomorPhology/geology/soil/vegetation maPPing and a Post-search (‘exit strategy’) evaluation. Many of the above have been historically used in searching for buried objects (e.g. PoPP, 1893), but sometimes imPlicit and thus not described, or not conveyed in a logical manner. The Geoforensic search is well-defined (Harrison & Donnelly, 2008) with sPecific Publications on its various elements (e.g. diggability [Harrison & Donnelly, 2008]; geomorPhology [Ruffell & McKinley, 2014]; geoPhysics [Pringle et al. 2012] and soils [FitzPatrick et al. 2008]) or aPPlications (e.g. archaeology [Donnelly, 2013]), GIS (Somma et al., 2017). A general overview for those not familiar with Geoforensics or Forensic Geoscience can be found in Di Maggio et al. (2017). Geographic Location & Topography The overall location comPrises the mixed arable and grazing lands of the Cherbourg or Contentin Peninsula (Figure 1). The toPograPhy is of low relief, with 20-40m high low hills surrounded by flatlands. The former are dissected by ditches that feed some meandering rivers (that occur mainly on the latter, flatland ground, for examPle to the south of Brecourt is Riviere l’Escalgain (not shown) and to the north the Grand Cirque and la Petite Cirque Rau: Figure 2). More sPecifically, Brecourt is on a very low sloping Plateau of 20-30m height and it’s scarP running NW-SE, with some higher ground (40m) to the northwest. Most significantly for this Project, the surrounding area to Brecourt, centered on Ste-Marie-du-Mont (hereon Ste-Marie-du-Mont UPlands, or SMMU), comPrises a northerly and northeasterly facing hill, rising from roughly sea-level to the 30-40m mentioned (Figure 2). This hill extends in an arcuate fashion from la Vienville in the southeast, northwestwards along the Hartwell Road/ Siezmore Road to le Grand Hard, Passing west and then southwestwards to Boutteville, Producing a flat-toPPed spur (Figure 2) overlooking the surrounding flatlands, with Brecourt at its heart and thus an ideal location for a gun battery with which to fire on the beaches to the northeast and east. The lands around Brecourt comPrise grassland with hedges and ditches, with some enclosed vegetable Plots. Hedges and other field boundaries aPPear mature, with some having degraded or re-planted to the north of Brecourt Manor since the war. Solid Geology The SMMU toPograPhy matches the outcroPPing Middle Jurassic (Jurassique Moyen - Dogger) of the area, these limestones with subordinate shales forming a resistant uPland (Figure 3) surrounded by a veneer of Quaternary (Quanternaire Récent) alluvium that may overlay some Palaeogene/Neogene
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