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Big Data Implementation in Malaysian Public Sector: a Review International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Big Data Implementation in Malaysian Public Sector: A Review Mohd Amiruddin Hamzah, Saiful Farik Mat Yatin, Maisahara Yusof, Tunku Sofiah Larasih T. Zainol Rashid, Hasnah Shuhaimi, Abu Bakar Suleiman, Ahmad Nazri Mansor, Khairul Mizan Taib To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i11/9072 DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i11/9072 Received: 15 September 2020, Revised: 20 October 2020, Accepted: 16 November 2020 Published Online: 27 November 2020 In-Text Citation: (Hamzah et al., 2020) To Cite this Article: Hamzah, M. A., Yatin, S. F. M., Yusof, M., Rashid, T. S. L. T. Z., Shuhaimi, H., Suleiman, A. B., Mansor, A. N., & Taib, K. M. (2020). Big Data Implementation in Malaysian Public Sector: A Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(11), 1461-1474. Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, Pg. 1461 - 1474 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1461 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS Big Data Implementation in Malaysian Public Sector: A Review 1Mohd Amiruddin Hamzah, 2,3Saiful Farik Mat Yatin, 4Maisahara Yusof, 5Tunku Sofiah Larasih T. Zainol Rashid, 6Hasnah Shuhaimi, 2Abu Bakar Suleiman, 2Ahmad Nazri Mansor, 2Khairul Mizan Taib 2 1 Syariah Judiciary Department, Prime Minister's Department, Malaysia, Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor, Malaysia, 3Members of Advanced Analytics Engineering Center (AAEC), UiTM Malaysia, 4Teraju Binaan Sdn Bhd, 5Public Service Department, Prime Minister's Department, Malaysia, 6Educational Planning and Research Division (EPRD), Ministry of Education, Malaysia Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Big Data is a new world phenomenon for information and knowledge management where the huge chunk of data set been collected and analyzed for further use in many sectors including security, business, investment, advertising, health and etc. The explosion of information sparked from mobile and internet technologies such as via social media and government agencies data gives the Big Data management an ultimate challenge for its characteristics including the aspect of volume for storage, variety in nature, velocity in access speed and veracity in data quality. In Malaysia, there are government agencies that play its vital roles in upholding the initiatives by introducing Big Data in public service (Data Raya Sektor Awam) as the key step in implementing Big Data at the national level. Malaysia’s 11th Plan (2016- 2020) has outlined the Big Data as a strategy to transform public sector for the better service delivery and to reduce the cost to the government. Despite the initiatives effort by the government, there are several challenges faced by the public sector in implementing Big Data approach in the government agencies. Keywords: Big Data Analytics, Big Data Application, Big Data Challenges, Public Sector, Government of Malaysia Introduction Big Data is a prominent topic in the latest development of world economy. The approach by the Malaysian Government to adopt the work towards 5G technology indicates the strong approached made by the government to ensure the digital technology approach becomes the greatest pillar of the government algorithm towards the nation building. Malaysian Government has proofed their initiatives in Big Data Implementation by formulating Big Data as one of the strategies in Malaysia 11th Plan (2016-2020) where they committed to leveraging 1462 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS data to enhance outcomes and lower the costs in government machinery. The government has proliferating open data among agencies, encouraging cross-agency data sharing, and leveraging Big Data Analytics (BDA). Implementation of the Big Data requires effort from the central agencies with the full understanding from agencies in the government to culturize the data-based activity such as data sharing, digital documentation of the agencies records and to establish open data environment in public sector. The government also need to allocate huge amount of budget in order to realize the digital government concept to the agency. The implementation of Big Data approach in the public sector is a manifestation to the Malaysian Super Corridor (MSC) policy initiated by the government in early of 90’s where the government agency such as Road Transport Department, Registration Department, courts, health institution and public universities have move to the information technology as their strategic plan under the e-government flagship. This article will discuss the following objectives which is to describe the diverse concepts within the literature on ‘Big Data’; to review the concept of the Data Raya Sektor Awam (Public Sector Big Data) implementation; to identify the operational and strategic impacts of ‘Big Data’ in public sector; and to review the challenges in handling of Big Data in public sector. The Concept of Big Data and its Explosion Big Data “Big Data refers to the rising flood of digital data from many sources, including the web, biological and industrial sensors, video, email and social network communication” (Lohr, 2012). Others descried Big Data in its characteristics as high-volume, high-velocity and high- variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information process for enhanced insight and decision making (Gartner, 2019). Determine the terms of Big Data can be defined as sets of data, whereby the characteristics of Big Data (volume, velocity and variety of data) need to be to store, manage and analyse using special database software. Big Data Explosion The terms Big Data are commercialising in 1998, introduced by John Mashey whereby the discussion is focused on the amount of data generated by the use of information technology as well as the capacity of storage where the data is to be kept. The discussion about the growth rate of data starts way back in 1990’s which known as the era of ‘Information Explosion’ where people starts to quantify the growth rate of the data generated within the industry. The history of the identifying the growth of data starts in 1944, whereby F. Rider estimated that the US Library will have about 2 petabytes of books in 2040. The estimation growth of the data is not rest on that year as in 2008, the growth of the data is expanding up to Zettabytes (Gu Jifaa, 2014). Big Data Framework The characteristics of 3v’s introduced by Doug Laney from Meta Group mentioned that new techniques, analytics and new architecture have to be taken in place in order to generate new information that are useful to the users and support others decision making. Technology advances over time, the size of datasets that qualify as Big Data will also increase and the definition can vary by sector, depending on what kinds of software tools are commonly available and what sizes of datasets are common in a particular industry (Manyika et al., 2011). The term ‘big’ in the Big Data shows the capacity and size of the data whereby the main 1463 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 10, No. 11, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS characteristics to describe Big Data are focused on the amount, capacity and size of the data that made available in the organization or people. Apart from 3V’s framework introduce by Laney (2001), the characteristics of Big Data are expanding through its times and emergence of new technology taken place. Some of data scientist such as from IBM as well as Big Data Framework agreed to add Veracity as one of fundamental characteristics for Big Data. In addition to veracity, value is another trait that qualify the Big Data. The additional of veracity and value lead to the development of 5V’s characteristics of Big Data (Ishwarappa, 2015). Moreover, there are more V’s to be added by the specialist such as versatility, volatility, virtuosity, vitality, visionary, vigour, viability, vibrancy, and even virility as well as valueless, vampire-like, venomous, vulgar, violating and very violent (Discover Society, 2013). As there are too many V’s that may characterized the Big Data and has reach up to 42V’s (Shafer, 2017), the focused will be concern on the Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity, and Value. Volume Big Data size characteristics is referring as Volume of Big Data that results from the expansion of information creation tools such as social media, web page, as well as web apps. The volumes of data generated each second are huge from various sources. The volume of Big Data always discussed in the amount from Megabytes to Petabytes and currently moves to Zettabytes. Google as the largest ‘big data’ company in the world, processing 3.5 billion requests per day, storing 10 Exabytes of data. It is estimated that 40 Zettabytes (40,000 Exabytes) of data will be created by 2020 (Deep Web Technologies, 2016). Variety Variety of data in the other hand, described the types of data emerged; those data can be any physical or nonphysical types and in structured or unstructured types generated either by people, technology or information communication equipment.
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