DOCSLIB.ORG

Broken River & Upper Broken Creek

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Broken River & Upper Broken Creek Broken River & Upper Broken Creek BROKEN RIVER & UPPER BROKEN CREEK Seasonal Watering Proposal 2017-2018 Broken River & Upper Broken Creek Publication details Published by: Simon Casanelia Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, PO Box 1752, Shepparton 3632 © Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, 2017. Please cite this document as: GBCMA (2017). Broken River and Upper Broken Creek Seasonal Watering Proposal 2017-2018. Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, Shepparton. Disclaimer: This publication may be of assistance to you, but the Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority does not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequences which may arise from you relying on information in this publication. It should be noted that specific reference to funding levels in this strategy are for indicative purposes only. The level of Government investment in this plan is contingent on budgets and government priorities. For further information, please contact: Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority P.O. Box 1752, Shepparton 3632 Ph. (03) 5820 7700 Website: www.gbcma.vic.gov.au i Broken River & Upper Broken Creek EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The proposal identifies the environmental water requirements of the Broken River and upper Broken Creek in 2017-2018 under a range of climatic scenarios to protect or improve their environmental values and health. The Broken River has been identified as priority waterway in the Goulburn Broken Waterway Strategy (GB CMA 2014). Both the Broken and the upper Broken Creek are listed as on the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (Environment Australia 2001). They also support a diverse and abundant native fish community, provides water for agriculture and support a variety of recreational activities such as fishing, boating, bird watching and camping. The conditions leading into the 2016-17 year were characterised by a dry summer and autumn. However, between July and November 2016 above average rainfall across the catchment resulted in the upper Broken Creek and the Broken River experiencing several freshes and the Broken River experience a bankfull/overbank flow that had a peak discharge of approximately 20,000 ML/day at Caseys Weir. These high flows would have: increased native fish and macroinvertebrate habitat; stimulated native fish movement and breeding; helped maintain in-channel habitat diversity; and helped maintain wetland, riparian and in-channel vegetation condition. Preliminary assessment of fish movement through the fish ladders at Caseys Weir and Lake Benalla on the Broken River suggest a few golden perch moved through the fish ladder at Caseys Weir between October and November 2016 coinciding with the high flows. Based on these findings the priority watering actions in 2017-18 are: 1. Use the available environmental water to maintain water quality in the upper Broken Creek for native fish and macroinvertebrates. The upper Broken Creek may experience poor water quality as a result of floods, low and cease to flow events, intense rainfall and fire. Flows between 50-100 ML/d for 10 days may be required to respond to these events 2. Maintain Broken River minimum baseflow requirement of 15 ML/day in summer and autumn using Inter- Valley Transfer water. 3. Deliver a summer/autumn fresh (400- 500 ML/day for 2-8 days) downstream of Lake Nillahcootie on the Broken River using Inter-Valley Transfer water. The fresh is designed maintain macrophyte and native fish habitat. Under all seasonal scenarios, the volume of environmental water available is much less than the volume required to deliver the desired priority watering action in the upper Broken Creek. If Inter-Valley Transfer water (maximum of 1,500 ML) can be utilized in the Broken River, it could meet the minimum Broken River baseflow requirements and could partially deliver the fresh priority watering action. Given the small volume of environmental water available and the nature of the Broken River supply system, there is no particular need to save water for the 2018-2019 year. The proposal does not take account of competing needs of environmental water use at Moodie Swamp on the upper Broken Creek. As all of the flows proposed are well within the channel of the upper Broken Creek and Broken River, there is a very low risk of adverse outcomes to private assets or the general public from delivering the priority watering actions. The proposal was developed in consultation with the GB CMA Board, the VEWH, the CEWO, GMW, Parks Victoria and the Broken Environmental Water Advisory Group. These groups will also be consulted along with traditional owners during the implementation of the proposal. ii Broken River & Upper Broken Creek CONTENTS Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................... ii Glossary and acronyms .......................................................................................................................................... v Introduction and system overview........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 System overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Broken River ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Upper Broken Creek ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 Priority reaches and measurement points ............................................................................................................................. 3 Delivery constraints ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Water sources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Environmental objectives and flow recommendations ........................................................................................ 6 Broken River objectives and recommendations ..................................................................................................... 6 Upper Broken Creek objectives and recommendations ......................................................................................... 8 Seasonal review 2016-2017 ................................................................................................................................... 9 Broken River ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Upper Broken Creek ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Flow recommendations delivered ........................................................................................................................ 12 Current ecological condition................................................................................................................................. 13 Key observations and lessons ............................................................................................................................... 14 Shared benefits review ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Outlook for 2017-2018 ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Priority watering actions ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Scenario planning ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Scenario planning overview .................................................................................................................................. 16 Triggers for action ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Shared benefits outcomes .................................................................................................................................... 19 Implementation arrangements ........................................................................................................................... 20 Notice and time required ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why Benalla Is a Great Choice
    About our region Why Benalla is a great choice About 14,000 people live in Benalla and the surrounding district, about two hours’ drive north-east of Melbourne via the Hume Freeway. Benalla is built on both sides of the Broken River, which generally flows in a northerly direction through the town. Damming the river near the railway at the northern end of town created Lake Benalla. Benalla is the gateway to Victoria’s High Country, which is great for those who love hiking and skiing. It is also located close to some of Australia’s best wineries. It is home to Australia’s largest gliding club, attracting pilots from around the globe to experience the area’s world renowned flying conditions. Other highlights of this beautiful town are: Benalla Art Gallery: One of the best regional galleries in Australia with works by Arthur Streeton, Frederick McCubbin, Fred Williams and Sidney Nolan. Surrounded by beautiful botanical gardens and Lake Benalla, the Art Gallery precinct is a Benalla ‘must do’. Winton Wetlands: The restoration of Winton Wetands is the largest wetland resoration project in the southern hemisphere. You can circumnavigate Lake Mokoan or enjoy the peace and tranquility of the bush with a network of bike paths snaking through the reserve. Grab lunch and a coffee at the Mokoan Hub while you’re there. Gliding over Benalla: The Gliding Club of Victoria is the largest Gliding Club in Australia. There are intensive seven day ‘learn to glide’ packages or half hour bookable joy flights, making Benalla the ideal place to learn how to fly.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13: Broken River Catchment
    13 Broken River Catchment Argus, 15 January 1924 True Tales of the Trout Cod: River Histories of the Murray-Darling Basin 13-1 NORTHERN BLACKFISH Noting J. T. Anderson’s remarks on the subject, “R.G.K.” (Richmond) says that he has just had a “fortnight’s fishing in the Broken River and various creeks around Lima (via Benalla) Although he had good sport with Murray cod, bream (Macquarie perch), and catfish, which he remarks is a far finer table fish than is generally realised, he noticed, too, how numerous were the blackfish. He must have hooked over a hundred, but returned them all to the river, as according to the Game Laws, they may not be kept under 8 inches, and very few of these were eight inches, many as small as four inches. Had “R.G.K.” known, he might have kept these fish, because an exception is made about them. The regulation reads:- “Blackfish, except those in streams flowing north from the Great Dividing Range, 8 1/2 inches.” These blackfish are a smaller species or variety, and the Fisheries department imposes no conditions in regard to them. Argus, 15 January 1924 13-2 True Tales of the Trout Cod: River Histories of the Murray-Darling Basin Figure 13.1 The Broken River Catchment showing major waterways and key localities. True Tales of the Trout Cod: River Histories of the Murray-Darling Basin 13-3 13.1 Early European Accounts The Broken River rises at the foot of Mt Buller north of Mansfield and, travelling west, collects water from tributaries originating in the Strathbogie and Wombat Ranges.
    [Show full text]
  • Taking Control Spring 2020 Newsletter
    Spring 2020 Taking Control Support, information and resources for individuals and communities impacted by wild dogs Above: Wild dog exclusion fencing contructed with Bushfire Recovery Funding. Inset: Combined Bushfire Recovery Fund and DeFence fencing across eastern Victoria. Source: DELWP. Bushfire recovery aids wild dog control Significantly, more than half of the BRF fencing The Community Wild Dog Control comprises Wild Dog Exclusion Fencing (WDEF), bringing Coordinators and members of the the total amount of publicly-funded WDEF erected in both regions in 2019-20 to 516km. (Seventy-five km of Wild Dog Program have been WDEF was constructed under the DeFence Project, helping farmers replace fences which was funded by the Commonwealth Government’s lost in the 2019-20 bushfires, Communities Combating Pests and Weed Impacts strengthening wild dog control in During Drought Program (see page 4).) These stretches of WDEF (see image above) are helping the process. farmers protect livestock from the threat of wild dog predation which can increase after bushfire. The Community Wild Dog Coordinators (CWDCCs) and members of the Wild Dog Program (WDP) have helped Further assistance is being offered by the WDP which farmers access funding under the Victorian has secured funding under Work for Victoria to hire an Government’s Bushfire Recovery Fencing (BRF) program. additional four Wild Dog Controllers (WDCs) for the next few months. Almost every application has been processed, resulting in the construction of 584km of new fencing in Gippsland and 277km in the Hume. delwp.vic.gov.au Spring 2020 Above: CWDCCs, Lucy-Anne Cobby, Brian Dowley and Mick Freeman.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Patterns of Erosion and Sediment and Nutrient Transport in the Goulburn and Broken River Catchments, Victoria
    Regional Patterns of Erosion and Sediment and Nutrient Transport in the Goulburn and Broken River Catchments, Victoria R.C. DeRose, I.P.Prosser, L.J. Wilkinson, A.O. Hughes and W.J. Young CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra Technical Report 11/03, March 2003 CSIRO LAND and WATER Regional Patterns of Erosion and Sediment and Nutrient Transport in the Goulburn and Broken River Catchments, Victoria R.C. DeRose, I.P. Prosser, L.J. Wilkinson, A.O. Hughes and W.J. Young CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra Technical Report 11/03, March 2003 Copyright ©2003 CSIRO Land and Water To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO Land and Water. Important Disclaimer To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO Land and Water (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. ISSN 1446-6163 Table of Contents Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority Cabomba Management Stages 1 to 3 Report
    Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority Cabomba Management Stages 1 to 3 Report December 2008 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Cabomba Review 2 2.1 Cabomba Taxonomy and Biology 2 2.2 Cabomba Distribution 4 2.3 Control Techniques 7 2.4 Cabomba and Weed Legislation 16 2.5 Potential Impacts of Cabomba 16 2.6 Potential for Cabomba Spread 19 3. Trial Options 21 4. Conclusion 23 5. References 24 Table Index Table 2.1 Example layout of calendar of important dates for uses of waterbody in which Cabomba control options are to be undertaken. (from GHD 2006) 13 Figure Index Figure 2.1 Cabomba in situ, Casey’s Weir, Victoria, showing fan•like structure of leaves, surrounded by the floating fern, Azolla 2 Figure 2.2 Cabomba flower and floating leaves 3 Figure 2.3 Confluence of Broken and Goulburn Rivers, showing turbid water from Broken River 6 31/23324/700611 Cabomba Management 2 Stages 1 to 3 Report 1. Introduction GHD was commissioned by the Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority (GBCMA) to undertake a new literature review and review of management techniques for CabombaCabomba ( caroliniana). The review will provide background information for the wider Management of Cabomba project, in which trials will be undertaken to investigate management options for Cabomba in Lake Benalla, The Broken River, Lake Nagambie and associated waterbodies. 31/23324/700611 Cabomba Management 1 Stages 1 to 3 Report 2. Cabomba Review 2.1 Cabomba Taxonomy and Biology Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray) is a submerged aquatic plant that shares a small family (Cabombaceae) with the genusBrasenia (Mackey and Swarbrick 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Talk Wild Trout Conference Proceedings 2015
    Talk Wild Trout 2015 Conference Proceedings 21 November 2015 Mansfield Performing Arts Centre, Mansfield Victoria Partners: Fisheries Victoria Editors: Taylor Hunt, John Douglas and Anthony Forster, Freshwater Fisheries Management, Fisheries Victoria Contact email: [email protected] Preferred way to cite this publication: ‘Hunt, T.L., Douglas, J, & Forster, A (eds) 2015, Talk Wild Trout 2015: Conference Proceedings, Fisheries Victoria, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Queenscliff.’ Acknowledgements: The Victorian Trout Fisher Reference Group, Victorian Recreational Fishing Grants Working Group, VRFish, Mansfield and District Fly Fishers, Australian Trout Foundation, The Council of Victorian Fly Fishing Clubs, Mansfield Shire Council, Arthur Rylah Institute, University of Melbourne, FlyStream, Philip Weigall, Marc Ainsworth, Vicki Griffin, Jarod Lyon, Mark Turner, Amber Clarke, Andrew Briggs, Dallas D’Silva, Rob Loats, Travis Dowling, Kylie Hall, Ewan McLean, Neil Hyatt, Damien Bridgeman, Paul Petraitis, Hui King Ho, Stephen Lavelle, Corey Green, Duncan Hill and Emma Young. Project Leaders and chapter contributors: Jason Lieschke, Andrew Pickworth, John Mahoney, Justin O’Connor, Canran Liu, John Morrongiello, Diane Crowther, Phil Papas, Mark Turner, Amber Clarke, Brett Ingram, Fletcher Warren-Myers, Kylie Hall and Khageswor Giri.’ Authorised by the Victorian Government Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport & Resources (DEDJTR), 1 Spring Street Melbourne Victoria 3000. November 2015
    [Show full text]
  • The Murray–Darling Basin Basin Animals and Habitat the Basin Supports a Diverse Range of Plants and the Murray–Darling Basin Is Australia’S Largest Animals
    The Murray–Darling Basin Basin animals and habitat The Basin supports a diverse range of plants and The Murray–Darling Basin is Australia’s largest animals. Over 350 species of birds (35 endangered), and most diverse river system — a place of great 100 species of lizards, 53 frogs and 46 snakes national significance with many important social, have been recorded — many of them found only in economic and environmental values. Australia. The Basin dominates the landscape of eastern At least 34 bird species depend upon wetlands in 1. 2. 6. Australia, covering over one million square the Basin for breeding. The Macquarie Marshes and kilometres — about 14% of the country — Hume Dam at 7% capacity in 2007 (left) and 100% capactiy in 2011 (right) Narran Lakes are vital habitats for colonial nesting including parts of New South Wales, Victoria, waterbirds (including straw-necked ibis, herons, Queensland and South Australia, and all of the cormorants and spoonbills). Sites such as these Australian Capital Territory. Australia’s three A highly variable river system regularly support more than 20,000 waterbirds and, longest rivers — the Darling, the Murray and the when in flood, over 500,000 birds have been seen. Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, Murrumbidgee — run through the Basin. Fifteen species of frogs also occur in the Macquarie and despite having one of the world’s largest Marshes, including the striped and ornate burrowing The Basin is best known as ‘Australia’s food catchments, river flows in the Murray–Darling Basin frogs, the waterholding frog and crucifix toad. bowl’, producing around one-third of the are among the lowest in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Goulburn Broken Water Quality Strategy 20 Years on Presenting Outcomes of Long Term Nutrient Management in a Large Victorian Catchment
    Water Quality & Catchment ISSN 2206-1991 Volume 2 No 3 2017 https://doi.org/10.21139/wej.2017.028 THE GOULBURN BROKEN WATER QUALITY STRATEGY 20 YEARS ON Presenting outcomes of long term nutrient management in a large Victorian catchment P Feehan, M Turner BACKGROUND Average annual rainfall varies across the Catchment, The Goulburn Broken Water Quality Strategy (WQS) from 1600 millimetres in the high country to 400 (GBREWQC, 1997) was originally developed in the millimetres in the north-west. The catchment’s two mid 1990s. Strategy implementation was expected to major river basins (Goulburn and Broken Rivers) cover occur over 20 years, finishing in 2016. Implementation two per cent of the Murray-Darling Basin, or about 10.5 has been under way since the mid 1990s. The 1996 per cent of Victoria. version of the WQS was reviewed in 2002 and 2008. Water inflows to the catchment are 3,559 gigalitres per The original Strategy focused on reducing the risk year, or about 11 per cent of the total annual inflows to and impacts of blue green algal blooms by reducing the Murray-Darling Basin. the inputs of nutrients, especially phosphorus, to waterways and water bodies. Approximately one third of the catchment is forested and half is used for dryland agriculture (grazing and Many of the actions in the WQS were incorporated in the cropping) with the balance largely used for irrigated Goulburn Broken CMA Regional River Health Strategy agriculture. There are relatively small urban areas 2005 – 2015 (now updated as the Goulburn Broken and pine plantations. Urban and peri-urban areas are Waterway Strategy 2014 – 2022) (GB CMA, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Cabomba Caroliniana) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Carolina Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, March 2015 Revised, January 2018 Web Version, 8/21/2018 Photo: Ivo Antušek. Released to Public Domain by the author. Available: https://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id101309/. 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From CABI (2018): “C. caroliniana is native to subtropical temperate areas of northeastern and southeastern America (Zhang et al., 2003). It is fairly common from Texas to Florida, Massachusetts to Kansas in the USA, and occurs in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina in South America (Washington State Department of Ecology, 2008). The species has 1 two varieties with different distributions. The purple-flowered variety C. caroliniana var. caroliniana occurs in the southeastern USA, while yellow-flowered C. caroliniana var. flavida occurs in South America.” From Larson et al. (2018): “Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray is native to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, northeast Argentina, southern and eastern USA.” From Wilson et al. (2007): “In the United States fanwort has been marketed for use in both aquaria and garden ponds since at least the late 1800s, resulting in its repeated introduction and subsequent naturalization outside its original range (Les and Mehrhoff 1999).” Status in the United States Sources differ on the native or invasive status of Cabomba caroliniana in individual states (CABI 2018; Larson et al. 2018), and one source reports that it may not be native to the United
    [Show full text]
  • Native Fish Strategy
    MURRAY-DARLING BASIN AUTHORITY Native Fish Strategy Mesoscale movements of small- and medium-sized fish in the Murray-Darling Basin MURRAY-DARLING BASIN AUTHORITY Native Fish Strategy Mesoscale movements of small- and medium-sized fish in the Murray-Darling Basin M. Hutchison, A. Butcher, J. Kirkwood, D. Mayer, K. Chilcott and S. Backhouse Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Published by Murray-Darling Basin Commission Postal Address GPO Box 409, Canberra ACT 2601 Office location Level 4, 51 Allara Street, Canberra City Australian Capital Territory Telephone (02) 6279 0100 international + 61 2 6279 0100 Facsimile (02) 6248 8053 international + 61 2 6248 8053 Email [email protected] Internet http://www.mdbc.gov.au For further information contact the Murray-Darling Basin Commission office on (02) 6279 0100 This report may be cited as: Hutchison, M, Butcher, A, Kirkwood, J, Mayer, D, Chikott, K and Backhouse, S. Mesoscale movements of small and medium-sized fish in the Murray-Darling Basin MDBC Publication No. 41/08 ISBN 978 1 921257 81 0 © Copyright Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 This work is copyright. Graphical and textual information in the work (with the exception of photographs and the MDBC logo) may be stored, retrieved and reproduced in whole or in part, provided the information is not sold or used for commercial benefit and is acknowledged. Such reproduction includes fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction for other purposes is prohibited without prior permission of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission or the individual photographers and artists with whom copyright applies.
    [Show full text]
  • Enjoy Benalla
    WELCOME NATIVE FLORA & FAUNA Welcome to the Lake Benalla Walk, a tranquil track The Lake Benalla Walking Track takes you through passing through the varied and picturesque the Benalla Botanical Gardens, with it’s suite of exotic landscapes that circle Lake Benalla. Enjoy the species, before heading into the remnants of the views, spot native animals and historic landmarks original River Red Gum forest. or simply soak up the atmosphere. Jaycee Island, with its magnificent towering Moreton The Lake Benalla Walk is the perfect introduction to Bay Figs and exotic Bunya Bunya Pines, is the perfect Benalla Benalla’s serenity and sophistication. Whether you place to experience the region’s flora and fauna. HISTORICAL LANDMARKS live here, are visiting or just want to stretch your Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop Memorial – The memorial legs as you pass through, we invite you to enjoy While walking around the lake, look out for the rakali, was erected to mark the achievements of local Sir the unique sights and sounds of the environment an Australian native water rat that can be seen Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop. around the Lake Benalla walking track. swimming and feeding during the day in and around stream logs. It has large webbed feet, a thick water Captain Hector Waller Memorial – The monument has repellent fur coat and a distinctive tipped tail. The best AT A GLANCE been erected to honour Capt. Hec Waller in his home spots to see the rakali are just past the bridge (city town. It also honours all service personnel lost at sea Total Distance: 4.25km, 45 - 90 minute duration side) and near the bridge at little Casey Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Victorian Heritage Database Place Details - 30/9/2021 BENALLA BOTANICAL GARDENS and ART GALLERY
    Victorian Heritage Database place details - 30/9/2021 BENALLA BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ART GALLERY Location: BRIDGE STREET WEST BENALLA, BENALLA RURAL CITY Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number: H2260 Listing Authority: VHR Extent of Registration: 1. All the buildings marked as follows on Diagram 2260 held by the Executive Director. B1 Band Rotunda B2 Grandstand B3 Art Gallery 2. All the features marked as follows on Diagram 2260 held by the Executive Director. F1 Sports oval F2 Main entrance gates F3 War memorial F4 Rose gardens F5 Tennis courts and club house facilities F6 Cannon F7 Weary Dunlop memorial F8 Avenue of honour memorial 3. All the paths marked P1on Diagram 2260 held by the Executive Director. 4. All of the land marked L1 on Diagram 2260 held by the Executive Director being part of Crown Allotment 14 and all of Crown Allotment 15, Section 7A, Township of Benalla, and all of Crown Allotments 4, 5 & 6, Section K1, Township of Benalla and part of the road reserve of the Midland Highway 1 Statement of Significance: The Benalla Botanical Gardens occupy a triangular site of approximately 5.1 hectares bounded by the shore of Lake Benalla to the north-east, Bridge Street to the south-east and the row of buildings fronting Arundel Street to the north-west. The Benalla Art Gallery was constructed in the Gardens in 1975, on the shore of Lake Benalla. In 1859 land was set aside for 'cricketing and other purposes of public recreation' with the cricket ground and recreation reserve temporarily reserved on 6 October 1873.
    [Show full text]