Effect of Mechanically Deboned Poultry Meat Content on Technological Properties and Sensory Characteristics of Lamb and Mutton Sausages
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Smoking the Perfect Sausage
PROCEDURES FOR SMOKING THE PERFECT SAUSAGE Start with a stuffed casing at room temperature. DRYING THE SAUSAGE You can achieve the drying by placing the sausage in your smokehouse with the damper open at about 140-150° for one hour. Reasons for drying the sausage: Drying the sausage brings all the sausages to about the same temperature for an even smoke color. Drying conditions the surface of the sausage to ready it to accept smoke. Drying causes a “skin” to form on the outside surface of the sausage. Drying gives the collagen casing strength to hold up during cooking. Drying also attaches the casing to the sausage so as to avoid forming a fat layer between the sausage and the casing. SMOKING THE SAUSAGE Smoking can be achieved by placing a pan of sawdust/chips in the smoker on the burner. The sawdust/chips must be soaked in water at least one hour. Soak in half the volume of water that you have sawdust/chips. (4 cups sawdust/2 cups water) Heat the smoker to approximately 170⁰ to ignite the sawdust/chips to achieve smoke. Close the damper to half open at this point. COOKING As the sawdust/chips burn, the water will evaporate and a dry heat will set in. The dry smoke will set the smoke in the sausage. After most of the sawdust/chips have burned, remove the pan from the smoker and let the pan cool for 5-10 minutes. After this time, fill the pan half full of water and return to the burner. Close the damper and turn the temperature to approximately 180-190⁰, this will cause a high humidity to cook the sausage. -
Greater China Beef & Sheepmeat Market Snapshot
MARKET SNAPSHOT l BEEF & SHEEPMEAT Despite being the most populous country in the world, the proportion of Chinese consumers who can regularly afford to buy Greater China high quality imported meat is relatively small in comparison to more developed markets such as the US and Japan. However, (China, Hong Kong and Taiwan) continued strong import demand for premium red meat will be driven by a significant increase in the number of wealthy households. Focusing on targeted opportunities with a differentiated product will help to build preference in what is a large, complex and competitive market. Taiwan and Hong Kong are smaller by comparison but still important markets for Australian red meat, underpinned by a high proportion of affluent households. China meat consumption 1 2 Population Household number by disposable income per capita3 US$35,000+ US$75,000+ 1,444 13% million 94.3 23% 8% 50 kg 56% 44.8 China grocery spend4 10.6 24.2 3.3 5.9 million million 333 26 3.0 51 16.1 Australia A$ Australia Korea China Korea Australia China US US China US Korea 1,573 per person 1,455 million by 2024 5% of total households 0.7% of total households (+1% from 2021) (9% by 2024) (1% by 2024) Australian beef exports to China have grown rapidly, increasing 70-fold over the past 10 years, with the country becoming Australia’s largest market in 2019. Australian beef Australian beef Australia’s share of Australian beef/veal exports – volume5 exports – value6 direct beef imports7 offal cuts exports8 4% 3% 6% 6% 3% Tripe 21% 16% Chilled grass Heart 9% A$ Chilled grain Chilled Australia Tendon Other Frozen grass Frozen 10% 65 71% Tail 17% countries million Frozen grain 84% Kidney 67% Other Total 303,283 tonnes swt Total A$2.83 billion Total 29,687 tonnes swt China has rapidly become Australia’s single largest export destination for both lamb and mutton. -
Information on How to Buy Lamb
LAMB Lamb is produced from animals less than a year old. Since the quality of lamb varies according to the age of the animal, it is advisable to buy lamb that has been USDA-graded. USDA Prime: Prime grade lamb is very high in tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. It has moderate marbling, which enhances both flavor and juiciness. Prime chops and roasts are excellent for dry-heat cooking (broiling and roasting). USDA Choice: Choice grade lamb has slightly less marbling than Prime, but still is of very high quality. Choice chops and roasts also are very tender, juicy, and flavorful and suited to dry-heat cooking. Lower grades of lamb and mutton (USDA Good, Utility, and Cull) are seldom marked with the grade if sold at retail. Most cuts of USDA Prime and Choice lamb - including shoulder cuts - are tender and can be oven roasted, broiled, or pan broiled. A leg of lamb graded Choice or Prime, for example, is delectable when oven roasted. The less tender cuts - the breast, riblets, neck, and shank - can be braised slowly to make excellent (and tender) lamb dishes. Meat from older sheep is called yearling mutton or mutton and, if it is graded, these words will be stamped on the meat along with the shield-shaped grade mark. Grades for yearling mutton and mutton are the same as for lamb, except that mutton does not qualify for the Prime grade and the Cull grade applies only to mutton. The best way to identify lamb cuts is with the lamb carcass chart shown above. -
United States Standards for Grades of Lamb, Yearling Mutton, and Mutton Carcasses
United States Department of Agriculture United States Standards Agricultural Marketing for Grades of Service Livestock Lamb, Yearling Mutton, and and Seed Division Mutton Carcasses Effective date July 6, 1992 United States Standards for Grades of Lamb, Yearling Mutton, and Mutton Carcasses The following is a reprint of the Official United States Standards for the Grades of Lamb, Yearling Mutton, and Mutton Carcasses promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture under the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 1087; 7 U.S.C. 1621-1627) as amended and related authority in the annual appropriation acts for the Department of Agriculture. The standards are reprinted with amendments effective July 6, 1992. Development of the Standards The official standards for grades of lamb and mutton carcasses were initially promulgated and made effective on February 16, 1931. The standards were amended in October 1940 (Amendment No. 1 to S.R.A. 123) so as to change the grade designations Medium and common to Commercial and Utility, respectively. In April 1951, the official standards were again amended (Amendment No. 2 to S.R.A. 123). By this amendment, Prime and Choice grades were combined and designated as Prime. The Good grade was renamed Choice, which also became the highest grade for carcasses of mutton older than yearlings. The top two-thirds of the Commercial grade was combined with the top two-third of the Utility grade and designated as Utility, thereby eliminating the Commercial grade name. The lower one-third of the Utility grade was combined with the Cull grade and designated as Cull. This amendment also provided for reflecting the minimum requirements for each grade, specified the grade requirements for varying degrees of maturity, and clarified the method for differentiating between lamb, yearling mutton, and mutton carcasses. -
The Evaluation of Pathogen Survival in Dry Cured Charcuterie Style Sausages
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences Animal and Food Sciences 2019 THE EVALUATION OF PATHOGEN SURVIVAL IN DRY CURED CHARCUTERIE STYLE SAUSAGES Jennifer Michelle McNeil University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.074 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation McNeil, Jennifer Michelle, "THE EVALUATION OF PATHOGEN SURVIVAL IN DRY CURED CHARCUTERIE STYLE SAUSAGES" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences. 102. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/102 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal and Food Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. -
Nutritional Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Sausages with Different Combinations of Goat and Beef Meats
Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2016; 6(1):42-58 Page 42 of 58 Research Article Open Access Nutritional characteristics and consumer acceptability of sausages with different combinations of goat and beef meats *Fatemeh Malekian, Margarita Khachaturyan, Sebhatu Gebrelul, and James F. Henson Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, A. O. Williams Hall, P. O. Box 10010, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA *Corresponding author: Fatemeh Malekian, Professor, Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 181 B.A. Little Drive, A.O. Williams Hall, P.O. Box 10010, Baton Rouge LA 70813, USA Submission date: October 28, 2015, Acceptance date: January 28, 2016: Publication date: January 29, 2016 ABSTRACT Background: Obesity and cardiovascular heart diseases are becoming more prevalent in the United States. This is partly due to the increasing consumption of red meats, such as pork and beef. However, goat meat has the potential to replace these traditionally consumed meats. Rice bran is a rich source of antioxidants, including vitamin E, which can be utilized as a binder in meat and meat-related products. Methods: Goat meat/beef sausages were formulated to contain either 50/50, 75/25 or 100/0 percent goat meat/beef, with either no added rice bran (NRB) or 3 percent stabilized rice bran (RB). Proximate analysis, fatty acids, 훼-tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations of the six cooked formulations were determined. The six sausage formulations were compared in a consumer acceptability taste test. Results: The fat concentration of the NRB and RB formulations decreased linearly with increasing percentages of goat meat (p < 0.001). -
Microbial Characterization of Horse Meat Dry Sausage
Microbial characterization of horse meat dry sausage Microbial characterization of horse meat dry sausage ;/"/457&/04536ė/*%*0 Microbial characterization Table 1 Methodology of microbiological analyses per, garlic, nitrite salt). After filling Parameter Growth medium Incubation in the natural casing and draining Aerobic mesophilic bacteria Plate Count Agar (PCA) $IPVST on the sticks, cold smoking followed of horse meat dry sausage De Man Ragosa Sharpe for 3 days and then ripening in the Lactic acid bacteria $IPVST agar (MRS) fermentation chamber for 33 days. Coagulase-negative cocci Manitol Salt Agar (MSA) $IPVST Sampling was done every time with S. aureus Baird-Parker agar (BP) $IPVST three sausages sampled on the day Alagić, D. 1, N. Zdolec 2, B. Njari 2, I. Filipović 2, A. Ekert-Kabalin 3, G. Ćorić-Alagić 4, M. Stojnović 1, N. Vragović 5, L. Kozačinski 2 Violet red bile glucose BOE"UUIFCFHJOOJOHPG Enterobacteria $IPVST agar (VRBG) production process sampling was scientific paper E. coli Coli ID $IPVST done also for the raw material (horse Oxytetracycline yeast agar Yeasts and moulds $EBZT meat and pork fat tissue). The sam- with tetracycline (OGY) Kanamycin esculin agar ples were transported to the labora- Enterococci $IPVST (KEA) UPSZJOBQPSUBCMFSFGSJHFSBUPS C). Cetrimide-fucidin- Pseudomonas spp. $IPVST All samples were analyzed for micro- Summary cephaloridine ( CFC) agar The aim of this study was to evaluate microbiological changes of traditionally produced horse meat sausages depending on maturing Sulphyte Polymixine biological analyses in triplicate. Sulphite reducing clostridia $EBZT phases and season, to determine lactic acid bacteria and to research their inhibitory potential towards L. monocytogenes. Produc- Suphadiazine agar (SPS) Buffered peptonic water tion season influenced significantly on total viable count, lactic acid bacteria, coagulase-negative cocci, enterococci and yeasts in $IPVST Microbiological analyses Rappaport-Vasiliadis broth final product (p<0.05). -
Sensory Evaluation of Various Lamb Meat Foods by Judging Consumers
KUKOVICS & NÉMETH: SENSORY EVALUATION OF LAMB MEAT FOODS BY CONSUMERS Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 43 (2), pp. 254–263 (2014) DOI: 10.1556/AAlim.43.2014.2.9 SENSORY EVALUATION OF VARIOUS LAMB MEAT FOODS BY JUDGING CONSUMERS S. KUKOVICS* and T. NÉMETH Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 2053 Herceghalom, Gesztenyés u. 1. Hungary (Received: 6 November 2012; accepted: 24 February 2013) Four kinds of lamb meat foods (Wiener sausage, ham, roasted meat, and roasted leg) were developed based on 8 different genotypes to improve lamb meat quality and quantity, and to study the differences among them. The stringiness, flavour, and odour of the products were judged in food sensory evaluation by a total of 265 (60% male and 40% female) randomly selected consumers. In stringiness and flavour five (from 1 to 5), and concerning odour three (from 1 to 3) categories were created according to decreasing quality. The consumers represented different age groups: below 20 years, between 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, 61–70, and above 70 years. The groups of consumers were involved in sheep farming, other animal farming, other agriculture sector, industry, catering, education, other service; administrative department of the state, were students, and others. Analyses of variance were calculated to estimate the effects of the genotype of lamb, the gender, age, and occupation of judging consumers on the sensory evaluation of the meat foods. In conclusion, new lamb meat foods were highly appreciated by consumers, who made definite distinctions among genotypes according to flavour, stinginess, and odour. There were significant interactions between gender, age, and occupation of consumers as well as sensory evaluation of various lamb meat foods. -
We're A' Jock Tamson's Bairns
Some hae meat and canna eat, BIG DISHES SIDES Selkirk and some wad eat that want it, Frying Scotsman burger £12.95 Poke o' ChipS £3.45 Buffalo Farm beef burger, haggis fritter, onion rings. whisky cream sauce & but we hae meat and we can eat, chunky chips Grace and sae the Lord be thankit. Onion Girders & Irn Bru Mayo £2.95 But 'n' Ben Burger £12.45 Buffalo Farm beef burger, Isle of Mull cheddar, lettuce & tomato & chunky chips Roasted Roots £2.95 Moving Munros (v)(vg) £12.95 Hoose Salad £3.45 Wee Plates Mooless vegan burger, vegan haggis fritter, tomato chutney, pickles, vegan cheese, vegan bun & chunky chips Mashed Tatties £2.95 Soup of the day (v) £4.45 Oor Famous Steak Pie £13.95 Served piping hot with fresh baked sourdough bread & butter Steak braised long and slow, encased in hand rolled golden pastry served with Champit Tatties £2.95 roasted roots & chunky chips or mash Cullen skink £8.95 Baked Beans £2.95 Traditional North East smoked haddock & tattie soup, served in its own bread Clan Mac £11.95 bowl Macaroni & three cheese sauce with Isle of Mull, Arron smoked cheddar & Fresh Baked Sourdough Bread & Butter £2.95 Parmesan served with garlic sourdough bread Haggis Tower £4.95 £13.95 FREEDOM FRIES £6.95 Haggis, neeps and tatties with a whisky sauce Piper's Fish Supper Haggis crumbs, whisky sauce, fried crispy onions & crispy bacon bits Battered Peterhead haddock with chunky chips, chippy sauce & pickled onion Trio of Scottishness £5.95 £4.95 Haggis, Stornoway black pudding & white pudding, breaded baws, served with Sausage & Mash -
Specific PCR Test for the Quick Recognition of Equine Tissue in Raw
a OSSN 0101-2061 (Print) OSSN 1678-457X (Dnline) Food Science and Technology DDO: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.39417 Species – specific PCR test for the quick recognition of equine tissue in raw and processed beef meat mixtures Khaled Abd El-Hamid ABD EL-RAZOK1*, Azza Sayed Mohamed ABUELNAGA2, Abdelgayed Metwaly YDUNES3, Nagwa Sayed ATTA2, Amany Ahmed ARAFA2, Mai Mohamed KANDOL2 Abstract PCR was applied for the discovery of adulteration of crude and processed beef meat with horse and donkey tissue. This was performed by blending (w/w) horse or donkey meat to beef meat in an extent up to 1:10000 (0.01%). The sensitivity was resolved as high as 0.01%. All used primers showed specificity in the PCR reactions utilizing layout DNAs from three animal species. PCR application on 96 beef meat and meat product samples gathered randomly from street vendors and prominent retail markets (24 of burger, 16 of minced meat, 24 of kofta, 16 of sausage, 7 of raw meat and 9 of launcheon) uncovered 6 positive for donkey tissue (3 from sausage, 2 from minced meat and 1 from kofta) and 2 positive for horse tissue (from sausage). This basic PCR strategy effectively distinguished adulteration of raw and processed beef meat samples with horse and donkey tissue. This work also highlights on the severity of the meat adulteration problem in Egypt. Keywords: meat adulteration; Egypt; PCR; beef; equines. Practical Application: Species-Specific PCR for identification of horse and donkey tissue in raw and processed beef meat to prevent meat adulteration in Egypt. 1 Introduction Regardless of performing more strict food labeling regulations appropriate particle for species identifying and distinguishing locally and all around, the adulteration or misrepresentation of evidence in foods (Singh & Neelam, 2011). -
Sheep Skill-A-Thon Booklet
2016-2017 Citrus County Fair Sheep Skill-a-Thon Sheep Skill-a-thon 1 INTRODUCTION This manual has been developed by the Animal Sciences Department Faculty at the University of Florida as a study guide for the Sheep Skill-a-thon. The topic for this year’s Skill-a-thon is Products and Marketing. The Citrus County Fair recognizes that agricultural education instructors, parents, 4H agents and leaders provide the traditional and logical instructional link between youth, their livestock projects and current trends in the animal agriculture industry. PLEASE NOTE: This manual is provided as a study guide for the Skill-a-thon competition and should be used as an additional aid to ongoing educational programs. Sections are labeled Junior, Intermediate & Senior, Intermediate & Senior, or Senior to help exhibitors and educators identify which materials are required for each age level. The knowledge and skills vary by age group and may include: Juniors (age 8-10 as of September 1, 2016) By Products, Wholesale cuts & Primal Intermediates (age 11-13 as of September 1, 2016) all of the above plus... Retail Cuts Cookery Seniors (age 14 and over as of September 1, 2016) all of the above plus.... Sheep/Lamb Evaluation Wool Grades Quality Assurance Skeletal Anatomy GOOD LUCK! Sheep Skill -a-thon 2 Products and Marketing Youth livestock projects focus on the selection, raising, showing and often selling of animals. By virtue of their participation in livestock projects, youth become part of an industry that provides food and fiber for the world. Steps involved in the movement of animals and animal products from producer to consumer are known as processing and marketing. -
CHAPTER-2 Charcutierie Introduction: Charcuterie (From Either the French Chair Cuite = Cooked Meat, Or the French Cuiseur De
CHAPTER-2 Charcutierie Introduction: Charcuterie (from either the French chair cuite = cooked meat, or the French cuiseur de chair = cook of meat) is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products such as sausage primarily from pork. The practice goes back to ancient times and can involve the chemical preservation of meats; it is also a means of using up various meat scraps. Hams, for instance, whether smoked, air-cured, salted, or treated by chemical means, are examples of charcuterie. The French word for a person who prepares charcuterie is charcutier , and that is generally translated into English as "pork butcher." This has led to the mistaken belief that charcuterie can only involve pork. The word refers to the products, particularly (but not limited to) pork specialties such as pâtés, roulades, galantines, crépinettes, etc., which are made and sold in a delicatessen-style shop, also called a charcuterie." SAUSAGE A simple definition of sausage would be ‘the coarse or finely comminuted (Comminuted means diced, ground, chopped, emulsified or otherwise reduced to minute particles by mechanical means) meat product prepared from one or more kind of meat or meat by-products, containing various amounts of water, usually seasoned and frequently cured .’ A sausage is a food usually made from ground meat , often pork , beef or veal , along with salt, spices and other flavouring and preserving agents filed into a casing traditionally made from intestine , but sometimes synthetic. Sausage making is a traditional food preservation technique. Sausages may be preserved by curing , drying (often in association with fermentation or culturing, which can contribute to preservation), smoking or freezing.