DOCSLIB.ORG

What Are Low Island Environments?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Are Low Island Environments? USP Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Paci"c low island environments / created by Island Research & Education Initiative in collaboration with Paci"c Resources for Education and Learning. -- Palikir, Pohnpei : Island Research & Education Initiative, 2014. 42 p. : col. ill. ; 29cm. ISBN 978-982-9123-89-3 1. Physical geography--Oceania--Juvenile literature. I. Island Research & Education Initiative. II. Paci"c Resources for Education and Learning. GB391.P334 2014 910.021--dc23 Paci!c Islands Climate Education Partnership (PCEP) Author: Danko Taboroši Editors: Marylin Low and Art Sussman Photography: please see page 40 for photo credits Vector illustrations: please see page 40 for illustration credits Design, layout, and image processing: Jyrgalism Design Funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant #1239733 Published by Island Research & Education Initiative (iREi) i REi PO Box PS 303, Palikir, Pohnpei, FM 96941 Federated States of Micronesia $is book is one in a series of environmental and climate education books prepared for schools in the Paci"c Islands. $is and the other titles in the series can be obtained from iREi and PREL. For more information, please visit PCEP at pcep.prel.org or contact iREi at [email protected] or PREL at [email protected]. Citation: Taboroši, Danko. Paci!c Low Island Environments. Paci"c islands Climate Education Partnership (PCEP), Place-based resources for Paci"c Island schools. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: Island Research & Education Initiative, 2014. © 2014 iREi and PREL. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the iREi and PREL. Note: We hereby grant permission to the employees and volunteers of PREL, iREi, WestEd, College of the Marshall Islands, and the University of Hawai‘i, as well as employees and volunteers of government education authorities in American Sāmoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Guam, Hawai‘i, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and the Republic of Palau (ROP) to reproduce and/or modify parts of this publication for direct teaching purposes provided that this book is cited as the source and reproduced and/or modi"ed material is less than 50% of the total. PACIFIC Disclaimer: $is work has been funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant #1239733 to Paci"c Resources for Education and Learning (PREL) in partnership with WestEd, University of Hawaii, and the LOW ISLAND ENVIRONMENTS College of the Marshall Islands. $e "ndings and opinions expressed here are those of Island Research & Education Initiative (iREi) and do not necessarily re%ect the views of the funding agency. Place-based resources for Pacific Island schools DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS For students, teachers and communities 4 INTRODUCTION living in tropical Paci!c island environments. 6 WHAT IS A LOW ISLAND? 8 WHAT ARE LOW ISLAND ENVIRONMENTS? 10 ATOLL FOREST 12 VILLAGES 14 AGROFOREST 16 TARO PATCH 18 LAGOON-FACING SHORE 20 OCEAN-FACING SHORE 22 ISLAND WITHOUT PEOPLE 24 LAGOON 26 LAGOON-FACING REEF 28 PATCH REEF 30 OCEAN-FACING REEF 32 OPEN OCEAN 34 GLOSSARY 36 TEACHING TIPS 40 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 2 3 t INTRODUCTION There are two main kinds of This book describes di&erent These islands are in the Paci"c The words that are in brown islands in the Paci"c Ocean: environments on Paci"c low Ocean near the equator. Because might be new words in English high islands and low islands. All islands. $is book has pictures of this location, the islands have for you to know. Check out the islands where people live have of these environments, and the a warm climate. It is warm for Glossary near the back of the some of the same environments plants and animals that live the whole year. It is warm during book where you can learn what (kinds of places such as coral there. See how many of these the day and warm during the each of these words mean. We reef, open ocean, and forest). environments you know about. night. $e ocean is warm all year. write these words in brown the Some islands have unique places You can also read the high $is warm climate is di&erent "rst time they are in the book. that are not on all the other island book that describes other from the climate in many other islands. environments such as upland parts of the planet. Many of the forests and caves. plants and animals that live here This book has pictures of plants are di&erent from the plants and and animals that live on low animals that live in colder parts islands. How many of the plants of the planet. and animals do you already know? What plants and animals do you see on the island that are not in the book? Talk with your friends, family and teachers to "nd out what they know about the environments, plants and animals on your island home. 4 5 t WHAT IS A LOW ISLAND? BIRTH OF A LOW ISLAND Low islands in the Paci"c Some places on top of the ring- Ocean that are far from shaped reef can become low CORALS HIGH ISLAND continents started as underwater islands. $ese low islands begin volcanoes. $e lava from the as piles of sand and rocks that are volcano rose above the ocean pieces of dead coral and shells surface and became an island of other ocean organisms. Over with high hills or mountains. time, the piles keep growing Because such islands usually and become small islands. $ese rise high above the ocean, we small islands are very di&erent CORAL REEF call them high islands. $e top from high islands. $e small atoll picture shows a high island that islands are usually narrow and is surrounded by a coral reef. %at, with no hills or mountains. Since these atoll islands rise very little above the ocean surface, we Over millions of years, a high call them low islands. island can become lower and lower, and then disappear below CORAL REEF the water. $e middle picture LOW ISLAND shows that as the high island gets lower, coral reefs can still grow LAGOON around it in a ring-like shape. Even a'er the original island has been gone for a very long time (bottom picture), the coral of the surrounding reefs keeps growing and stays near sea level. A reef shaped like a ring and the lagoon that it surrounds are called an atoll. An atoll is shaped like the coast of the original high island that disappeared. 6 7 WHAT ARE LOW ISLAND Ancient people traveling in canoes discovered these islands. t $en more people came and brought animals, built villages, and ENVIRONMENTS? planted fruits and other plants that they needed. Low islands began without any plants or animals living on them. These low islands that began without plants or animals became Over time, ocean currents, wind, and birds brought seeds of plants to home to many di&erent kinds of plants and animals. $ey live in these new islands. Small plants began to grow. $eir roots held sand terrestrial (land) environments, such as forests and gardens. $e and rocks, and stopped the waves and currents from easily washing plants and animals also live in aquatic (water) environments, such them away. as taro pits and the lagoon. Each kind of environment has di&erent conditions that make it a good habitat for the kinds of plants and animals that live in that environment. Turtles came to beaches to make their nests. Plants grew and made the soil richer, and this richer soil then helped larger trees to grow on these islands. Birds and bats came %ying and made new homes in the new forests. Other land animals, such as lizards and insects, arrived on things that %oat in the ocean such as logs. OCEAN LOW ISLAND LAGOON REEF 8 9 t ATOLL FOREST Atoll forests exist on low Typical trees in atoll forests islands that are not disturbed are coconut, beach gardenia, by human activity. $ey have "sh poison tree, strangler "g, trees, bushes, and herbs that terminalia, wild hibiscus, and survive well on low islands. lanterntree. Atoll forests are Most of these plants are native important habitats for many – they grew on the islands native lizards, birds, and bats. before people came there. 10 11 t AGROFOREST Many low islands in the Over time, contact with Paci"c have been inhabited by people from other islands people for hundreds, or even brought additional useful plants several thousand years. Ancient and ways of growing food. people brought breadfruit, taro, $ese activities have created a pandanus, kinds of coconut, kind of man-made forest that and other plants that they is full of fruit trees and other needed. useful plants. Scientists call this type of forest an “agroforest.” 12 13 t VILLAGES In addition to the trees, Also, there are many weeds bushes, and herbs that people that grow wild and are not planted and carefully managed wanted by people. Weeds are in agroforests, various native usually non-native plants that and non-native plants grow grow in disturbed areas such within villages. People look as rubbish piles, roadsides, and a'er some of them. Others are messy yards. Some weeds are wild plants that are allowed to invasive. $ese invasive weeds grow because people use grow quickly and spread, and them or simply like the way can harm the environment. they look. 14 15 t TARO PATCH Taro is one of the most The ground a few meters important traditional food below the land surface has fresh sources on low islands.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mangroves Relevant to the Pacific Islands
    PACIFIC MARINE CLIMATE CHANGE REPORT CARD Science Review 2018: pp 99-111 Effects of Climate Change on Mangroves Relevant to the Pacific Islands Joanna C. Ellison, University of Tasmania, Australia. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pacific island mangroves include the world’s centre of mangrove biodiversity in Papua New Guinea, and extend east through all countries and territories as far as the Marshall Islands and Samoa. Mangroves provide many values to local communities, however immense worldwide losses have occurred in the past century owing to human coastal development, including around urban centres in the Pacific islands. There is limited published information on the current health and status of Pacific island mangroves. Mangrove seaward edge retreat attributed to relative sea level rise has been shown by spatial analysis between 1961-2003 in American Samoa, long-term mangrove zone retreat landward has been shown from the tectonically subsiding coastlines of SW Papua and Tikina Wai, Fiji, and Micronesian mangrove substrates are not keeping up with relative sea level rise, all indicating future mangrove loss with accelerated rates. Future effects of climate change on Pacific island mangroves could include mangrove mortality during unusually dry periods, and devastating impacts from the higher rates of sea level rise that are projected. There is agreement and consensus that potential impacts of projected sea level rise will be high on mangroves of the Pacific islands, and priority adaptation actions include promotion of mangrove substrate accretion and mangrove monitoring. Introduction Mangroves are a taxonomically diverse group of specially adapted fauna, the word also refers to the tropical tree species, which have developed wetland habitat in which they occur, of low energy, low adaptations to inter-tidal habitats including salt control gradient tropical coastlines falling between mean and strategies, aerial roots, seed germination before high tide levels (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands of the Pacific Island Region
    Wetlands Ecol Manage DOI 10.1007/s11273-008-9097-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Wetlands of the Pacific Island region Joanna C. Ellison Received: 1 August 2007 / Accepted: 19 April 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract The wetlands of 21 countries and territo- remain in this region. Only five countries are signato- ries of the Pacific Islands region are reviewed: ries to the Ramsar convention on wetlands, and this American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of only recently with seven sites. Wetland managers have Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, identified the need for community education, baseline Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, surveys and monitoring, better legislation and policy Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, for wetland management, and improved capacity of Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, local communities to allow the wise use of their Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna. The regions’ wet- wetlands. lands are classified into seven systems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, riverine, lacustrine, Keywords Oceania Á Wetland Á Pacific Islands Á freshwater swamp forests and marshes. The diversity Seagrass Á Mangrove Á Coral reef Á River Á Lake Á of species in each of these groups is at near global Freshwater swamp Á Marsh maxima at the west of the region, with decline towards the east with increasing isolation, and decreasing island size and age. The community structure is unique Introduction in each country, and many have endemic species with the habitat isolation that epitomises this island region. The Pacific Islands region (Fig. 1) while comprising There remain, however, some serious gaps in basic almost 38.5 million km2, supports less than 0.6 mil- inventory, particularly in freshwater biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Wg8j-04-Inf-08-En
    CBD Distr. GENERAL CONVENTION ON UNEP/CBD/WG8J/4/INF/8 BIOLOGICAL Date: October 2005 DIVERSITY ENGLISH ONLY AD HOC OPEN-ENDED INTER-SESSIONAL WORKING GROUP ON ARTICLE 8(j) AND RELATED PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Fourth meeting Granada, 23-27 January 2006 Item 5 of the provisional agenda* COMPOSITE REPORT ON THE STATUS AND TRENDS REGARDING THE KNOWLEDGE, INNOVATIONS AND PRACTICES OF INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES Regional report: Pacific Note by the Executive Secretary 1. The Executive Secretary is circulating herewith, for the information of participants in the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended International Working Group on Article 8(j) and Related Provisions, the regional report for the Pacific region on the status and trends regarding the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities, which has been used as input for the Executive Summary of the second phase of the composite report on the same subject (UNEP/CBD/WG8J/4/4). 2. The report is being circulated in the form and language in which it was received by the Secretariat. * UNEP/CBD/WG8J/4/INF/8 For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and not 1 to request additional copies REPORT ON THREATS TO THE PRACTICE AND TRANSMISSION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE REGIONAL REPORT: THE PACIFIC Phase II of the Composite Report on the Status and Trends Regarding the Knowledge, Innovation and Practices Of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities Relevant to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Prepared for the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity by Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia and Oceania: Physical Geography ×
    This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry Australia and Oceania: Physical Geography For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/oceania-physical-geography/ Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. It includes Australia, the smallest continent in terms of total land area. Most of Australia and Oceania is under the Pacific, a vast body of water that is larger than all the Earth’s continental landmasses and islands combined. The name “Oceania” justly establishes the Pacific Ocean as the defining characteristic of the continent. Oceania is dominated by the nation of Australia. The other two major landmasses of Oceania are the microcontinent of Zealandia, which includes the country of New Zealand, and the western half of the island of New Guinea, made up of the nation of Papua New Guinea. Oceania also includes three island regions: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (including the U.S. state of Hawaii). Oceania’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. Oceania can be divided into three island groups: continental islands, high islands, and low islands. The islands in each group are formed in different ways and are made up of different materials. Continental islands have a variety of physical features, while high and low islands are fairly uniform in their physical geography. Continental Islands Continental islands were once attached to continents before sea level changes and tectonic activity isolated them.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Change in the Pacific Islands
    COASTAL CHANGE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS VOLUME ONE: A Guide to Support Community Understanding of Coastal Erosion and Flooding Issues This document is made possible by the generous support of the Australian Government funded community based adaptation project led by The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region project funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Suggested Citation: Gombos, M., Ramsay, D., Webb, A., Marra, J., Atkinson, S., & Gorong, B. (Eds.). (2014). Coastal Change in the Pacific Islands, Volume One: A Guide to Support Community Understanding of Coastal Erosion and Flooding Issues. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: Micronesia Conservation Trust. Front cover photos by Arthur Webb, Doug Ramsay, Meghan Gombos, and Arthur Webb (top left to right); and Doug Ramsay (center) Back cover photos by Fenno Brunken (top) and Doug Ramsay (bottom) Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................5 About This Guide .....................................................................................................................................8 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Audience
    [Show full text]
  • Conquest Paradise
    Conquest of Paradise Illustration ©1984, 2007 Herb Kawainui Kane Designer’s Notes Conquest of Paradise is a grand strategic game; not exactly an historic simulation game, but perhaps an archeological simulation game! Each turn of the game represents about five years of real time. Each hexagon on the game map spans about 600 nautical miles of the Pacific Ocean. Inside this booklet you will find the historic and archeological backgrounds – and their impact on the game – for the named Explorers, the Arts & Culture cards, and the Island Group tiles. There is nothing in this booklet that is required for game play. To make it easy to find the descriptions of your discoveries, each of the three sections is arranged in alphabetical order. One day, when they had been at sea for a long time, Explorers Makali’i said to Hawai’i Loa, “Let’s steer the canoe in the direction of the Eastern Star, the discoverer of land”. Hawai'i Loa So they steered straight onward and arrived at the Hawai’i Loa was a distinguished man. He was noted easternmost island of the Hawaiian chain. throughout the islands for his fishing excursions, which would occupy many months – sometimes the whole year! They went ashore and found the land fertile and pleasant, He would roam about the ocean in his big double-hulled filled with birds and coconut trees. Hawai’i Loa gave the canoe with his crew, his officers, his navigators, and land his name. They had left their wives and children at always with his principal navigator, Makali’i.
    [Show full text]
  • SAILORS and TRADERS
    SAILORS and TRADERS ".BSJUJNF)JTUPSZ PGUIF1BDJ¹D1FPQMFT Alastair Couper Sailors and Traders 1Coup_i-xiv.indd i 10/28/08 7:58:59 AM Sailors and A Maritime History of 1Coup_i-xiv.indd ii 10/28/08 7:59:00 AM Traders the Pacific Peoples Alastair Couper University of Hawai‘i Press honolulu 1Coup_i-xiv.indd iii 10/28/08 7:59:00 AM © 2009 University of Hawai‘i Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Couper, A. D. Sailors and traders: a maritime history of the Pacific peoples / by Alastair Couper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3239-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Pacific Islanders—History. 2. Sea Peoples—Pacific Area—History. 3. Sailors—Pacific Area—History. 4. Shipping—Pacific Area—History. I. Title. GN662.C68 2009 995—dc22 2008038710 An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open-access ISBN for this book is 9780824887650 (PDF). More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. The open access version of this book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the work may be freely downloaded and shared for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
    [Show full text]
  • High Islands Versus Low Islands: a Comparison of fish Faunal Composition of the Palau Islands
    Environmental Biology of Fishes 65: 241–248, 2002. © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. High islands versus low islands: a comparison of fish faunal composition of the Palau Islands Terry J. Donaldson International Marinelife Alliance, Integrative Biological Research Program, University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923, U.S.A. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 821-8581, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 13 February 2001 Accepted 23 January 2002 Key words: biodiversity, coral reefs, islands, species diversity, richness, visual transects Synopsis High islands, with potentially greater habitat diversity, are expected to have greater species richness and diversity compared to low islands, typically atolls and coral islands of lower habitat diversity, within the same geographical area. Patterns of species similarity, richness, and diversity were compared among coral reef fishes between the low island of the Southwest Palau Islands (SWPI), and the low and high islands of the Main Palauan Archipelago (MPA). Data from diurnal visual transects accounted for approximately 64% and 69% of the shorefish faunas known from the SWPI and MPA, respectively. Two distinct fish faunas were representative of low and high islands. The first was confined to the coral islands of the SWPI. The second was partitioned into both low and high islands of the MPA, and Helen Reef, a large atoll in the SWPI. The second type was clustered into atolls, low islands with atoll-like barrier reef systems, a coral island, and three high island systems, one with an extensive barrier reef system.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological and Geomorphological Features of Outstanding Universal Value in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area
    Geological and geomorphological features with OUV in the GBRWHA GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE IN THE GREAT BARRIER REEF WORLD HERITAGE AREA February 2013 Technical Report Prepared for the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities Compiled by Geoscience Australia and James Cook University 1 Geological and geomorphological features with OUV in the GBRWHA Geological and Geomorphological features of Outstanding Universal Value in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritatge Area. February 2013 Authors: Tanya Whiteway1, Scott Smithers2, Anna Potter1 and Brendan Brooke1 1Coastal Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, Canberra 2School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 2 Geological and geomorphological features with OUV in the GBRWHA 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 5 2 GREAT BARRIER REEF WORLD HERITAGE AREA ............................................... 6 3 IDENTIFICATION OF FEATURES OF OUV ........................................................... 7 4 GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF ................................ 8 5 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES WITH OUV ................. 10 5.1 Fringing Reefs ......................................................................................................... 11 5.1.1 Description ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems: a Region by Region Overview
    SPECIAL FEATURE: WETLANDS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE AND LAND- USE CHANGE Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview Raymond D. Ward,1,5 Daniel A. Friess,2 Richard H. Day,3 and Richard A. MacKenzie4 1Aquatic Research Centre, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK 2Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Singapore, 117570, Singapore 3US Geological Survey, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, Louisiana 70506 USA 4Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 60Nowelo Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 USA Abstract. Inter-related and spatially variable climate change factors including sea level rise, increased storminess, altered precipitation regime and increasing temperature are impacting mangroves at re- gional scales. This review highlights extreme regional variation in climate change threats and impacts, and how these factors impact the structure of mangrove communities, their biodiversity and geo- morphological setting. All these factors interplay to determine spatially variable resiliency to climate change impacts, and because mangroves are varied in type and geographical location, these systems are good models for understanding such interactions at different scales. Sea level rise is likely to in- fluence mangroves in all regions although local impacts are likely to be more varied. Changes in the frequency and intensity of storminess are likely to have a greater impact on N and Central America, Asia, Australia, and East Africa than West Africa and S. America. This review also highlights the nu- merous geographical knowledge gaps of climate change impacts, with some regions particularly understudied (e.g., Africa and the Middle East). While there has been a recent drive to address these knowledge gaps especially in South America and Asia, further research is required to allow research- ers to tease apart the processes that influence both vulnerability and resilience to climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • ED056946.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME SO 002 053 ED 056 946 AUTHOR Henderson, John VI.; AndOthers TITLE Area Handbook foxOceania. INSTITUTION American Univ., Washington,D.C. Foreign Area Studies. REPORT NO DA-PAM-550-94 PUB DATE 9 Jul 70 NOTE 564p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402 (S4.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC Not Availablefrom EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; Art;*Developing Nations; Economic Climate *Foreign Culture; Geography;Governmental Structure; History;Institutions; Religion; Social Characteristics; Social Structure;Values IDENTIFIERS American Samoa; EducationalSystems; Guam; *Oceania ABSTRACT This handbook is designed tobe useful to people who need a convenient compilationof basic facts about thesocial, economic, political and militaryinstitutions and practices of oceania countries. The titleOceania refers to the land areasof south-central Pacific. However, in thehandbook the scope is limited mainly to most of Melanesia, mostof Polynesia, and a few islands ordinarily grouped as part ofMicronesia. An effort has been made to deal with the political, social,economic, and military trends in these countries since World WarIT. There are no attempts tomake U.S. policy recommendationstoward these countries. Anextensive bibliography is provided to assistin more detailed information. (Author/AWW) ERRATA Page 304: Following should be inserted in thetext in blank space under PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA high levels, and the development of the economy as rapidly aspossi- ble. The goals are not always compatible. Policies areformulated and implemented through appropriate governmentaldepartments and agencies, through laws passed, and throughspecialized programs based on research. Page 554: The two biblioaaphy entries appearing on this page are a part of the bibliography "Other Sources Used"that are thown on Page 539.
    [Show full text]