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Activity Strength Within Optic Flow-Sensitive Cortical Regions Is Associated with Visual Path Integration Accuracy in Aged Adults
brain sciences Article Activity Strength within Optic Flow-Sensitive Cortical Regions Is Associated with Visual Path Integration Accuracy in Aged Adults Lauren Zajac 1,2,* and Ronald Killiany 1,2 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA 02118, USA; [email protected] 2 Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Spatial navigation is a cognitive skill fundamental to successful interaction with our envi- ronment, and aging is associated with weaknesses in this skill. Identifying mechanisms underlying individual differences in navigation ability in aged adults is important to understanding these age- related weaknesses. One understudied factor involved in spatial navigation is self-motion perception. Important to self-motion perception is optic flow–the global pattern of visual motion experienced while moving through our environment. A set of optic flow-sensitive (OF-sensitive) cortical regions was defined in a group of young (n = 29) and aged (n = 22) adults. Brain activity was measured in this set of OF-sensitive regions and control regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants performed visual path integration (VPI) and turn counting (TC) tasks. Aged adults had stronger activity in RMT+ during both tasks compared to young adults. Stronger activity in the OF-sensitive regions LMT+ and RpVIP during VPI, not TC, was associated with greater VPI Citation: Zajac, L.; Killiany, R. accuracy in aged adults. The activity strength in these two OF-sensitive regions measured during Activity Strength within Optic VPI explained 42% of the variance in VPI task performance in aged adults. -
Φ-Features in Animal Cognition
φ-Features in Animal Cognition Chris Golston This paper argues that the core φ-features behind grammatical person, number, and gender are widely used in animal cognition and are in no way limited to humans or to communication. Based on this, it is hypothesized (i) that the semantics behind φ-features were fixed long before primates evolved, (ii) that most go back as far as far as vertebrates, and (iii) that some are shared with insects and plants. Keywords: animal cognition; gender; number; person 1. Introduction Bickerton claims that language is ill understood as a communication system: [F]or most of us, language seems primarily, or even exclusively, to be a means of communication. But it is not even primarily a means of communication. Rather, it is a system of representation, a means for sorting and manipulating the plethora of information that deluges us throughout our waking life. (Bickerton 1990: 5) As Berwick & Chomsky (2016: 102) put it recently “language is fundamentally a system of thought”. Since much of our system of representation seems to be shared with other animals, it has been argued that we should “search for the ancestry of language not in prior systems of animal communication, but in prior representational systems” (Bickerton 1990: 23). In support of this, I provide evidence that all the major φ-features are shared with primates, most with vertebrates, and some with plants; and that there are no φ-features whose semantics are unique to humans. Specifically human categories, including all things that vary across human cultures, seem to I’d like to thank Steve Adisasmito-Smith, Charles Ettner, Sean Fulop, Steven Moran, Nadine Müller, three anonymous reviewers for EvoLang, two anonymous reviewers for Biolinguistics and Kleanthes Grohmann for help in identifying weakness in earlier drafts, as well as audiences at California State University Fresno, Marburg Universität, and Universitetet i Tromsø for helpful discussion. -
Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating European Glass Eels
Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating European Glass Eels (Anguilla anguilla) Cresci, Alessandro https://scholarship.miami.edu/view/delivery/01UOML_INST/12356199980002976 Cresci, A. (2020). Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating European Glass Eels (Anguilla anguilla) (University of Miami). Retrieved from https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031453189802976/01U OML_INST:ResearchRepository Open 2020/05/11 19:16:33 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MAGNETIC AND CELESTIAL ORIENTATION OF MIGRATING EUROPEAN GLASS EELS (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) By Alessandro Cresci A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Coral Gables, Florida May 2020 ©2020 Alessandro Cresci All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy MAGNETIC AND CELESTIAL ORIENTATION OF MIGRATING EUROPEAN GLASS EELS (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) Alessandro Cresci Approved: ________________ _________________ Josefina Olascoaga, Ph.D. Joseph E. Serafy, Ph.D. Professor of Physical Oceanography Research Professor Ocean Sciences Marine Biology and Ecology ________________ _________________ William E. Johns, Ph.D. Evan K. D’Alessandro, Ph.D. Professor of Physical Oceanography Lecturer and Director, M.P.S Ocean Sciences Marine Biology and Ecology ________________ ________________ Howard I. Browman, Ph.D. Caroline M.F. Durif, Ph.D. Principal Research Scientist Principal Research Scientist Institute of Marine Research Institute of Marine Research ________________ Guillermo Prado, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School CRESCI, ALESSANDRO (Ph.D., Ocean Sciences) Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating (May 2020) European Glass Eels (Anguilla anguilla) Abstract of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Josefina Olascoaga. -
Behavioral Strategies, Sensory Cues, and Brain Mechanisms
Intro to Neuroscience: Behavioral Neuroscience Animal Navigation: Behavioral strategies, sensory cues, and brain mechanisms Nachum Ulanovsky Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science Outline of today’s lecture • Introduction: Feats of animal navigation • Navigational strategies: • Beaconing • Route following • Path integration • Map and Compass / Cognitive Map • Sensory cues for navigation: • Compass mechanisms • Map mechanisms • Brain mechanisms of Navigation (brief introduction) • Summary Outline of today’s lecture • Introduction: Feats of animal navigation • Navigational strategies: • Beaconing • Route following • Path integration • Map and Compass / Cognitive Map • Sensory cues for navigation: • Compass mechanisms • Map mechanisms • Brain mechanisms of Navigation (brief introduction) • Summary Shearwater migration across the pacific יסעור Population data from 19 birds 3 pairs of birds Recaptured at their breeding Shaffer et al. PNAS 103:12799-12802 (2006) grounds in New Zealand Some other famous examples • Wandering Albatross: finding a tiny island in the vast ocean • Salmon: returning to the river of birth after years in the ocean • Sea Turtles • Monarch Butterflies • Spiny Lobsters • … And many other examples (some of them we will see later) Mammals can also do it… Medium-scale navigation: Egyptian fruit bats navigating to an individual tree Tsoar, Nathan, Bartan, Vyssotski, Dell’Omo & Ulanovsky (PNAS, 2011) GPS movie: Bat 079 A typical example of a full night flight of an individual bat released @ cave Bat roost Foraging tree 5 Km Characteristics of the bats’ commuting flights: • Long-distance flights (often > 15 km one-way) • Very straight flights (straightness index > 0.9 for almost all bats) • Very fast (typically 30–40 km/hr, and up to 63 km/hr) • Very high (typically 100–200 meters, and up to 643 m) • Bats returned to the same individual tree night after night, for many nights tree cave Tsoar, Nathan, Bartan, With Vyssotski, Dell’Omo & Y. -
Spatial Linear Navigation: Is Vision Necessary? Isabelle Israël, Aurore Capelli, Anne-Emmanuelle Priot, I
Spatial linear navigation: Is vision necessary? Isabelle Israël, Aurore Capelli, Anne-Emmanuelle Priot, I. Giannopulu To cite this version: Isabelle Israël, Aurore Capelli, Anne-Emmanuelle Priot, I. Giannopulu. Spatial linear navigation: Is vision necessary?. Neuroscience Letters, Elsevier, 2013, 554, pp.34-38. 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.060. hal-02395669 HAL Id: hal-02395669 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02395669 Submitted on 5 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Neuroscience Letters Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: Spatial linear navigation : is vision necessary ? Article Type: Research Paper Keywords: Path integration; self-motion perception; multisensory integration Corresponding Author: Dr. Isabelle Israel, PhD Corresponding Author's Institution: CNRS First Author: Isabelle ISRAEL, PhD Order of Authors: Isabelle ISRAEL, PhD; Aurore CAPELLI, PhD; Anne-Emmanuelle PRIOT, MD, PhD; Irini GIANNOPULU, PhD, D.Sc. Abstract: In order to analyze spatial linear navigation through a task of self-controlled reproduction, healthy participants were passively transported on a mobile robot at constant velocity, and then had to reproduce the imposed distance of 2 to 8 m in two conditions: "with vision" and "without vision". -
Path Integration Deficits During Linear Locomotion After Human Medial Temporal Lobectomy
Path Integration Deficits during Linear Locomotion after Human Medial Temporal Lobectomy John W.Philbeck 1,Marlene Behrmann 2,Lucien Levy 3, Samuel J.Potolicchio 3,andAnthony J.Caputy 3 Abstract & Animalnavigation studies have implicated structures inand both adecrease inthe consistency ofpath integration and a around the hippocampal formation as crucialin performing systematic underregistration oflinear displacement (and/or path integration (amethod ofdetermining one’s position by velocity) during walking.Moreover, the deficits were observable monitoring internally generated self-motion signals). Less is even when there were virtually no angular acceleration known about the role ofthese structures forhuman path vestibular signals. Theresults suggest that structures inthe integration. We tested path integration inpatients whohad medial temporal lobe participate inhuman path integration undergone left orright medial temporal lobectomy as therapy when individuals walkalong linearpaths and that thisis so to forepilepsy. Thisprocedure removed approximately 50% ofthe agreater extent inright hemisphere structures than left. anterior portion ofthe hippocampus, as wellas the amygdala Thisinformation is relevant forfuture research investigating and lateral temporal lobe. Participants attempted to walk the neural substrates ofnavigation, not only inhumans without vision to apreviously viewed target 2–6 mdistant. (e.g.,functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies), Patients withright, but not left,hemisphere lesions exhibited but also -
Path Integration in Place Cells of Developing Rats PNAS PLUS
Path integration in place cells of developing rats PNAS PLUS Tale L. Bjerknesa,b, Nenitha C. Dagslotta,b, Edvard I. Mosera,b, and May-Britt Mosera,b,1 aKavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway; and bCentre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway Contributed by May-Britt Moser, January 2, 2018 (sent for review November 1, 2017; reviewed by John L. Kubie and Mayank R. Mehta) Place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the medial entorhinal Firing locations of grid cells and place cells are not determined cortex rely on self-motion information and path integration for exclusively by path integration, however. Position information may spatially confined firing. Place cells can be observed in young rats be obtained also from distal landmarks, as suggested by the fact that as soon as they leave their nest at around 2.5 wk of postnatal life. In place fields (17) as well as grid fields (18, 19) follow the location of contrast, the regularly spaced firing of grid cells develops only after the walls of the recording environment when the environment is weaning, during the fourth week. In the present study, we sought to stretched or compressed. This observation points to local bound- determine whether place cells areabletointegrateself-motion aries as a strong determinant of firing location. On the other hand, information before maturation of the grid-cell system. Place cells other work has demonstrated that place cells fire in a predictable were recorded on a 200-cm linear track while preweaning, post- relationship to the animal’s start location on a linear track even weaning, and adult rats ran on successive trials from a start wall to a when the position of the starting point is shifted (20, 21). -
Visual Influence on Path Integration in Darkness Indicates a Multimodal Representation of Large-Scale Space
Visual influence on path integration in darkness indicates a multimodal representation of large-scale space Lili Tcheanga,b,1, Heinrich H. Bülthoffb,d,1, and Neil Burgessa,c,1 aUCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; bMax Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen 72076, Germany; cUCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; and dDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea Edited by Charles R. Gallistel, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, and approved November 11, 2010 (received for review August 10, 2010) Our ability to return to the start of a route recently performed in representations are sufficiently abstract to support other actions darkness is thought to reflect path integration of motion-related in- aimed at the target location, such as throwing (19). formation. Here we provide evidence that motion-related interocep- To specifically examine the relationship between visual and in- tive representations (proprioceptive, vestibular, and motor efference teroceptive inputs to navigation, we investigated the effect of ma- copy) combine with visual representations to form a single multi- nipulating visual information. In the first experiment, we investigated modal representation guiding navigation. We used immersive virtual whether visual information present during the outbound trajectory reality to decouple visual input from motion-related interoception by makes an important contribution -
Collective Behavior As a Driver of Critical Transitions in Migratory Populations Andrew Berdahl1,2*†, Anieke Van Leeuwen2†, Simon A
Berdahl et al. Movement Ecology (2016) 4:18 DOI 10.1186/s40462-016-0083-8 RESEARCH Open Access Collective behavior as a driver of critical transitions in migratory populations Andrew Berdahl1,2*†, Anieke van Leeuwen2†, Simon A. Levin2 and Colin J. Torney2,3 Abstract Background: Mass migrations are among the most striking examples of animal movement in the natural world. Such migrations are major drivers of ecosystem processes and strongly influence the survival and fecundity of individuals. For migratory animals, a formidable challenge is to find their way over long distances and through complex, dynamic environments. However, recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that by traveling in groups, individuals are able to overcome these challenges and increase their ability to navigate. Here we use models to explore the implications of collective navigation on migratory, and population, dynamics, for both breeding migrations (to-and-fro migrations between distinct, fixed, end-points) and feeding migrations (loop migrations that track favorable conditions). Results: We show that while collective navigation does improve a population’s ability to migrate accurately, it can lead to Allee effects, causing the sudden collapse of populations if numbers fall below a critical threshold. In some scenarios, hysteresis prevents the migration from recovering even after the cause of the collapse has been removed. In collectively navigating populations that are locally adapted to specific breeding sites, a slight increase in mortality can cause a collapse of genetic population structure, rather than population size, making it more difficult to detect and prevent. Conclusions: Despite the large interest in collective behavior and its ubiquity in many migratory species, there is a notable lack of studies considering the implications of social navigation on the ecological dynamics of migratory species. -
Old Tricks, New Dogs: Ethology and Interactive Creatures
Old Tricks, New Dogs: Ethology and Interactive Creatures Bruce Mitchell Blumberg Bachelor of Arts, Amherst College, 1977 Master of Science, Sloan School of Management, MIT, 1981 SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN MEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. February 1997 @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. All Rights Reserved Author:...................................................... ............................ .......................................... Program in Media Arts and Sciences' September 27,1996 Certified By:................................. Pattie Maes Associate Professor Sony Corporation Career Development Professor of Media Arts and Science Program in Media Arts and Sciences Thesis Supervisor . A ccepted By:................................. ......... .... ............................ Stephen A. Benton Chair, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students Program in Media Arts and Sciences MAR 1 9 1997 2 Old Tricks, New Dogs: Ethology and Interactive Creatures Bruce Mitchell Blumberg SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN MEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING ON SEPTEMBER 27, 1996 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Abstract This thesis seeks to address the problem of building things with behavior and character. By things we mean autonomous animated creatures or intelligent physical devices. By behavior we mean that they display the rich level of behavior found in animals. By char- acter we mean that the viewer should "know" what they are "feeling" and what they are likely to do next. We identify five key problems associated with building these kinds of creatures: Rele- vance (i.e. "do the right things"), Persistence (i.e. -
Possible Uses of Path Integration in Animal Navigation
Animal Learning & Behavior 2000,28 (3),257-277 Possible uses ofpath integration in animal navigation ROBERT BIEGLER University ofEdinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland Path integration, in its simplest form, keeps track of movement from a starting point and so makes it possible to return to this point Path integration can also be used to build a metric spatial represen tation of the environment, if given a suitable readout mechanism that can store and recall the coordi nates of anyone of multiple locations, A simple averagingprocess can make this representation as ac curate as desired, givenenough visits to the locations stored in the representation, There are more than these two ways of using path integration in navigation. They can be classified systematically accord ing to the following three criteria: Is there one point at which coordinates can be reset to correct er rors, or several? Is there one possible goal, or several? Is there one path integrator, or several? I de scribe the resulting eight methods of using path integration and compare their characteristics with the availableexperimental evidence, The classification offers a theoretical framework for further research, Methods of navigation can be broadly divided into integration (arthropods: Beugnon & Campan, 1989; those that use location-based information, which specifies Hoffmann, 1984; H. Mittelstaedt, 1985; Muller & Wehner, (with varying precision) where an animal is by reference to 1988; Ronacher & Wehner, 1995; Schmidt, Collett, Dil specific and identifiable features ofthe environment, and lier, & Wehner, 1992; von Frisch, 1967; Wehner & Raber, those that use movement-based or location-independent 1979; Wehner & Wehner, 1990; Zeil, 1998; mammals: information. -
Fusion of Wildlife Tracking and Satellite Geomagnetic Data for the Study of Animal Migration Fernando Benitez-Paez1,2 , Vanessa Da Silva Brum-Bastos1 , Ciarán D
Benitez-Paez et al. Movement Ecology (2021) 9:31 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00268-4 METHODOLOGY ARTICLE Open Access Fusion of wildlife tracking and satellite geomagnetic data for the study of animal migration Fernando Benitez-Paez1,2 , Vanessa da Silva Brum-Bastos1 , Ciarán D. Beggan3 , Jed A. Long1,4 and Urška Demšar1* Abstract Background: Migratory animals use information from the Earth’s magnetic field on their journeys. Geomagnetic navigation has been observed across many taxa, but how animals use geomagnetic information to find their way is still relatively unknown. Most migration studies use a static representation of geomagnetic field and do not consider its temporal variation. However, short-term temporal perturbations may affect how animals respond - to understand this phenomenon, we need to obtain fine resolution accurate geomagnetic measurements at the location and time of the animal. Satellite geomagnetic measurements provide a potential to create such accurate measurements, yet have not been used yet for exploration of animal migration. Methods: We develop a new tool for data fusion of satellite geomagnetic data (from the European Space Agency’s Swarm constellation) with animal tracking data using a spatio-temporal interpolation approach. We assess accuracy of the fusion through a comparison with calibrated terrestrial measurements from the International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET). We fit a generalized linear model (GLM) to assess how the absolute error of annotated geomagnetic intensity varies with interpolation parameters and with the local geomagnetic disturbance. Results: We find that the average absolute error of intensity is − 21.6 nT (95% CI [− 22.26555, − 20.96664]), which is at the lower range of the intensity that animals can sense.