Funktionelle Charakterisierung Der Metalloprotease Neprilysin 4 Aus Drosophila Melanogaster

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Funktionelle Charakterisierung Der Metalloprotease Neprilysin 4 Aus Drosophila Melanogaster Funktionelle Charakterisierung der Metalloprotease Neprilysin 4 aus Drosophila melanogaster Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt am Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie der Universität Osnabrück von Mareike Panz Osnabrück, 2011 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................................. 2 2. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Die Klassifizierung der Metalloproteasen .................................................................. 4 2.2. Vertreter der ADAM Metalloproteasen in Drosophila .............................................. 4 2.3. Struktureller Aufbau und katalytische Aktivität der Neprilysine ............................... 8 2.4. Struktur und Funktion der intrazellulären Domäne der Neprilysine .......................... 9 2.5. Regulation der physiologischen Peptidhomöostase durch Neprilysine ................... 13 2.6. Muskelentwicklung und Physiologie in Drosophila melanogaster ......................... 18 2.7. Drosophila als Modell für Muskeldegeneration ...................................................... 23 3. Ergebnisse-Publikationen ................................................................................................. 27 3.1. The disintegrin and metalloprotease Meltrin from Drosophila forms oligomers via its protein binding domain and is regulated by the homeobox protein VND during embryonic development ....................................................................................................... 28 3.2. Neprilysin 4, a novel endopeptidase from Drosophila melanogaster displays distinct substrate specificities and exceptional solubility states ....................................................... 49 3.3. A novel role for the non catalytic intracellular domain of Neprilysins in muscle physiology ............................................................................................................................ 73 4. Unveröffentlichte Ergebnisse und Resümee .................................................................... 92 4.1. Die Neprilysin 4 Isoformen und ihre subzelluläre Lokalisation .............................. 92 4.2. Die Funktion von Neprilysin 4 in der Muskulatur ................................................... 96 4.3. Die Regulation der Neprilysin 4 Expression ............................................................ 98 5. Publikationsliste ............................................................................................................. 101 6. Literatur .......................................................................................................................... 102 7. Danksagung .................................................................................................................... 109 8. Lebenslauf ...................................................................................................................... 111 9. Eidesstattliche Erklärung ................................................................................................ 112 1 Zusammenfassung 1. Zusammenfassung Im Menschen regulieren extrazelluläre Metalloproteasen eine Vielzahl von physiologischen Prozessen, wobei deren exakte Funktionen bei der Ausbildung humaner Krankheiten wie beispielsweise Krebs, der Alzheimerschen Krankheit oder Störungen des Herz- Kreislaufsystems vielfach noch unbekannt sind. Insbesondere die Proteinfamilie der Neprilysine wird seit einigen Jahren vermehrt in Bezug auf eine mögliche Anwendung als Therapeutikum gegen die genannten Erkrankungen hin diskutiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die M13-Metalloprotease Neprilysin 4 (Nep4) aus dem Modellorganismus Drosophila melanogaster charakterisiert. Zusätzlich wurde zu Beginn dieser Arbeit das ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease)-Protein Meltrin analysiert. Innerhalb der Neprilysin-Familie kommt Nep4 eine Sonderrolle zu, da es im Gegensatz zu den meisten Neprilysinen nicht ausschließlich als membrangebundenes Protein, sondern isoformspezifisch auch in löslicher Form exprimiert wird. In diesem Zusammenhang deuten RT-PCRs, in situ Hybridisierungen und Antikörperfärbungen auf ein breites Funktionsspektrum beider Isoformen hin, das in den zahlreichen Geweben, in denen Nep4 exprimiert wird, hauptsächlich der Etablierung und Aufrechterhaltung der Homöostase verschiedener bioaktiver Peptide dienen dürfte. Über den gesamten Lebenszyklus der Fruchtfliege kann Nep4 in Gliazellen des ZNS und in den männlichen Geschlechtszellen nachgewiesen werden, während es im Verlauf der Embryogenese zusätzlich in Herz- und Muskelzellen exprimiert wird. Die regulatorischen Elemente zur Steuerung der neuronalen (ZNS) und mesodermalen (Herz und Muskel) Nep4 Expression konnten in dieser Arbeit identifiziert und für die Erzeugung transgener Fliegenlinien genutzt werden. Mittels semi- quantitativer PCR und durch Untersuchungen von Fliegen, die GFP unter der Kontrolle des mesodermalen Enhancers exprimieren, wurde die endogene Expression von Nep4 im Muskel von Larven des dritten Stadiums nachgewiesen. Da alle nachfolgenden Stadien Reporteraktivität im Herzen und Muskel zeigen, wird die Peptidase vermutlich durchgängig in diesen Geweben benötigt. Die katalytische Aktivität von Nep4 konnte anhand der Peptide Substanz P und Angiotensin I demonstriert werden. Dabei ist die Enzymaktivität, wie für die Neutralen Endopeptidasen (Nep) typisch, von einem neutralen pH-Wert abhängig und wird durch bekannte Inhibitoren der humanen Neprilysine, Nep und Nep2 reduziert. Bei einer künstlich erhöhten Expression von Nep4 in der Muskulatur der Fruchtfliege ist, entgegen der Erwartung, nicht die katalytische Aktivität, sondern ausschließlich die nicht katalytische, intrazelluläre Domäne ursächlich für eine nekrotische Gewebedegeneration. Um 2 Zusammenfassung eine mögliche Funktion der intrazellulären Domäne des Nep4 Proteins im Muskel genauer zu erforschen, wurden Proteininteraktionsstudien durchgeführt, erste Interaktionspartner identifiziert und deren Interaktion auf Proteinebene nachgewiesen. 3 Einleitung 2. Einleitung 2.1. Die Klassifizierung der Metalloproteasen Bei den Metalloproteasen handelt es sich um eine sehr diverse Gruppe von Enzymen, die zurzeit mehr als 60 Familien aus den unterschiedlichsten Organismen umfasst (Rawlings und Barrett 1995; Merops Database, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/family_index?type=P#M). Die Mehrheit ihrer Vertreter gehören zu den Zinkinen, die über eine hochkonservierte Konsensussequenz (HExxH) Zink in ihrem aktiven Zentrum binden (Hooper 1994; Bode et al. 1993). Da Zink tetrakoordiniert vorliegt, wird es neben den zwei Histidinen und einem Wassermolekül durch einen weiteren Liganden gebunden, der C-terminal vom eigentlichen Bindemotiv liegt. Die Zinkine teilen sich in drei Subfamilien auf: die Metzincine, die Gluzincine sowie die Aspzincine (Hooper 1994; Gomis-Rüth 2003), wobei in der vorliegenden Arbeit lediglich Vertreter der beiden erstgenannten Gruppen analysiert wurden. Namensgebend für die Familie der Metzincine (Bode et al. 1993; 1996; Gomis-Rüth 2009) ist ein konserviertes Methionin im sogenannten „Met-turn“, das wesentlich zur Stabilisierung des aktiven Zentrums beiträgt und somit für die Funktion bzw. Faltung der Proteine unerlässlich ist (Bode et al. 1993; Stöcker et al. 1995; Tallant et al. 2010). Bei den Metzincinen handelt es sich zumeist um Multidomänenproteine. Durch die proteolytische Abspaltung der N- terminalen Prodomäne werden die meist als Zymogene vorliegenden Metzincinvertreter posttranslational aktiviert. Stromabwärts der Prodomäne befinden sich die katalytische Domäne sowie weitere Domänen, die den Zell-Zell Kontakt, die Protein-Protein Interaktion oder auch die subzelluläre Lokalisation der Proteasen bedingen (Abb. 1). Eine den Metzincinen angehörende Proteingruppe stellt die Familie der ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) dar, zu der das im Verlauf der vorliegenden Arbeit u.a. bearbeitete Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) Protein Meltrin (CG7649) zählt. Weitere in Drosophila vorkommende Vertreter der Metzincine sind beispielsweise die ADAM-TS-Proteine (ADAM Proteasen mit Thrombospondinmotiv) sowie die Matrixmetalloproteasen (MMPs) (Meyer et al. 2011). 2.2. Vertreter der ADAM Metalloproteasen in Drosophila Beim Menschen konnten bislang 23 Mitglieder der ADAM-Familie identifiziert werden (Zolkiewska 2008), während in Drosophila (Dm) nur 5 ADAMs existieren. Diesen 5 ADAMs 4 Einleitung können drei Säugetier-Homologe gegenübergestellt werden: ADAM10 ist homolog zu DmKuzbanian und DmKuzbanian-like, ADAM17 zu DmTACE und für ADAM12 (meltrin-α) liegen zwei Homologe, Meltrin und Mind-meld in Drosophila vor (Sapir et al. 2005; Meyer et al. 2011). Für alle drei genannten ADAM Proteine aus Vertebraten konnte proteolytische Aktivität in Form des sogenannten ectodomain sheddings nachgewiesen werden (Lunn et al. 1997; Black et al. 1997; Loechel et al. 1998). Da die ADAM Proteine meist membrangebunden sind, wobei die aktive Domäne extrazellulär liegt, beschränkt sich ihre katalytische Aktivität im Allgemeinen auf Zelloberflächenproteine. Durch die Abspaltung der Ektodomänen dieser Substrate werden die entsprechenden Domänen freigesetzt und können als lösliche Signalmoleküle dienen, die auch auf weit entfernte Zellen regulativen Einfluss ausüben. Zusätzlich kann die Abspaltung auch zur Inaktivierung oder
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