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Primula Elatior Jacquin: Its Distribution in Britain Author(S): Miller Christy Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol

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Primula Elatior Jacquin: Its Distribution in Britain Author(S): Miller Christy Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol Primula Elatior Jacquin: Its Distribution in Britain Author(s): Miller Christy Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Nov., 1922), pp. 200-210 Published by: British Ecological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2255741 Accessed: 27-06-2016 10:58 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. British Ecological Society, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Ecology This content downloaded from 130.63.180.147 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:58:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 200 PRIJIMULA ELATIOR JACQUIN: ITS DISTRIBUTION IN BRITAIN BY MILLER CHRISTY. (With Map: Plate XVIII.) In 1897, in a lengthy paper on " Primula elatior in Britain-'," I defined, with considerable exactitude, the highly-remarkable distribution in this country of this particularly-interesting species2 -the "True" or "Bardfield" Oxlip, so long overlooked in Britain, because it was confused here with the much more widespread and somewhat-similar, but quite distinct, hybrid between the Cowslip and the Primrose (P. veris x vulgaris). In the paper referred to, I showed that the plant, though wide-spread on the Continent, is, in Britain, confined (apart from a couple of very small outlying localities) to two "Districts" (as I called them), forming a single "Area," within which it grows, in immense abundance, in all old woods and, exceptionally, in small numbers, in boggy meadows beside streams. The two Districts may be defined as follows3: (1) a large eastern District, with an extremely irregular outline, covering some 475 square miles in area, and lying mainly in the counties of Essex and Suffolk, but extending a little way into Cambridgeshire and to a minute extent into Hertfordshire; and (2) a much smaller western District, roughly triangular in outline, ex- tending to some 45 square miles in area, and lying mainly in Cambridgeshire4, but extending a little way into Huntingdonshire5. These two Districts are separated from one another, as I showed, by a broad gap, varying from 15 to 20 miles wide, formed by the valley of the River Cam. I showed also that both Districts lie entirely upon the Chalky Boulder Clay6. I Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 33 (1897), pp. 172-201, and map. 2 I had previously defined its range in the county of Essex (see Trans. Essex Field Club, 3, 1884, pp. 172-178, and map). 3 They were shown very clearly on the map accompanying my paper above mentioned and reproduced here with modifications and additions (P1. XVIII). 4 It seems probable (see post, p. 208 n.) that, two or three centuries ago, this District covered a slightly larger portion of Cambridgeshire than it does now. 5 The Oxlip Area extends (it will be found) to six of Watson's 112 counties and " vice-counties" (namely, Nos. 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, and 31), instead of the four Watson mentions (Topogr. Bot. p. 334, 1883), one of which (No. 30, Bedfordshire), I reject through lack of evidence as to the occurrence of the plant therein. 6 I am greatly indebted to Mr William Whitaker, F.R.S., for assistance in tracing the intimate connection between the Oxlip and the Boulder Clay. This content downloaded from 130.63.180.147 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:58:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY VOL. X, PLATE XVI I 1. P, Is ba o (U pq 0 0 .91 b, 0 Cp 0= Cd 03 Vi Cd Cd 1-0 = 4) boD bID -0 CZ 4-i CZ 4-J U) cd Cd 0 0 z 4-0 0 o Iz Cd P4 bio 0 P4 . ..... 0 z z 4) A E 0) -4 z E-1 -., ,,- ce o 4) A) Z 0 E-4 c'.) CD _q) 0 _t. J A This content downloaded from 130.63.180.147 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:58:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms MILLER CHRISTY 201 The Oxlip is, indeed, strongly calciphilous, and never grows upon a non- calcareous soil-at least, not in Britain. In the small western District, says Mr Adamson', it is even absent from those patches of the Boulder Clay from which the lime has been leached out, leaving it a mere loam. The plant requires also a high degree of moisture, such as it finds in abundance in the Boulder Clay2. Yet, as I have often observed, it avoids the chalk wherever it is not overlain by the Boulder Clay, probably because the surface of the chalk has not a sufficiently high water-content for its requirements. I showed, further, that the two Oxlip Districts occupy only the highest and most unbroken portions of the Boulder Clay. Of the large eastern District, no part lies, I believe, below 275 feet, while the highest part (that near Depden and Wickhambrook) rises to just over 400 feet-a considerable elevation for the Eastern Counties. The smaller western Oxlip District occupies almost completely an isolated patch of Boulder Clay, lying between the valleys of the Cam and the Ouse, and having a lesser elevation-from about 150 feet up to about 250 feet. Nowhere (except in certain outlying localities to be men- tioned hereafter) does the plant descend much below these levels; nor does it occupy the low gravelly valleys of the rivers running out of these stretches of high ground-a fact which accounts for the deep indentations already men- tioned in the margins of the large eastern District; while, as stated, the large, low-lying valley of the Cam actually divides the Oxlip Area into its two Districts. The close relationship between the Oxlip and the Boulder Clay is shown clearly by the accompanying map. How exceptionally elevated these Oxlip Districts are, as compared with the country surrounding them, may be gathered from the large number of streams which rise within them and flow out in all directions. Several considerable streams have their sources within the very small western District; while most of the principal rivers of East Anglia rise within the much larger (but still comparatively small) eastern District; and these flow out of it on all its four sides, as follows: on the north, the Kennet, the Lark, and a tributary of the Little Ouse; on the east, the Gipping, the Brett, the Stour, and the Colne; on the south, the Pant, the Ter, the Chelmer, the Roding, and the Stort; and, on the west, the Granta. In regard to the plant itself, I showed that: (a) both the Districts forming the Oxlip Area are very sharply defined; that, (b) within its Area, the plant grows everywhere (that is, of course, in all suitable habitats) in immense abundance. Equally remarkable is the fact that, 1 Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 24 (1912), p. 85. 2 Mr Adamson says (op. cit. p. 84) that, in the Oxlip Woods in the small western District, the Boulder Clay has a lime-content sometimes slightly exceeding 7 per cent., with an average of about 4 per cent.; that it becomes in winter super-saturated, the " water-content never falling much below 30 per cent. at any time of the year"; also that the Oxlip ceases to flourish on it where its water- content falls much below 25 per cent. This content downloaded from 130.63.180.147 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:58:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 202 Primula elatior Jacquin: its Distribution in Britain (c) while the Primrose grows abundantly all round the Oxlip Area, it is (through causes suggested hereafter) entirely absent from that Area; but that, (d) all round the boundary of that Area, where the two species come into contact, they produce hybrids in great abundance (except along one short stretch, where exceptional conditions prevail). On the other hand, (e) the Cowslip grows abundantly, not only all round, but also throughout the whole Oxlip area; yet (f) these two species, though everywhere in contact with one another, hybridize very rarely1. In regard to the two outlying localities for P. elatior, referred to above: these were (1) a very small group of plants in a wood at Great Livermere, in Suffolk, and (2) an equally-small patch at Dickleburgh, in Norfolk2. It is a matter of some gratification to me that, in the 25 years which have elapsed since the appearance of my paper, no one has seriously called in question (so far as I know) either the facts I recorded or the conclusions I expressed; nor has anyone succeeded in extending, to any appreciable degree (so far as I know) the boundaries of either of the two Districts I defined. The publication of my paper has, however, led to the discovery of several new outlying localities for the plant and to the acquisition of additional information in regard to the two I noted. The outliers (ten in number) now known to exist are of considerable interest; and my chief object in the present paper is to place on record what I have been able to ascertain in regard to them. They are indicated by means of red dots on the accompanying map.
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