Wireless Monitoring for GxP & Controlled Environments

Learn about Modern RF Communication using VaiNet as an example

Paul Daniel Sr. GxP Regulatory Expert [email protected]

© Vaisala Vaisala in Brief

. We serve customers in weather and controlled environment markets

. 80 years of experience in providing a comprehensive range of innovative observation and measurement products and services

© Vaisala 2 Vaisala in Brief

. We serve customers in weather and controlled environment markets

. 80 years of experience in providing a comprehensive range of innovative observation and measurement products and services

© Vaisala 3 Vaisala in Brief

. We serve customers in weather and controlled environment markets

. 80 years of experience in providing a comprehensive range of innovative observation and measurement products and services

© Vaisala 4 Wireless Monitoring for GxP & Controlled Environments

Learn about Modern RF Communication using VaiNet as an example

Paul Daniel Sr. GxP Regulatory Expert [email protected]

© Vaisala © Vaisala 6 Goals

. Learn: Communication Technology Basics . Radio waves, Modulation, and Link Budgets

. Explore: Internet of Things . LoRa® Technology . VaiNet Architecture

. Connectivity for Monitoring . Ethernet, VaiNet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee

© Vaisala 7 Internet Evolution: Servers and Clients

© Vaisala 8 Wired: Ethernet

. Range: . Less than 100m . Power: . Available as PoE (Power over Ethernet) . Security: . Physical network access required . Reliability: . Wired full duplex connections are reliable . Flexibility: . Hard to move network drops . Investment: . One drop per sensor

© Vaisala 9 Internet Evolution: Wireless

© Vaisala 10 Wireless: Wi-Fi

. Range: . Maximum 20m . Power: . High power required . Security: . Difficult to secure . Reliability: . Signal strength can change . Flexibility: . High flexibility . Investment: . Wi-Fi Access Points only

© Vaisala 11 Internet Evolution: Things

© Vaisala 12 Wireless: VaiNet

. Range: . LoRa Modulation on 868 or 915 MHz achieves 100+ meters . Power: . Low energy LoRa® signal means sensor needs only 2 AA batteries . Security: . Low bitrate “invisible” encrypted signal on segregated network. . Reliability: . Resilient topology and LoRa modulation maintains connectivity. . Flexibility: . VaiNet Access point is only fixed asset. . Investment: . One VaiNet Access Point for 32 sensors

© Vaisala 13 © Vaisala 14 © Vaisala 15 © Vaisala 16 Radio Waves

© Vaisala 17 Frequency

. Hertz = Hz . 1 Hz = 1 cycle/second

. Wireless Communication Frequencies . 2.4 GHz . 900 MHz

© Vaisala 18 Frequency

. Hertz = Hz . 1 Hz = 1 cycle/second

. Wireless Communication Frequencies . 2.4 GHz . 900 MHz

© Vaisala 19 Wavelength

. As frequency gets higher… . Wavelength gets shorter… – Signal must oscillate more times in the same distance – Energy is lost with each oscillation! . Longer wavelength can curve around obstacles.

© Vaisala 20 Wavelength

. As frequency gets higher… . Wavelength gets shorter… – Signal must oscillate more times in the same distance – Energy is lost with each oscillation! . Longer wavelength can curve around obstacles.

© Vaisala 21 Wavelength

. As frequency gets higher… . Wavelength gets shorter… – Signal must oscillate more times in the same distance – Energy is lost with each oscillation! . Longer wavelength can curve around obstacles.

© Vaisala 22 ISM Bands (Industrial, Scientific, Medical)

. 2.4 GHz . ISM Worldwide – Microwave Ovens – Wi-Fi – Bluetooth . “900 MHz” . 915 MHz – Americas Only . 868 MHz – Europe Only

© Vaisala 23 Basic Modulation

. Modulation . Slight changes to the signal to encode information. . Old school modulation:

• AM = Amplitude Modulation

• FM = Frequency Modulation

. Modulation makes it easier to find the signal in the noise!

© Vaisala 24 Basic Modulation

. Modulation . Slight changes to the signal to encode information. . Old school modulation:

• AM = Amplitude Modulation

• FM = Frequency Modulation

. Modulation makes it easier to find the signal in the noise!

© Vaisala 25 Spread Spectrum Modulation

. Signal is spread over multiple neighboring frequencies. . Each part of the message is on a slightly different frequency. . Message is more robust and resists interference.

ABCDE ABCDE

A D B C E

© Vaisala 26 Spread Spectrum Modulation

. Signal is spread over multiple neighboring frequencies. . Each part of the message is on a slightly different frequency. . Message is more robust and resists interference.

ABCDE ABCDE

A D B C E

© Vaisala 27 Common Spread Spectrum Types

. Frequency Hopping (FHSS) . Hopping Sequence known to devices – Common use: Bluetooth

. Direct Sequence (DSSS) . Message is spread mathematically with coding sequence in message. – Common use: Wi-Fi

ABCDE ABCDE

A D B C E

© Vaisala 28 Common Spread Spectrum Types

. Frequency Hopping (FHSS) . Hopping Sequence known to devices – Common use: Bluetooth

. Direct Sequence (DSSS) . Message is spread mathematically with coding sequence in message. – Common use: Wi-Fi

ABCDE ABCDE

A D B C E

© Vaisala 29 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

15

0

-75 -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 30 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

Obstacle -20 dBm 15

0 Distance -10 dBm

-75 -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 31 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

Obstacle -20 dBm 15 Obstacle 0 Distance -20 dBm -10 dBm

Distance -10 dBm

-75 -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 32 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

Obstacle -20 dBm 15 Obstacle 0 Distance -20 dBm -10 dBm Obstacle Distance -20 dBm -10 dBm

Distance -10 dBm

-75 -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 33 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

Obstacle -20 dBm 15 Obstacle 0 Distance -20 dBm -10 dBm Obstacle Link Losses Distance -20 dBm 90 dBm -10 dBm

Distance -10 dBm

-75 -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 34 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

Obstacle -20 dBm 15 Obstacle 0 Distance -20 dBm -10 dBm Obstacle Link Losses Distance -20 dBm 90 dBm -10 dBm

Distance -10 dBm

-75 Link Margin 5 dBm -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 35 Link Budget = Tx –Rx

. Transmission Power (Tx) = +15 dBm

. Receiver Sensitivity (Rx) = -80 dBm . Link Budget = 95 dBm

Obstacle -20 dBm 15 Obstacle 0 Distance -20 dBm -10 dBm Obstacle Link Losses Distance -20 dBm 90 dBm -10 dBm

Distance -10 dBm

-75 Link Margin 5 dBm -80 Rx Sensitivity

© Vaisala 36 Radio Waves Summary

. Frequency and Wavelength . High frequency = More data . Low frequency = Longer range

. Basic Modulation . Encodes information in signal

. Spread Spectrum Modulation . Makes signal visible in the noise

. Link Budget . Defines how far a signal can potentially travel – Additional modulation can increase the Link Budget

© Vaisala 37 © Vaisala 38 VaiNet: An introduction in two Parts

. LoRa™ Frequency Modulation . Vaisala Network Architecture

© Vaisala 39 LoRa Part 1: 868/915 MHz

. 868 MHz (Europe) / 915 MHz (Americas) . Lower frequency with longer wavelength . Relatively empty frequency: – 2.4 GHz has higher data rate – 2.4 GHz is ISM worldwide

. Advantage . Disadvantage . Great range . Low bitrate . Uncrowded . Must make frequency two devices: has less – 868 MHz (Europe) interference – 915 MHz (Americas)

© Vaisala 40 LoRa Part 1: 868/915 MHz

. 868 MHz (Europe) / 915 MHz (Americas) . Lower frequency with longer wavelength . Relatively empty frequency: – 2.4 GHz has higher data rate – 2.4 GHz is ISM worldwide

. Advantage . Disadvantage . Great range . Low bitrate . Uncrowded . Must make frequency two devices: has less – 868 MHz (Europe) interference – 915 MHz (Americas)

© Vaisala 41 LoRa Part 1: 868/915 MHz

. 868 MHz (Europe) / 915 MHz (Americas) . Lower frequency with longer wavelength . Relatively empty frequency: – 2.4 GHz has higher data rate – 2.4 GHz is ISM worldwide

. Advantage . Disadvantage . Great range . Low bitrate . Uncrowded . Must make frequency two devices: has less – 868 MHz (Europe) interference – 915 MHz (Americas)

© Vaisala 42 © Vaisala 43 VaiNet adds Modulation

. Chirp Spread Spectrum Up-Chirp . Spread Pattern not required – Resists Multi-Path Fading Down-Chirp – Highly Secure with added AEP No Chirp . LoRa Modulation . Continuous Chirps – Chirps not Discrete . Orthogonal Spreading – Overlay Multiple Transmissions

© Vaisala 44 VaiNet adds Modulation

. Chirp Spread Spectrum Up-Chirp . Spread Pattern not required – Resists Multi-Path Fading Down-Chirp – Highly Secure with added AEP No Chirp . LoRa Modulation . Continuous Chirps – Chirps not Discrete . Orthogonal Spreading – Overlay Multiple Transmissions

© Vaisala 45 VaiNet adds Modulation

. Chirp Spread Spectrum Up-Chirp . Spread Pattern not required – Resists Multi-Path Fading Down-Chirp – Highly Secure with added AEP No Chirp . LoRa Modulation . Continuous Chirps – Chirps not Discrete . Orthogonal Spreading – Overlay Multiple Transmissions

© Vaisala 46 VaiNet adds Modulation

. Chirp Spread Spectrum Up-Chirp . Spread Pattern not required – Resists Multi-Path Fading Down-Chirp – Highly Secure with added AEP No Chirp . LoRa Modulation . Continuous Chirps – Chirps not Discrete . Orthogonal Spreading – Overlay Multiple Transmissions

© Vaisala 47 © Vaisala 48 © Vaisala 49 © Vaisala 50 © Vaisala 51 © Vaisala 52 VaiNet Architecture

© Vaisala 53 Hybrid Star Network Topology

© Vaisala 54 Hybrid Star Network Topology

© Vaisala 55 Hybrid Star Network Topology

© Vaisala 56 Hybrid Star Network Topology

© Vaisala 57 Hybrid Star Network Topology

© Vaisala 58 Hybrid Star Network Topology

© Vaisala 59 © Vaisala 60 Network Architecture: Access Point

. AP10 Access Point . PoE Enabled . Supports 32 Data Loggers . Secure Wireless Firewall

. Result . Minimal Infrastructure Needed – No power cords – 1 network drop for 32 loggers . High Security

© Vaisala 61 © Vaisala 62 © Vaisala 63 Other Wireless Options?

© Vaisala 64 Wi-Fi

. 2.4 GHz . Crowded Frequency . Short Range (20m?) . High Power . Low Security . Requires Discipline to Maintain . Known Hacks . High Bitrate Signal . Link Budget: 95 dBm . Designed for: . Wireless LAN (WLAN)

© Vaisala 65 Bluetooth

. 2.4 GHz . Crowded Frequency . Very Short Range (10m) . High Power (LE option is even shorter range) . Average Security . Can’t penetrate LAN – Data integrity risks . Limited to 7 devices . Link Budget: 75 to 90 dBm . Best Use: . High Bitrate PAN – (Replaced RS-232)

© Vaisala 66 ZigBee

. 2.4 GHz or 868 MHz . Medium Range (≈ 40m) . Low Power . Mesh Topology . Uses Short Hops for Greater Range . High Latency (Reliability issue?) . Good Security . No known hacks of the technology . Limited to 64k devices . Link Budget: ≈ 100 dBm . Best Use: Low Bitrate Local Automation

© Vaisala 67 © Vaisala 68 © Vaisala 69 © Vaisala 70 Review

. Learn: Communication Technology Basics . Radio waves, Modulation, and Link Budgets

. Explore: Internet of Things . LoRa® Technology . VaiNet Architecture

. Connectivity for Monitoring . Ethernet, VaiNet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee

© Vaisala 71 VaiNet – Something completely new…

. Long Range . LoRa Modulation on 868 or 915 MHz achieves 100+ meters. . Low Power . Low energy LoRa signal means RFL uses only 2 AA batteries . High Security . Low bitrate invisible wireless signal . AP10 segregates wireless and Ethernet networks . Highly Reliable . Hybrid Star Topology and LoRa Modulation . Flexible with Minimal Infrastructure Investment . 1 Ethernet drop per 32 sensors

© Vaisala 72 Thank you for your time!

For more information…. viewlinc.vaisala.com/wireless.html

Paul Daniel Sr. Regulatory Compliance Expert [email protected]

© Vaisala 73