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RACE and the BLACK MALE SUBCULTURE the LIVES of TOBY WALLER Race and the Black Male Subculture WILLIAM T. HOSTON RACE and the BLACK MALE SUBCULTURE THE LIVES OF TOBY WALLER Race and the Black Male Subculture William T. Hoston Race and the Black Male Subculture The Lives of Toby Waller William T. Hoston University of Houston - Clear Lake , USA ISBN 978-1-137-59045-9 ISBN 978-1-137-58853-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58853-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016940009 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. New York To My Brothers Feddrick M. Hoston Release Date: 01/20/2031 Cleveland R. Wilborn Released: 05/21/2013 To My Uncles Willie A. Holmes Released: 07/10/2015 Recardo J. Holmes Release Date: Life in Prison Timothy C. Holmes Released: 09/16/2013 Acts 3:19: Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord. ~KJV To My Son William Terrell Hoston Jr. You were birthed to fulfi ll God’s purpose for you and take unconditional care of your mother. You have the greatest mother in the world. Daddy loves you. I pray that you will be a drum major for justice Like the Kings before you On April 4, 1968/The world lost a King On April 4, 2015/A King was born The King of all Kings ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise to my Lord and savior, Jesus Christ. With Him, all things are possible. He has provided me with the four most infl uential women in my life, the late Mildred Hoston, the late Bertha-Mae Mitchell, Thelma C. Owens, and Janet Smith. I am a product of their hard work and sac- rifi ce. In the words of Abraham Lincoln, “All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother[s].” A special thank you goes to June Marie Powell, the matriarch of 132 Villary Street, Belle Chasse, Louisiana. I appreciate you for loving me as one of your own children. Rest in paradise. Thank you to the many people who contributed to making this book possible. First, I would like to thank my graduate contributors: Randon R. Taylor, Anna A. Thomas, and Atoya Eaden. Each of these graduate students has a bright future. I hope and pray that positive mentor–men- tee relationships were cultivated in the process of completing the chap- ter, “D.o N.ot A.ccuse Black Males: The Life of Cornelius Dupree Jr.” An important thank you goes to Cornelius Dupree Jr. for granting us an interview. His story is truly one of trial, tribulation, and triumph. To Dr. Bakeyah S. Nelson, thank you for assisting in the early stages of this project. Your insight and advice was infl uential in framing the direc- tion of the book. To my mentor, Dr. Ronald Dorris, Xavier University of Louisiana, your input was invaluable to this project. Thank you for always supporting me. To my editors at Palgrave Macmillan, Rachel Krause Daniel, Chris Robinson, and Elaine Fan, thank you for believing in this project. vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my beautiful and darling mother, Janet Smith, your examples of faith, courage, and sacrifi ce gave me much inspiration over the years to follow my dreams. To my lovely wife and best friend, Cecilia Hoston, I love you. You have given my life such love, happiness, and joy. To my black male subculture: Sonny, Fly, J-Gutta, Rock, Sterling, Crucial, ST, Rese, Ant, Coop, D, DT, Jett, RickyD, Gizzle, Ro-G, Black, Pop, Rell, Will B, Kage-1, BlackCash, Fred, Tee, C2, Nostro, Big Head, Shad, Big B, Jay, Dez, Marv, Ray, Deeki, Sherm, Starr, Fame, Roe Gill, D -, Alley Kat, Lil Dwight, Ferd, Crazy T, Blaise, Lil Blaise, Dex, Reginald, Ash, Lil Sterling, Javelle, Calvin, JD, Heir, Dave, Jarvis, Bait, Bubba, V. Miles, Slim, G-Funk, Herm, Big J, Smooth, Jim, Shell, Gene, Jelani, Shaun, Mike, OS, Shawn, J-Bo, RT, Ric, Lee, Luddy, Big Chris, Big C, Spencer, Dre, Eddie, Dug, Stan, Nathan, Carl, Leon, SuperStarRay, Lil Cru, Lil Rodney, EC, Linc, Zach, Junie, Jaydon, Ethyn, and Rell2K. To the following families: Hoston, Zanders, Owens, Cosby, Mitchell, Duffey, Hooper, Nelson, Veus, Cooper, Franklin, Gaines, Robinson, Gauthier, Anderson, Powell, Williams, Campbell, Thomas, Bolling, Hicks, Burrell, Green, Greenup, Hall, Isodore, Trufant, Laurant, Washington, Clements, Vance, Bonner, Sephus, Volley, Calice, Spivey, Wright, Long, Sanders, McQuarters, Baptiste, Davis, Barbre, Lee, Taylor, Carter, Garnett, Watson, Bennett, Swiner, Johnson, Rainey, Lain, Mauricio, Valladares, and the whole, “132 Villary St!” To you whom I have not named, please know that even though you are not named in this book, I deeply appreciate what you have contributed to my life. CONTENTS 1 Introduction: The Toby Waller Stereotype 1 Part 1 Devaluing Black Male Life 9 2 Black Males are Human Beings: An Open Letter 11 3 Stand “Our” Ground: Murder in the Sunshine State 23 4 We Miss You, James Evans Sr. 43 Part 2 It’s Good to Be White in America 61 5 No Indictment on Canfi eld Drive 63 6 Target Practice: The Killing of the Black Male Continues 81 7 The Racial Politics of Marijuana 99 ix x CONTENTS Part 3 Brothers of the Moment 115 8 Innovationist Negro: Refl ections of an Ex-Drug Dealer 117 9 D.o N.ot A.ccuse Black Males: The Life of Cornelius Dupree Jr. 129 10 Post-script I: How to Raise a Black Son in White America 143 11 Post-script II: The Uprising—Call to Black Male Scholars 149 Appendix 155 Index 167 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 National attention of the shooting deaths of unarmed black males, 2012–2015 12 Table 2.2 Arrest-related deaths (ARD), 2003–2009 13 Table 2.3 The deaths of unarmed black males by NYPD, 1994–2014 15 Table 3.1 States enacting “Stand Your Ground” by year, 2005–2011 24 Table 3.2 House Democrats dissent to the “Stand Your Ground” law, 2005 24 Table 3.3 Black state legislators in Florida, 2012–2014 31 Table 3.4 Black leadership positions in the Florida House, 2014 32 Table 4.1 Total murders in Chicago 2004–2014 46 Table 4.2 Percentage of murder victims in Chicago, 2007–2011 47 Table 4.3 Percentage of murder offenders in Chicago, 2007–2011 47 Table 4.4 Type of household percentage of Chicago teenagers, 15–19 years old, by race/ethnicity, 2007–2011 49 Table 4.5 Percentage of male freshman students’ on-track rate in Chicago Public Schools (CPS), by race/ethnicity, 2007–2012 50 Table 4.6 Dropout percentage among male high school students in Chicago Public Schools (CPS), by race/ethnicity, 2007–2012 50 Table 4.7 Gang arrests in Chicago, 2007–2012 51 Table 5.1 Grand jury differences 69 Table 5.2 Witness account of the Michael Brown (MB) shooting 73 Table 6.1 Demographic profi le of white police offi cers 87 Table 7.1 Legalization of marijuana 102 Table 8.1 Robert Merton’s strain theory: Five modes of adaptation 120 Table 8.2 Travis Hirschi’s social control theory 122 xi ABOUT THE AUTHOR William T. Hoston, Sr. is a professor, author, motivational speaker, poet, and documentarian who hails from New Orleans, Louisiana. He is associ- ate professor of political science at the University of Houston—Clear Lake. Dr. Hoston holds research interests in the areas of minority voting behavior, political behavior of Black politicians, race and minority group behavior, Black masculinity, race and crime, and theories and dynamics of racism and oppression. He has penned a total of nine books, most recently, RNIT (2015), Listen to Me Now, or Listen to Me Later: A Memoir of Academic Success for College Students, 2nd Edition (2014), Black Masculinity in the Obama Era: Outliers of Society (2014), and No Bullies in the Huddle (2013). For more information on Dr. Hoston, please visit: www.williamhoston.com xiii CONTRIBUTORS Atoya Eaden is a graduate student at the University of Houston—Clear Lake in the Criminology program. Her research interests lie in the areas of deviance, juve- nile justice, and post-incarceration reform. Randon R. Taylor is a graduate student at the University of Houston—Clear Lake in the Sociology program. His research interests lie in the areas of colorism, Black masculinity, and racism and oppression. Anna A. Thomas is a graduate student at the University of Houston—Clear Lake in the Criminology program.
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