Senderliste Stand Januar 2016
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Türkiye Basinini Susturmak Hükümetin Eleştirel Gazeteciliğe Karşı Derinleşen Saldırısı WATCH
HUMAN RIGHTS Türkiye Basinini susTurmak Hükümetin eleştirel Gazeteciliğe karşı Derinleşen saldırısı WATCH Türkiye Basınını Susturmak Hükümetin Eleştirel Gazeteciliğe Karşı Derinleşen Saldırısı Copyright © 2016 Human Rights Watch Tüm hakları saklıdır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde basılmıştır ISBN: 978-1-6231-3427 Kapak tasarımı: Rafael Jimenez İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü dünya çapında insan haklarını savunur. İhlalleri büyük bir titizlikle araştırır, hakikatleri ortaya koyarak yaygınlaştırır ve haklara saygılı olmaları ve adaleti güvence altına altına almaları için güç sahiplerine baskı yaparız. İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü, insanlık onurunu savunmak ve herkes için insan haklarını geliştirmek için çalışan dinamik bir hareketin parçası olan bağımsız bir uluslararası kuruluştur. İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü 40’dan fazla ülkede çalışanı ve Amsterdam, Beyrut, Berlin, Brüksel, Cenevre, Goma, Johannesburg, Londra, Los Angeles, Moskova, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sidney, Chicago, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunus, Washington DC ve Zürih’te ofisleri bulunan uluslararası bir kuruluştur. Daha fazla bilgi için websitemizi ziyaret edebilirsiniz: http://www.hrw.org ARALIK 2016 ISBN: 978-1-6231-34358 Türkiye Basınını Susturmak Hükümetin Eleştirel Gazeteciliğe Karşı Derinleşen Saldırısı Özet ................................................................................................................................... 1 Tavsiyeler ......................................................................................................................... -
Türksat 4A Uydu Frekansları
www.anten.de << Türksat 42°E Frekans listesi >> www.ariasat.de Türkiye'den alınabilen Kanallar (East Beam) Türkiye ve Avrupa'dan alınabilen Kanallar (West Beam) Kanal Adı Frekans SR [FEC] Kanal Adı Frekans SR [FEC] TRT KANALLARI 11096 H 30000 [5/6] TRT 4K 10980 V 12500 [3/4] TRT 4K 11767 H 15000 [3/4] D-Smart Paketi {Şifreli}, DHA 11012 V 30000 [5/6] Tivibu Paketi Şifreli 11789 H 20000 [3/4] Show Türk HD | HaberTürk | Bloomberg HT 11053 H 8000 [3/4] TRT HD KANALLARI 11795 H 30000 [3/4] TRT'ler HD, HABER, BELGESEL, SPOR, Çocuk.. 11054 V 30000 [3/4] Tivibu Paketi Şifreli 11853 H 25000 [2/3] Gala, Berat, 365 TV 11061 H 4820 [3/4] Tivibu Paketi Şifreli 11880 H 20000 [2/3] Gala, Kidz-Animez 11096 V 30000 [5/6] KANAL D , NHK Japon, Cartoon TR 11977 H 27500 [5/6] Digitürk Paketi {Şifreli} | TJK TV 11180 H 30000 [3/4] STAR HD, DMAX, NTV, TLC 12015 H 27500 [5/6] Tarım Orman TV HD 11526 H 2222 [5/6] ATV HD | A Haber HD | A Spor | A2 .... 12053 H 27500 [5/6] Semerkand TV HD, Kuran Mekke TV, Rusya TV 11558 V 30000 [2/3] Uçankuş HD, TRT Eba TV 12083 H 13750 [2/3] Digitürk Paketi – beIN Sports 1 2 3 {Şifreli} ... 11676 V 24444 [3/4] Kanal 7, Ülke TV 12095 H 4800 [5/6] Zarok TV 11855 V 30000 [3/4] Kanal 7 HD, ÜLKE TV HD 12103 H 8333 [2/3] ATV Avrupa | A Haber 11883 V 4800 [5/6] Show TV HD | HABERTÜRK HD.. -
Seite 1 Von 23 Norbert's Homepage
Norbert's Homepage - 322/2014 Seite 1 von 23 Die Wochenübersicht Nr. 22//2014, vom Mittwoch, den 01. Oktober 2014, nach christlicher Zeitrechnung Autor: Norbert Schlammer Neuigkeiten: Measat 3B, 91,5 Grad Ost: Am 11. September, um 22.05 UTC, brachte eine Ariane 5 Trägerrakete mit Flug V218, von Kourou in Französisch Guyana, Measat 3B und Optus 10, erfolgreich in die geostationäre Umlaufbahn. Measat 3B mit 48 Ku-Band Transpondern an Bord geht auf 91,5 Grad Ost und wird dort mit Measat 3 und 3a, kopositioniert. Optus 10 mit 13 Ku-Band Transpondern, geht 164 Grad Ost. Beide Sat-Positionen sind in Deutschland nicht zu empfangen. Yamal 300K, 90 Grad Ost: Das Rusat Digitalpaket auf dem Northern 1 Beam, auf 10,972 GHz, h, mit 11,200 und 5/6, in MPEG - 4/HD DVB S-2 8PSK, enthält jetzt sechs TV und 12 Radios, alle TV-Kanäle und sieben Radios unverschlüsselt. Neu ist Sahar 1, Pid's 47/46. Intelsat 15, 85,2 Grad Ost: Im Romantis Digitalpaket auf dem Westrusslandbeam, auf 12,525 GHz, v, mit 12,930 und 5/6, in MPEG-2 DVB S-2 8PSK, sind nur noch ein TV und ein Radio unverschlüsselt zu empfangen. TiJi, Pid's 611/2701, codiert in Irdeto 2. Horions-2, 84,9 Grad Ost: Neu ist im Orion Express HD Digitalpaket, auf dem Westrusslandbeam, auf 11,760 GHz, h, mit 28,800 und 3/4, in MPEG-4/HD DVB S-2 8PSK, Katun TV, Pid's 3302/4302, wie weitere 10 TV-Programme, in Conax und Irdeto 3 verschlüsselt. -
Page 1 -= Iran =- 4U TVIR Andisheh Tv IR Appadana TV IR Arezo TV IR
-= Iran =- 4U TV IR Andisheh tv IR Appadana TV IR Arezo TV IR Asre Emrooz IR Atv HD IR AVA Family FHD IR AVA Music FHD IR Ayeneh TV IR Azadi TV IR B24 TV HD IR Bartar TV FHD IR BBC Persian IR Beitolabbas TV IR Caltex Music HD IR Channel 1 IR Channel One IR CineFilm FHD IR CineSeries FHD IR Didar TV HD IR Didgah TV IR English Club Farsi IR Face 1 Persias HD IR Fars IR Gala TV IR Ganje Hozour IR GEM Academy IR GEM Arabic IR GEM AZ 1 IR GEM Bazaar IR GEM Bollywood HD IR GEM Classic IR GEM Comedy IR GEM Drama IR GEM Drama Plus FHD IR GEM Education HD IR GEM Family HD IR GEM Film HD IR GEM Food HD IR GEM Junior HD IR GEM Kids HD IR GEM Korea IR GEM Life HD IR GEM Maxx IR GEM Mifa IR GEM Music HD IR GEM Onyx FHD IR GEM Property IR GEM River HD IR GEM Rubix IR GEM Rubix+ HD IR GEM Series FHD IR GEM Series+ FHD IR GEM Teen IR GEM Travel IR GEM TV HD IR GEM USA HD IR Hadi TV 3 IR Hadi TV 4 IR HodHod Farsi IR Honarmandan HD IR iFilm (Arabic) IR iFilm (Eng) IR iFilm HD IR Imam Hussein 1 TV HD IR Imam Hussein 3 TV HD IR Imam Hussein TV IR INTV Simaye Azadi FHD IR Iran Gold IR Iran Gold Star 1 IR Iran Gold Star 2 IR Iran International FHD IR Iran Plus HD IR Irane Farda IR IRIB SABZ TV (Golestan) IR IRIB Abadan TV IR IRIB Aflak TV (Lorestan) IR IRIB Aftab TV(Markazi) IR IRIB Al Kawthar TV IR IRIB Alborz TV IR IRIB Amoozesh IR IRIB Atrak TV (Khorasan Shomali) IR IRIB Azarbajan Gharbi TV IR IRIB Baran TV (Guilan) IR IRIB Boushehr IR IRIB Dena TV (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad) IR IRIB Hamoon TV (Sistan and Baluchestan) IR IRIB Hispan TV IR IRIB Ilam TV IR -
Vmaxtv GO Channel List
VmaxTV GO Channel List Order service from https://japannettv.com/wpshop/index.php/vmaxtv-go/ Android app available from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vmaxtvgo.vmaxtvgoiptvbox LIVE TV Sports TV (490) Sports VIP TV (263) Arabic TV (386) Arabic VIP TV (78) Arabic Kids TV(25) Arabic Religious TV (41) Arabic News TV (35) Bulgarian TV (105) UK TV (188) USA TV (120) Canadian TV (90) Afghan TV (39) Asian TV (26) Indian TV (158) Pakistani TV (59) Bengali TV (42) Africa TV (215) Albanian TV (55) Belgium TV (15) French TV (74) Farsi TV (86) German TV (82) Greek TV (90) Italian TV (112) Portuguese TV (67) Spanish TV (70) Brazilian TV (207) Latino TV (99) Latino VIP TV (216) Mexican TV (57) Caribbean TV (99) Turkish TV (125) Kurdish TV (44) Dutch TV (42) Czech TV (74) EX-YU TV (207) Polish TV (57) Scandinavian TV (52) Romanian TV (51) Russian TV (131) Ukrainian TV (51) MOVIES Arabic Movies (177) English Movies (1180) English Classic AR Sub (211) English Movies AR Sub (753) International Movies AR Sub (58) Asian Movies AR Sub (134) Bollywood Movies AR Sub (171) Bollywood Movies (279) Turkish Movies (50) French Movies (87) German Movies (40) Italian Movies (83) Cartoon Movies (190) Cartoon Movies AR Sub (99) SERIES Arabic Series (87) English Series (104) CATCH UP Sports VIP TV (12) Bulgarian TV (16) UK TV (24) USA TV (15) Greek TV (3) 57 Groups 17430 Streams 2019 12 10 LIVE TV Sports TV AR: Al Kass Sports 1 HD AR: Sharjah Sport HD AR: Jordan Sport HD IN: STAR SPORTS 2 AR: Al Kass Sports 2 HD AR: Sharjah Sports AR: Jordan Sport IN: -
A Report on the Right Toa Mo Ther T Ongue Educ a Tion
A REPORT ON THE RIGHT TO A MOTHER TONGUE EDUCATION IN DIYARBAKIR EDUCATION TONGUE A MOTHER A REPORT ON THE RIGHT TO 1 2 A REPORT ON THE RIGHT TO A MOTHER IN DIYARBAKIR EDUCATION TONGUE A MOTHER A REPORT ON THE RIGHT TO TONGUE EDUCATION IN DIYARBAKIR RESEARCH TEAM Av. Çiğdem ERTAK Ezgi KOMAN Ruşen YAKUT Av. Selmin Cansu DEMİR “This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union provided under Etkiniz EU Programme. Its contents are the sole responsibility of Göç ve İnsani Yardım Vakfı* and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union” 1 CONTENTS Abbreviations 5 About the Migration and Humanitarian Relief Foundation 7 Executive Summary 9 Introduction 13 Aim and Content 15 Methodology 15 Limitations & Opportunities 17 Background 18 Findings 21 Children’s Rights to Live Their Own Culture 23 and Use Their Mother Tongue Children’s Mother Tongue Usage 25 The Reasons why Children don’t/can’t Speak 26 Their Mother Tongue Using Mother Tongue In School 28 The Effects of Using Mother Tongue on Children 29 The Effects Of The Political Atmosphere In Last 30 10 Years On Children’s Use Of Mother Tongue Analysis In Children’s Right To Live Their Own Culture 31 And To Use Their Own Language Teaching MotherTongue 33 The Effects of the Political Atmosphere in Last 10 Years on Children’s Use of Mother Tongue 37 Analysis In Teaching In The Mother Tongue 38 2 Using Mother Tongue in Education 41 The Effects Of Mother Tongue Education On Children 46 The Effects Of The Political Atmosphere In The Last 47 10 Years On Children’s -
Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression
PALAIS DES NATIONS • 1211 GENEVA 10, SWITZERLAND www.ohchr.org • TEL: +41 22 917 9000 • FAX: +41 22 917 9008 • E-MAIL: [email protected] Special Rapporteur on the promotion of the right to freedom of opinion and expression Follow-up Report on Country Visits Call for Submissions Turkey The UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression will present a follow-up report pursuant to country visits conducted under the auspices of the mandate. He will examine the impact of country visits on the promotion, protection, fulfilment and overall enjoyment of the right in five selected countries. He will analyse the level of implementation of recommendations made following the visits, and consider any other developments impacting upon the rights which may have occurred since the visit was completed. The findings will be presented as a supplementary report to the 41st session of the Human Rights Council in June 2019. For more information, please see the concept note attached. In order to facilitate the preparation of the report the Special Rapporteur would welcome information from States and relevant stakeholders in response to the questions below, based primarily on recommendations made in the country visit report. Please provide responses in the table below. We hope to receive your submission no later than 22 February 2019 to [email protected] with “Submission to the follow-up study on country visits of the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression” as the title of the email. Submissions will be posted on the OHCHR website at the time of the publication of the report, except for submissions from non-state actors explicitly stating their wish to remain anonymous. -
Digitální TV Programy - Přehledy Stanic - 13E - Parabola.Cz Přehled Digitálních TV Programů
15. 9. 2018 Digitální TV programy - Přehledy stanic - 13E - Parabola.cz Přehled digitálních TV programů [ VOLNÉ PROGRAMY ] [ VŠECHNY PROGRAMY ] 13°E Eutelsat Hot Bird 13B, Eutelsat Hot Bird 13C, Eutelsat Hot Bird 13E modu- stanice par. frek. pol. žánr jazyk SR FEC norma ? CA lace TVP Info HD 70 10,719 V zprávy polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK TVP 3 Warszawa 70 10,719 V zprávy polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Kino Polska 70 10,719 V filmy polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK TVP Sport 70 10,719 V sport polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK TVP HD 70 10,719 V všeobecný polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Nat Geo Wild HD 70 10,719 V dokumentární polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Cinemax HD 70 10,719 V filmy polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Canal+ 4K Ultra HD 70 10,719 V sport,filmy,doku polsky, původní 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Trace TV 70 10,719 V hudební různý 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK FunBox 4K (Ultra HD) 70 10,727 V různý anglicky 30000 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Travelxp 4K (Ultra HD) 70 10,727 V dokumentární anglicky 30000 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Stopklatka TV 70 10,758 V filmy polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Da Vinci Learning 70 10,758 V dokumentární polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK CBS Action 70 10,758 V různý polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK TVP Rozrywka 70 10,758 V zábava polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK TV Republika 70 10,758 V zábava polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK FilmBox Arthouse 70 10,758 V filmy polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Discovery Turbo Xtra 70 10,758 V dokumentární polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK Wellbeing Network 70 10,758 V lifestyle polsky 27500 3/4 DVB-S2 8PSK 4fun Dance 70 10,758 V videoklipy polsky 27500 -
ATN Arabic TV Channels ATN Germany 5000 HD
ATN Arabic TV channels ATN Germany 5000 HD - Over 1200 Channels 1 Aljazeera 31 MBC Spor 2 61 CBC Drama 91 Hi TV 121 Afak tv 2 Alarabiya 32 MBC Spor 3 62 Al-Nahar Drama + 92 Aljadeed 122 Dijla Tv 3 Alarabiya Hadath 33 MBC Spor 4 63 Time Comedy 93 Mtv Lebanon 123 Al Shahid Classic 4 BBC Arabic 34 Fox Movies 64 Cairo TV 94 Al Aan TV 124 Aliraqiya News 5 Al-Mayadeen 35 Zee Aflam 65 Sout Al-Shaab 95 ANB 125 Al Iraqiya Tv 6 Al Alam - WNN 36 New Tv Music 66 Nile Cinema 96 NBN 126 Aliraqiya 2 7 Russia Alyaum 37 Cima 67 Nile Comedy 97 Top News 127 AlIraqiya Sport 8 STAR ACADEMY 38 Pro Action 68 Nile Drama 98 Citruss TV 128 Altaghier 24/24 9 Al-hurra Iraq 39 Al-Dafra tv HD 69 Nile Life 99 Syria News 129 Al-Fayha 10 Al-Hurra 40 Star Cinema 1 70 Nile Family 100 Syria 130 Forat 11 Al Hurra Iraq 2 41 ART AFLAM 1 71 Nile Culture 101 Syria Drama 131 Press Tv 12 CNBC Arabia 42 ART AFLAM 2 72 Nile News 102 Talaqe Syria 132 Waar Tv 13 Sky News Arabia 43 ART Cinema 73 Nile Sport 103 Addounia Tv 133 Waar Tv Sport 14 France24 Arabic 44 ART Hekayat 1 74 Alhayat 1 104 Sama Syria 134 Waar HD 15 Aljazeera Doc 45 ART Hekayat 2 75 Alhayat 2 105 Noor Alsham 135 Beladi Tv 16 National Geographic 46 Rotana Cinema 76 Alhayat Cinema 106 Payam 136 Hadara TV HD 17 AlIraqiya Doc 47 Rotana Masriya 77 Modern Sport 107 Alsharqiya 137 Music Remas 18 Royal Secret 48 Rotana Clip 78 Dream 1 108 Alsharqiya News 138 Dubai Tv 19 ATN QURAN Tajwid 49 Rotana Khaligi 79 ONTV 109 Al Ezz 139 Dubai One 20 ATN Quran Eng 50 Rotana Music 80 Masria Esc 1 110 Alrafiden 140 Abu Dhabi 21 AlQuran -
00001. Rugby Pass Live 1 00002. Rugby Pass Live 2 00003
00001. RUGBY PASS LIVE 1 00002. RUGBY PASS LIVE 2 00003. RUGBY PASS LIVE 3 00004. RUGBY PASS LIVE 4 00005. RUGBY PASS LIVE 5 00006. RUGBY PASS LIVE 6 00007. RUGBY PASS LIVE 7 00008. RUGBY PASS LIVE 8 00009. RUGBY PASS LIVE 9 00010. RUGBY PASS LIVE 10 00011. NFL GAMEPASS 1 00012. NFL GAMEPASS 2 00013. NFL GAMEPASS 3 00014. NFL GAMEPASS 4 00015. NFL GAMEPASS 5 00016. NFL GAMEPASS 6 00017. NFL GAMEPASS 7 00018. NFL GAMEPASS 8 00019. NFL GAMEPASS 9 00020. NFL GAMEPASS 10 00021. NFL GAMEPASS 11 00022. NFL GAMEPASS 12 00023. NFL GAMEPASS 13 00024. NFL GAMEPASS 14 00025. NFL GAMEPASS 15 00026. NFL GAMEPASS 16 00027. 24 KITCHEN (PT) 00028. AFRO MUSIC (PT) 00029. AMC HD (PT) 00030. AXN HD (PT) 00031. AXN WHITE HD (PT) 00032. BBC ENTERTAINMENT (PT) 00033. BBC WORLD NEWS (PT) 00034. BLOOMBERG (PT) 00035. BTV 1 FHD (PT) 00036. BTV 1 HD (PT) 00037. CACA E PESCA (PT) 00038. CBS REALITY (PT) 00039. CINEMUNDO (PT) 00040. CM TV FHD (PT) 00041. DISCOVERY CHANNEL (PT) 00042. DISNEY JUNIOR (PT) 00043. E! ENTERTAINMENT(PT) 00044. EURONEWS (PT) 00045. EUROSPORT 1 (PT) 00046. EUROSPORT 2 (PT) 00047. FOX (PT) 00048. FOX COMEDY (PT) 00049. FOX CRIME (PT) 00050. FOX MOVIES (PT) 00051. GLOBO PORTUGAL (PT) 00052. GLOBO PREMIUM (PT) 00053. HISTORIA (PT) 00054. HOLLYWOOD (PT) 00055. MCM POP (PT) 00056. NATGEO WILD (PT) 00057. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HD (PT) 00058. NICKJR (PT) 00059. ODISSEIA (PT) 00060. PFC (PT) 00061. PORTO CANAL (PT) 00062. PT-TPAINTERNACIONAL (PT) 00063. RECORD NEWS (PT) 00064. -
International Premium Israel
INTERNATIONAL PREMIUM ISRAEL AFGHANISTAN ITALY AFRICA KOREA KURDISTAN ALBANIA MACEDONIA ARABIC MALAYSIA ARGENTINA MALTA AUSTRALIA NETHERLANDS AUSTRIA NEW ZEALAND BELGIUM NORWAY BRAZIL PAKISTAN BULGARIA PHILIPPINES CANADA POLAND CARRIBEAN PORTUGAL CHINA ROMANIA CZECH REPUBLIC RUSSIA SPAIN DENMARK SWEDEN FINLAND SWITZERLAND FRANCE THAILAND GERMANY TURKEY GREECE UNITED KINGDOM HUNGARY UNITED STATES INDONESIA VIETNAM AFGHANISTAN AFG: Arezo AFG: ARIANA INTERNATIONAL AFG: Aryana TV AFG: ATN AFGHAN AFG: ATN EUROPE AFG: ATN USA AFG: Jawan TV AFG: KHURSHID TV AFG: LEMAR AFG: NEGAAH AFG: PASHTO TV AFG: SHAMSHAD AFG: SROOD AFG: TAMADON TV AFG: Trace Naija HD AFG: RTA Afghanistan AF: IL TV AF: Mouridiyah tv (Senegal) AFRICA AF: EBC ETHIOPIA AF: Music TV Singhal AF: Vox Africa AF: AITInt'l AF: Ndiouroul TV (Senegal) AF: RTS 1 AFRICA AF: SOMALI CABLE AF: Neem TV Congo AF: ORTM AFRICA AF: Gabon TV AF: Nigezie TV (Nigeria) AF: AFRICA 24 AF: CRTV TV AF: NollyWood French AF: Africable AF: Equinoxe AF: Nollywood Movies AF: Africahwood TV AF: Maisha TV AF: Gtv Sports Plus (Ghana) AF: Erbu Africa AF: RTNC AF: Novelas TV AF: Africa Today TV AF: TVT International (Togo) AF: NTAi (Nigeria) AF: Africa TV AF: AIT International (Nigeria) AF: NTV (Uganda) AF: Africa TV 2 AF: Burkina Info (Burkina Faso) AF: Ole Tfm AF: Africa TV 3 AF: CANAL 225 (BENIN) AF: Oromia Sudan AF: ANN 7 South Africa AF: Channels 24 TV (Nigeria) AF: Qacaid TV AF: IBN TV Africa AF: ENN AF: RTN TV (Gabon) AF: Trace Africa AF: Espace TV (Guinee) AF: Rwanda tv AF: Rave TV (Nigeria) AF: Lamp Fall -
Guide to Iranian Media and Broadcasts to Iran
1 GUIDE TO IRANIAN MEDIA AND BROADCASTS TO IRAN - MARCH 2007 Contents 1. Overview 2. Broadcasting: Broadcasting chief; Changes; Funding; Audiences 3. Television: Domestic TV channels; Additional services; International broadcasts; Satellite ban; Private TV; Persian-language broadcasts from abroad; US-based stations; Europe; Azeri, Kurdish and Arabic broadcasts 4. Radio: National radio; Local radio; External radio; Broadcasts into Iran; Kurdish and other broadcasts 5. Press: 6. News agencies 7. News websites 1. Overview Broadcasting within Iran is controlled by the state and largely reflects the views of the Supreme Leader (Ayatollah Ali Khamene'i) and the conservative clerical establishment. Although satellite dishes are officially illegal, there is a big audience for foreign-based Persian-language satellite channels and international broadcasters. Surveys have found that television is significantly more popular than radio or newspapers and that Iranians rely mostly on domestic television for their news and information. There is a large number of daily and weekly newspapers and the press reflects a range of political viewpoints, albeit within the limits allowed by the law and constitution. All publications have to be licensed, and there have been periodic crackdowns on reformist newspapers and journalists seen as going beyond acceptable limits. 2 When the hardline conservative President Ahmadinezhad came to power there were fears in some quarters that this would see a renewed crackdown on pro-reform media. Although there has not been a repeat of the mass closure of newspapers that occurred in 2000, there have been reports of journalists being summoned by various official bodies and warned against publishing articles critical of the government.