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M. A. Marine Studies Marine Studies Department 1 SSED School ' THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC LIBRARY Author Statement of Accessibility Name of Candidate Degree M. A. Marine Studies Marine Studies Department 1 SSED School ' / Thesis Title s Date of completion of requirements for award 1. This thesis may be consulted in the library without the author's permission 2. This thesis may be cited without the authors's permission providing it is suitably acknowledged 3. This thesis may be photocopied in whole without the author's written permission Yes 4. This thesis may be photocopied in proportion without the author's written permission Part mat may be copied : Under 10% 40-60% 10-20% / 60-80% 20-40 Over80% 5. I audiorise the University to produce a microfilm or microfiche copy for retention and use in the Library according to rules 1-4 above (for security and preservation purposes mainly) 6. After a period of 5 years from the date of publication, the USP Library may issue the thesis in whole or in part, in photostat or microfilm or other copying medium, without first seeking the author's written permission. (Yes/No Signed Date Contact Address Permanent Address VALUING COASTAL MARINE RESOURCES IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: CASE STUDIES OF VERATA, FIJI, AND TONGAREVA, COOK ISLANDS. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts in Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Kelvin Passfield, September, 1997. DEDICATION Ipukarea is a Cook Island Maori word meaning inheritance or birthright. This thesis is dedicated to the coastal people of the Pacific Islands in the hope that in some small way it proves useful to them in their endeavours to wisely utilise and conserve their marine resources, a unique part of their national heritage which is not only their Ipukarea, but also that of their future generations. STATKMENT OF ORIGINALITY This thesis is based on original material collected by the author. It has not been previously published. Signed by Date: Kclvin Passfield 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION... i STATEMENT-OF ORIGINALITY ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES iv ABSTRACT v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 MARINE RESOURCES IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 1 SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT 2 THREATS TO SUSTAINABILITY 4 STUDY OBJECTIVES 10 MRTHODOLOGY 12 LITERATURE SURVEY 12 FIJI 13 COOK ISLANDS 15 CHAPTER TWO. PREVIOUS RESEARCH 17 FIJI 20 COOK ISLANDS 26 CHAPTER THREE. THE STUDY SITES AND PEOPLE 31 VERATA 31 TONGAREVA (PENRHYN) 38 CHAPTER FOUR. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA FROM VERATA, FIJI 43 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC PROFILE 43 THE VILLAGE-LEVEL FISHERY IN UCUNIVANUA VERATA : 44 THE VALUE OF THE VILLAGE LEVEL FISHERY 55 THE "LICENSED" COMMERCIAL FISHERY 59 TOTAL VALUE OF THE VERATA FISHERY 62 CHAPTER FIVE. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA FROM TONGAREVA, COOK ISLANDS 63 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 65 VALUE OF SEAFOOD CONSUMED 69 VALUE OF EXPORTS 70 CHAPTER SIX. COMPARISON, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 73 CONCLUSION .' 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY 87 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR VERATA 93 APPENDIX 2. VILLAGE LEVEL FISHERS QUESTIONNAIRE. VERATA 96 APPENDIX 3. COMMERCIAL FISHERS QUESTIONNAIRE 97 APPENDIX 4. A DAY IN THE ROUTINE OF A COMMERCIAL FISHING VESSEL IN VERATA 99 APPENDIX 5. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TONGAREVA 102 APPENDIX 6. QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE AVERAGE FISH PORTION SIZE, TONGAREVA 105 APPENDIX 7. PORT SAMPLING QUESTIONNAIRE. TONGAREVA 106 APPENDIX 8. PARTIAL LIST OF MARINE RESOURCES FOUND IN FIJI WATERS 107 APPENDIX 9. SOME COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH CATCHING AND MARKETING SEAFOOD IN FIJI 120 APPENDIX 10. NOTES ON SELECTED FISHERIES OF TONGAREVA 122 APPENDIX 11. PARTIAL LIST OF TONGAREVAN MARINE RESOURCES 128 APPENDIX 12. COLLECTION OF SPREADSHEET ANALYSES OF QUESTIONNAIRES 131 iii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.THE LOCATION OF VERATA T1K1NA WITHIN FIJI 32 FIGURE 2. THE VERATA STUDY AREA 33 FIGURE 3. THE TRADITIONAL FISHING GROUND OR QOLIQOLI OF VERATA 37 FIGURE 4. THE LOCATION OF TONGAREVA ATOLL IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC 39 FIGURE 5. TONGAREVA ATOLL (PENRHYN), COOK ISLANDS 40 FIGURE 6. AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF MEALS AT WHICH EACH OF THE ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES ARE CONSUMED IN 3 VILLAGES IN VERATA 48 FIGURE 7. AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF MEALS AT WHICH EACH OF THE ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES ARE CONSUMED IN TONGAREVA 67 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. SOME FISHERIES RESOURCES OF SIGNIFICANCE TO PACIFIC ISLANDERS. 18 TABU; 2. CATCH COMPOSITION BY VALUli. UCUNIVANUA VILLAGE FISHERY 45 TABLE 3. COMPOSITION BY VALUE OF WOMEN'S CATCH. 46 TABLE 4. COMPOSITION BY VALUE OF MEN'S CATCH 47 TABLE 5. AVERAGE ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS FOR VERATA. 49 TABLE 6. VALUE OF SEAFOODS FROM VERATA SOLD IN THE URBAN MARKETS. 52 TABLE 7. AVERAGE ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, TONGAREVA. 67 IV ABSTRACT This thesis examines the monetary value of inshore marine resources in the Pacific Islands. It cioes this by presenting two case studies in widely geographically separated locations in two diffErEnt countries i.e.; 1. Verata District in Fiji, representing a fishing community from a high island situation with access to an extensive inshore fishing area, containing a large reef system and mangroves, situated close to a major urban market, and 2. Tongareva in the Northern Cook Islands, an isolated atoll with an extremely large lagoon, located more than 1,000 km. from the only significant market within the Cook Islands. Verata has three distinct categories within its fishery, i.e. subsistence, village level commercial, and larger-scale licensed commercial fishing. The three categories are treated separately, and estimates of their annual value were respectively FJ$257,000 (subsistence), FJ$285,000 (village level commercial) and FJ$467,000 (licensed commercial), giving a total estimated value for the Verata fishery of FJ$ 1,009,000, or just over one million Fiji Dollars per year. The subsistence fishery and village level coMmercial fishery are equivalent to 30% of the total per capita cash income to Verata coastal villagers, and 70% of the per capita cash income to the village of Ucunivanua, from where most of the more commercial fishers operate. Tongareva Atoll has no significant commercial food fishery, though pearl shell has been an important export in the past. The food fishery there was broken down into two categories, i.e., subsistence and export. Export refers to seafood shipped on the inter-island ship to friends and relatives in Rarotonga, or carried down on the approximately weekly air service. The subsistence fishery was valued at NZ$475,000, while exports accounted for an additional NZ$53,000, for a total value of just over NZ$528,000 (FJ$500,000) per year. This is equivalent to 27% of the per capita cash income of Tongarevans, Private sector pearl farm development has recently begun in Tongareva lagoon. Black pearl exports can be expected to increase the value of the marine resources of Tongareva by several millions of dollars over the next 5 years, if trends follow a similar pattern to those of Manihiki Atoll (also in the Northern Cook Islands) in recent years. The recent economic crisis in the Cook Islands has drastically decreased the numbers of Tongarevans employed by the public service. This can also be expected to significantly increase the value of the marine resources as a percentage of the per capita income. Vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has benefited greatly from the assistance of the Fiji Fisheries Division, in particular the former Director, Peniasi Kunatuba, and extension officers Parma Singh and S.P. Sharma. The Fisheries Division has also kindly arranged some funding support from AIDAB (now AusAID), through the Forum Fisheries Agency in Honiara (FFA). RDA International, of California, United States, also provided some financial assistance towards tuition fees. Dr Randy Thaman, Professor of Pacific Islands Biogeography, was my principal supervisor, and coordinator of the John and Catherine Macarthur Foundation (Chicago) funded Community Based Biodiversity Conservation in Melanesia Project. Randy was an enthusiastic supporter of this study, and also provided some financial assistance from the Macarthur Foundation funded project. There have also been areas of collaboration with the thesis work of Aliti Vunisea which has been very beneficial. The G1S unit at the University of the South Pacific assisted in map production for the Verata area. The people of Ucunivanua Village, in particular Ratu Lala and Adi Lala, as well as the host of informants, have provided the basis for much of this research. Luke and Litia Karavake and others have provided similar assistance in Naloto Village. In particular I would like to thank all the fishers of Ucunivanua, constantly harassed by the Kai Vavalagi (European) who was often seen walking towards them across the mud flats on their return from fishing trips, carrying scales, camera, and notebook. These people gave freely of their time and expertise in a refreshingly unsuspicious manner, and always with a smile. Durgesh Lal was also particularly helpful and accommodating on aspects of the commercial licensed fishery, as well as in his hospitality. To you all, Vinaka vakalevu. In the Cook Islands, all people interviewed in Tongareva freely gave information on income and food consumption patterns, and were happy to give details of the contents of their ice boxes during airport surveys. Nancy Griffith, captain of the MV Avatapu, kindly let me record details of seafood exports from her copies'of bills of lading. RDA International provided me employment opportunity which allowed me to collect data. My supervisor on Tongareva, Dr Maria Haws, also provided support and encouragement for my work. Ben Ponia kindly assisted with data collection. Anna Tiraa, Bob Gillett, Randy Thaman, Jon Cook, and Diana Dombroski provided useful comments on the text. Lastly, to my wife and children, thanks for the time I needed to finish the job. vii Chapter One. INTRODUCTION This thesis examines the economic importance of inshore marine resources to the coastal people of Pacific Islands.
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