City of San Luis Obispo Open Space Vegetation Management Plan
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CITY OF SAN LUIS OBISPO OPEN SPACE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN A Professional Project presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of City and Regional Planning by Danielle Rose Althaus June 2014 ©2014 Danielle Rose Althaus ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: City of San Luis Obispo Open Space Vegetation Management Plan AUTHOR: Danielle Rose Althaus DATE SUBMITTED: June 2014 COMMITTEE CHAIR: W. David Conn, D. Phil. Professor, City and Regional Planning COMMITTEE MEMBER: Kenneth C. Topping, AICP Lecturer, City and Regional Planning COMMITTEE MEMBER: Robert Hill Natural Resources Manager, City of San Luis Obispo iii ABSTRACT City of San Luis Obispo Open Space Vegetation Management Plan Danielle Rose Althaus This Master’s Professional Project is focused on the development of a draft Vegetation Management Plan for the City of San Luis Obispo Open Space properties. The purpose of the plan is to provide a comprehensive document which identifies how the city is addressing wildfire preparedness in city-owned open space properties. Methods used in plan development include a literature review, content analysis, geographic information systems (GIS), a course audit, and consultation with city staff and other stakeholders. Each open space property is identified in the plan, describing its location, vegetation, topography, assets, access points, water supply, evacuation routes, historical fire data, predominant risk exposure, current wildfire preparedness plan, priority ranking, and a proposed implementation plan. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without motivation from Rodger Maggio and Robert Hill. I would like to thank the both of you for your continuous encouragement and support throughout this process. I would also like to thank my Committee Chair, David Conn, for his advice, constructive criticism, and praise. A special thank you to Ken Topping for his expertise and input on the development of this project. Lastly, thank you to Daniel Turner for allowing me to audit your course about Wildland- Urban Fire Protection which helped me significantly in comprehensively understanding the fundamentals of wildfire preparedness and firefighting. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………viii CHAPTER I. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Overview ................................................................................................ 1 Justification ............................................................................................ 2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 4 Methodology .......................................................................................... 4 II. Literature Review ............................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................ 7 History .................................................................................................... 9 Trends and Policies ............................................................................ 9 Wildfire Preparedness and Planning ................................................ 12 Science ................................................................................................ 14 Fire Management Strategies and Tactics ............................................ 17 Manual/Hand labor ........................................................................... 20 Tree removal .................................................................................... 21 Mechanical ....................................................................................... 21 Prescribed Burning ........................................................................... 21 Grazing ............................................................................................. 22 Chemical Treatment ......................................................................... 22 Case Studies .................................................................................... 23 Related Documents ............................................................................. 28 San Luis Obispo General Plan ......................................................... 28 Conservation Guidelines for Open Space Lands, City of San Luis Obispo .............................................................................................. 31 Conservation Plans, City of San Luis Obispo ................................... 32 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, City of San Luis Obispo .................... 33 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, County of San Luis Obispo ............... 35 Community Wildfire Protection Plan, County of San Luis Obispo ..... 36 vi III. Discussion of Lessons Learned and Recommendations .................. 38 References .............................................................................................. 39 Appendix A: City of San Luis Obispo Open Space Vegetation Management Plan ................................................................................... 44 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Fire Hazard Severity Ranking of Fuels…………………………….16 viii I. Introduction Overview The City of San Luis Obispo is located in San Luis Obispo County on the Central Coast of California, with a population of about 45,000 people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census). There are 12 large open space lands totaling about 4,000 acres, as well as additional conservation easements, all operated by the City. The Conservation and Open Space Element of the General Plan requires that each Open Space in San Luis Obispo have its own Open Space Conservation Plan, and that each of those plans shall contain a Wildfire Preparedness Plan. The content developed for each open space in the Management Plan is consistent with General Plan, and is contributing to, deriving information from, and adding to the Wildfire Preparedness Plan sections in the Conservation Plans for each Open Space. The final product is a comprehensive Vegetation Management Plan for the City of San Luis Obispo’s Open Spaces. There is geographic mapping of the open spaces, including but not limited to: vegetation maps, fire hazard severity zones, access routes, and fire hydrants. The Management Plan discusses each Open Space, its assets, vegetation, and a management program, as well as any other relevant information. 1 The Management Plan is consistent with the San Luis Obispo General Plan and Conservation Plans. It also contains criteria for evaluation of Open Spaces and determination of an implementation plan with a priority ranking of objectives. Justification Wildfire management is an important topic and pertinent to the field of City and Regional Planning. Current literature suggests that wildfires are becoming increasingly frequent and destructive to lives and property, while costing millions of dollars annually. Climate change is also heightening the likelihood of wildfires occurring, specifically with longer periods of drought and hotter weather expected in California (City of San Luis Obispo, 2014). Residential development is continuously encroaching on wildland areas already at risk for wildfires; these areas are known as the Wildland- Urban Interface (“WUI”). The California Fire Safe Council defines Wildland-Urban Interface as “Any area where wildland fuels threaten to ignite combustible homes and structures. The location where humans and their development meet or are intermixed with wildland fuels” (California Fire Safe Council, 2013). Suppression of wildfires has remained the default method of management in the WUI, even though suppression 2 allows wildfires to eventually become more catastrophic and is “turning the American West into a tinderbox” (Tullis, 2013). Wildfires have been brought to national attention in most recent years, with major fires in California, Arizona, and Colorado. A news article recently reported that “wildfires across America brought 1,093 primary residences across the country to cinders in 2013. In total, 32 percent of U.S. homes lie in danger of falling prey to the flames of a wildfire, according to the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho, — and it is almost a certainty that some of those homes will be threatened this year” (Roach, 2014, p.1). Additionally, it is important to collaborate with local agencies, community members, and other potential stakeholders in order to properly plan for the prevention and management of wildfires with the purpose of protecting lives, property, and resources. This is an ideal time for the development of a Management Plan for a number of reasons. The City of San Luis Obispo recently updated its Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) and the County of San Luis Obispo is updating its Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP). In addition, the Fire Department is required to make a Vegetation Management Plan for the City in order to fulfil insurance requirements, as well as completing steps in the LHMP and CWPP process. Lastly, the Conservation and Open Space Element of the General Plan requires each Open Space to have a Wildfire Preparedness Plan, which some of the Open Spaces do 3 not currently have, and the Management Plan can provide useful information to begin the process of developing those plans. Theoretical Framework This project builds