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Tachycineta Bicolor) Growth and Development Natasha Brock Grand Valley State University

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Tachycineta Bicolor) Growth and Development Natasha Brock Grand Valley State University McNair Scholars Journal Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 4 Winter 1998 The ffecE ts of Intestinal Microbes on Nestling Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) Growth and Development Natasha Brock Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair Recommended Citation Brock, Natasha (1998) "The Effects of Intestinal Microbes on Nestling Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) Growth and Development," McNair Scholars Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair/vol2/iss1/4 Copyright ©Winter 1998 by the authors. McNair Scholars Journal is reproduced electronically by ScholarWorks@GVSU. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ mcnair?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fmcnair%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F4&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages The Effects of Intestinal Microbes on Nestling Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) Growth and Development Natasha Brock Review of the Literature used to inoculate newly hatched or juve­ McNair Scholar Microbial communities (viruses, bacteria nile birds. This inoculation insures that a and fungi) have the potential to be selec­ particular bacterial community is estab­ Patrick A. Thorpe, Ph.D. tive forces in the evolution of many lished in the developing birds. Inoculated Faculty Mentor aspects of avian biology (Hamilton and birds are less likely to harbor potentially Zuk, 1982; Hamilton, 1990; Zuk, 1991; pathogenic species, grow more rapidly; f\BSTRACT: Sheldon, 1993) but are not often consid­ and have better functioning immune Subclinical doses ofbroad-spectrum ered in studies of the dynamics of wild systems than do uninoculated birds antibiotics (Bactrim™ andClavamoxTM) bird populations. This is surprising (reviewed in Hutchenson et al., 1991.). were given tohalfof the nestlings in tree because numerous pathogenic and non­ DFM treatment has been used to restrict swallow broods as theother halfreceived pathogenic bacteria species have been iso­ or eliminate a number of undesirable bac­ a placebo. There were no differences in lated from the cloaca and pharynxes of teria species in poultry by competitive the microbial communities between the domestic and wild birds (e.g., Petrak, exclusion. Other research has shown the treated anduntreated birds on ND5or 1982; Brittingham et al., 1988; Calnek et benefits of the microbial community in a on ND19. Physical measures on ND19 al., 1991; Sheldon, 1993; Lombardo et wild bird species. Adult saliva containing showed thattreated nestlings hadsignifi­ al., 1996). Brittingham et al. (1988) sur­ a variety of microbes is required for suc­ cantly smaller tarsi andlarger mass. veyed the prevalence of selected bacteria cessful rearing of Chimney Swift in wild birds that visited winter bird feed­ (Chatetura pelagica) nestlings less than six ers in Wisconsin by using cloacal swabs days old (Kyle and Kyle, 1993). Nearly and found 44 percent of the 364 birds 100 percent of nestlings who were fed a sampled to be positive for one or more nutritionally complete food died, while of the species of bacteria tested. nearly 100 percent of those that were Pathogenic organisms can lead to fed food mixed with adult saliva were infectious diseases which can be impor­ successfully rehabilitated and released. tant sources of mortality and reduced fit­ Establishment of the microbial com­ ness in wild bird populations (Anderson munity in juvenile offspring is complex and May; 1979; Hudson and Dobson, and variable (see Savage, 1977 for a dis­ 1991). Avian cholera (Pasteurella multico­ cussion) and involves a variety of envi­ da) and botulism (Clostridium botuliniurn ronmental routes interacting with the type C) resulting in epizootics that kill specific habitat of the offspring's gastroin­ thousands of waterfowl are well known testinal tract. Individual genetic variation (Robinson and Bolen, 1989). Numerous can also affect this process (Stern et al., other incidents of disease and mortality 1990). One route involves the transmis­ caused by pathogenic bacteria are known. sion in food items that are regurgitated Such infectious diseases can result from or contaminated with adult saliva (Kyle the spread among individuals of a new or and Kyle, 1993). The microbes passed more virulent strain of bacteria, or by a from the adults are also affected by the reduction in the health of individuals mating behavior of the parents, as trans­ leading to susceptibility to pathogenic mission between adults can occur dur­ bacteria already present. ing copulation. Perek et al. (1969) Nonpathogenic bacteria also impact examined semen from 464 domestic avian health and fitness. The effects of the cockerels (Gallus domesticus) and found microbial community is especially evident that more than 36 percent of the sam­ in commercial animal husbandry where ples contained at least one bacterial the use of Direct Fed Microbials (DFM) species and that contaminated males is a common practice, particularly in infected the females with whom they domestic fowl (Hutchenson et al., 1991). copulated, demonstrating that microbes DFM represent the bacterial communities are transmitted during copulation in obtained from healthy adult birds that are birds. Communities of bacteria residing ;VSU McNairScholars Journal VOLUME 2. 1997-1998 15 in the cloacae of pair-bonded Tree given for 4 days at 24 hour intervals in an Gram positive organisms and Clavamox" Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were also attempt to intensify previous results. was used to target Gram negative organ­ more similar in identity than those found Physical measures related to nestling isms. Nestlings were randomly selected in non-bonded adults suggesting that growth and development were also made from a nest and alternatively given antibi­ Tree Swallows trade cloacal bacteria dur­ to detect possible effects of the alteration otic or sterile water (as a placebo). Odd ing copulation (Lombardo et al., 1996). in microbial community: numbered individuals (1,3, 5) received If the microbial communities in the antibiotics and even numbered individu­ gastrointestinal tracts of nestlings are Methods and Materials als (2, 4, 6) received the placebo .. important, if not for normal Tree swallows nest in some of the one Fresh dilutions of the antibiotics were growth and development, then drastic hundred wooden boxes mounted at the prepared daily A dose of antibiotic or alterations in these communities should Grand Valley State University campus. placebo at 33 uUg nestling weight Was have adverse effects on this process. These Tree swallows arrive in western Michigan given orally to each bird in the field using alterations would presumably be reflected in April and immediately begin looking a P200 Pipetman" micropipettor. A 3 g in a number of measures of health, for nest sites. Nestboxes were checked nestling would receive 100 uL of solution. including physical condition such as daily starting May 1, 1996, and a census Recommended dosages of Bactrim" are weight, etc. Zeller et al. (1997) have was taken to record the progress of nest doses every 12 hours at 24 mglkg and for shown that the number and diversity of building and egg laying. Eggs were Clavamox" every 12 or 24 hours at 150 the cloacal microbiota increases with age marked with indelible ink in numerical mglkg. Treatment is usually up to seven between hatching and fledging in Tree sequence as they were laid. Typically days. The actual doses received (four doses Swallows. Zeller et al. (1997) also showed females lay 1 egg per day with clutch spaced 24 hours apart, each at 48 uglg that some measures of physical condition sizes of 4-7 eggs. Fledging dates were Bactrim" and 300 uglg Clavamoxt") were significantly correlated with specific predicted based on NDI where NDI (the are substantially below recommended composition of the microbiota. Further day the first egg hatched). Nest boxes dosages for the treatment of infections. study of the relationship between bacterial were checked until all birds fledged at Recommended treatment is 7-14 dosages loads and nestling growth are justified approximately ND20. in a 7 day period; in this study; 8 doses since size at fledging is positively correlat­ To prevent early fledging, the size of were administered in a 4 day period. ed with post-fledging survival (O'Connor, the nest box hole was reduced with a 1984), and the association between bacte­ piece of tar paper on ND 18 so nestlings Physical Measures rial loads and nestling growth, survival, could not exit the box but still could On ND5 and ND12 nestlings were meas­ and fledging success has not been studied receive food from adults. The tar paper ured for flattened wing chord, bill length, in depth in wild birds. Brock et al, (1996) was removed 4-6 hours after nestlings keel length, tarsus length, head width, showed that low dosages of antibiotics did were measured on ND 19. Boxes were body length and body width. All of these change the microbial compositions of checked daily for fledging after removal of measures were also done on ND19, when treated versus untreated birds and that the tar paper. The toenails of nestlings the width of the gape was also measured. altered physical measures such as bill and were clipped to identify individuals and The length of the left and right tarsi, keel, keel length. nestlings were banded with U.S. Fish and and bill were measured with an electronic Wildlife Service aluminum bands (permit digital caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. The Purpose of the Experiment 22299) on NDI2. The sample size for this left and right flattened wing chord, body The purpose of this experiment was to experiment included 9 nest boxes with length, and width and gape were meas­ determine if alterations in the micro biota clutch sizes of 4, 5 or 6 nestlings for a ured to the nearest 1.0 mm with a ruler of nestlings caused by antibiotic treatment total of 56 nestlings. that had a stop fixed to one end. An also cause changes in the physical meas­ Avinet spring scale was used to weigh ures of those nestlings.
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